Genitourinary Flashcards
What condition is autosomal dominant, associated with PKD-1 and 2 genes, slowly progress to ESRD and may have intracranial aneurysms?
Adult type polycystic Kidneys
*Very large, distorted kidneys with round cysts
What condition is Autosomal recessive and associated with PKHD1?
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Anuria, polyuria, bladder distention (depending on whether partial, complete, unilateral or bilateral) are symptoms of what?
Urinary Obstruction
Tubular dilation and interstitial edema, enlarged renal pelvis, stretching and compressing of vessels is called?
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis results in what?
- Inability to concentrate urine
- Pyelonephritis(reflux)
- Loss of function
What are 4 symptoms of kidney stones?
1-Renal Colic
2-Hematuria
3-Pyelonephritis
4-No symptoms also possible
What are the 4 types of kidney stones?
1-Calcium oxalate (75%)
2-Magnesium ammonium phosphate (15%)
3-Uric acid (5%)
4-Cystine (5%)
What is dues to retrograde spread, commonly seen in urinary obstruction and can cause flank pain and fever?
Pyelonephritis
*Chonic and Acute types
Renal cell carcinomas account for 80-90% of renal malignancies and are more common in 40+ year olds that do/are what 2 things?
1-Smoke
2-Obese/overweight
Often clinically silent until large, causing painless hematuria, dull flank pain, fever, weight loss/fatigue with possible metastatic symptoms are all characteristic of what?
Renal Cell carcinoma
What are the 3 types of Renal cell carcinomas pathologically?
1-Clear cell type (most common)
2-Papillary type (foamy histiocytes)
3-Chromophobe type (raisin like)
VHL (3p) gene abnormalities, clear cells and delicate microvasculature are characteristic of what renal cell carcinoma?
Clear Cell type
What 3 areas do renal cell carcinomas typically metastasize to?
1-Lungs
2-Bones
3-Regional Lymph nodes
Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis is known as what?
HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome
What renal tumor is common in tuberous sclerosis patients?
Angiomyolipoma
*can have oral fibromas and dental pitting
What is the most common malignant renal tumor in children?
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
What is the main non-neoplastic condition of urothelium?
Bacterial cystitis
Pyuria, dysuria and positive culture with edema and neutrophils in mucosa are characteristic of what?
Bacterial cystitis
*commonly caused by E. Coli
S. Hematobium in the urinary tract causing squamous cell and urothelial carcinomas with terminal spine eggs found in urine are characteristic of what?
Schistosomiasis
What condition is found mostly in females, has unknown cause and Prominent submucosal edema/pain with ulcers in advanced cases?
Interstitial Cystitis or Hunner’s ulcers
A reactive papillary lesion of the urethra that is usually present in females with inflammatory lesions is called what?
Caruncle
*can be confused with low-grade urothelial neoplasms
What is the most common urothelial malignancy and is associated with smoking?
Urothelial carcinoma
Usually on the posterior wall above the trigone, what can result in stones, perforation or neoplasms?
Diverticula
What are 4 urothelial neoplasms?
1-Papilloma (benign)
2-Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)
3-Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
4-High grade urothelial carcinoma
What is the most common bladder malignancy in children?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Often caused by bacteria and seen with benign prostatic hyperplasia, what condition causes a enlarged tender prostate?
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is very common in older men and is likely caused by what?
Androgens and possibly estrogen
*urinary obstruction common
What is the most common non-skin malignancy in order men?
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
What are 3 ways Prostatic adenocarcinoma are detected?
1-Rectal exam
2-Serum PSA
3-Transrectal ultrasound
Where is the most common place prostatic adenocarcinoma will metastasize to?
Bone
*occasional lymph nodes and rarely lungs
