Genitourinary

Question 1

What condition is autosomal dominant, associated with PKD-1 and 2 genes, slowly progress to ESRD and may have intracranial aneurysms?

Answer 1

Adult type polycystic Kidneys

*Very large, distorted kidneys with round cysts

Question 2

What condition is Autosomal recessive and associated with PKHD1?

Answer 2

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)

Question 3

Anuria, polyuria, bladder distention (depending on whether partial, complete, unilateral or bilateral) are symptoms of what?

Answer 3

Urinary Obstruction

Question 4

Tubular dilation and interstitial edema, enlarged renal pelvis, stretching and compressing of vessels is called?

Answer 4

Hydronephrosis

Question 5

Hydronephrosis results in what?

Answer 5

• Inability to concentrate urine
• Pyelonephritis(reflux)
• Loss of function

Question 6

What are 4 symptoms of kidney stones?

Answer 6

1-Renal Colic
2-Hematuria
3-Pyelonephritis
4-No symptoms also possible

Question 7

What are the 4 types of kidney stones?

Answer 7

1-Calcium oxalate (75%)
2-Magnesium ammonium phosphate (15%)
3-Uric acid (5%)
4-Cystine (5%)

Question 8

What is dues to retrograde spread, commonly seen in urinary obstruction and can cause flank pain and fever?

Answer 8

Pyelonephritis

*Chonic and Acute types

Question 9

Renal cell carcinomas account for 80-90% of renal malignancies and are more common in 40+ year olds that do/are what 2 things?

Answer 9

1-Smoke

2-Obese/overweight

Question 10

Often clinically silent until large, causing painless hematuria, dull flank pain, fever, weight loss/fatigue with possible metastatic symptoms are all characteristic of what?

Answer 10

Renal Cell carcinoma

Question 11

What are the 3 types of Renal cell carcinomas pathologically?

Answer 11

1-Clear cell type (most common)
2-Papillary type (foamy histiocytes)
3-Chromophobe type (raisin like)

Question 12

VHL (3p) gene abnormalities, clear cells and delicate microvasculature are characteristic of what renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 12

Clear Cell type

Question 13

What 3 areas do renal cell carcinomas typically metastasize to?

Answer 13

1-Lungs
2-Bones
3-Regional Lymph nodes

Question 14

Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis is known as what?

Answer 14

HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome

Question 15

What renal tumor is common in tuberous sclerosis patients?

Answer 15

Angiomyolipoma

*can have oral fibromas and dental pitting

Question 16

What is the most common malignant renal tumor in children?

Answer 16

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

Question 17

What is the main non-neoplastic condition of urothelium?

Answer 17

Bacterial cystitis

Question 18

Pyuria, dysuria and positive culture with edema and neutrophils in mucosa are characteristic of what?

Answer 18

Bacterial cystitis

*commonly caused by E. Coli

Question 19

S. Hematobium in the urinary tract causing squamous cell and urothelial carcinomas with terminal spine eggs found in urine are characteristic of what?

Answer 19

Schistosomiasis

Question 20

What condition is found mostly in females, has unknown cause and Prominent submucosal edema/pain with ulcers in advanced cases?

Answer 20

Interstitial Cystitis or Hunner’s ulcers

Question 21

A reactive papillary lesion of the urethra that is usually present in females with inflammatory lesions is called what?

Answer 21

Caruncle

*can be confused with low-grade urothelial neoplasms

Question 22

What is the most common urothelial malignancy and is associated with smoking?

Answer 22

Urothelial carcinoma

Question 23

Usually on the posterior wall above the trigone, what can result in stones, perforation or neoplasms?

Answer 23

Diverticula

Question 24

What are 4 urothelial neoplasms?

Answer 24

1-Papilloma (benign)
2-Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)
3-Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
4-High grade urothelial carcinoma

Question 25

What is the most common bladder malignancy in children?

Answer 25

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 26

Often caused by bacteria and seen with benign prostatic hyperplasia, what condition causes a enlarged tender prostate?

Answer 26

Prostatitis

Question 27

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is very common in older men and is likely caused by what?

Answer 27

Androgens and possibly estrogen

*urinary obstruction common

Question 28

What is the most common non-skin malignancy in order men?

Answer 28

Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Question 29

What are 3 ways Prostatic adenocarcinoma are detected?

Answer 29

1-Rectal exam
2-Serum PSA
3-Transrectal ultrasound

Question 30

Where is the most common place prostatic adenocarcinoma will metastasize to?

Answer 30

Bone

*occasional lymph nodes and rarely lungs