Endocrine Disease

Question 1

Hot and sweaty, weight loss, muscle weakness, thyroid storm and nervousness are characteristic of what?

Answer 1

Hyperthyroidism

Question 2

A large thyroid gland resulting from autoimmune agonists causing excessive thyroid receptor activation is called?

Answer 2

Graves disease

*90% of hyperthyroidism is this

Question 3

What are the two main hyperthyroidism diseases?

Answer 3

1-Graves disease (90%)

2-Plummer’s disease (5-10%)

Question 4

Low temperature, dry coarse skin, sluggishness, cold intolerance, weight gain, and high TSH are characteristic of what?

Answer 4

Hypothyroidism

*in children cretinism with reduce mental and physical development

Question 5

What autoimmune disease usually in females has thyroid enlargement and is a hypothyroid condition?

Answer 5

Hashimoto’s disease

*may start as hyperthyroidism followed by permanent hypothyroidism

Question 6

What is the most common lesion of the thyroid, is usually associated with iodine deficiency?

Answer 6

Goiter

*large follicles filled with colloid and relatively few cells. Rarely hypothyroidism

Question 7

What does the Parathyroid regulate?

Answer 7

Free calcium in blood through PTH. Activates osteoclasts and bone resorption, tubular reabsorption, vitamin D and GI absorption to increase serum Ca.

Question 8

Usually due to parathyroid adenoma, what common disorder is characterized by osteoporosis, constipation, weakness, anorexia, stones, and arrhythmias because of hypercalcemia?

Answer 8

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 9

What hypercalcemia condition is due to intestinal malabsroption of vitamin D or calcium?

Answer 9

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 10

What rare condition results most often from accidental parathyroid removal and is characterized by hypocalcemia, decreases PTH, tetany, and dental changes in children?

Answer 10

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 11

What group of conditions has 4 types defined by location and effect on secreted hormone and are most common in 40-70 year olds?

Answer 11

Pituitary Adenomas

Question 12

What are the 4 common types of pituitary adenomas?

Answer 12

1-Prolactinoma
2-Growth hormone (gigantism)
3-Null cell/unclassified (mass effects)
4-Corticotroph (cushings)

Question 13

What are 3 consequences of Hypopituitarism?

Answer 13

1-Loss of sex characteristics-sterility
2-Retard growth in children
3-Hypothyroidism

Question 14

How does inappropriate ADH secretion from the pituitary effect the body?

Answer 14

Alters kidney function-volume (water) expansion, hyponatremia and hemodilution

Question 15

What are 5 features of primary acute Adrenal cortical insufficiency?

Answer 15

1-Weakness
2-Nausea
3-Hyponatremia
4-Hypotension
5-Skin pigmentation (get increase of MSH with the ACTH)

Question 16

In the adrenal gland the medulla makes and releases __________
and the Cortex makes _________

Answer 16

catecholamines

steroids: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids

Question 17

What autoimmune disease is more common in white women, accounts for 65% of adrenal insufficiency cases and has increased infection?

Answer 17

Addison Disease

Question 18

What two things are different in secondary vs primary adrenocortical insufficiency?

Answer 18

1-No hyperpigmentation
2-Aldosterone usually normal

*due to hypothalamic or pituitary problem

Question 19

What is the leading cause of hypercortisolism, is due to adrenal hyperplasia, has Low ACTH and high Cortisol, with adrenals acting autonomously?

Answer 19

Cushing Disease

*5 x more likely in women

Question 20

What are 8 symptoms of Cushings syndrome?

Answer 20

1-moon face
2-osteoporosis 
3-buffalo hump
4-obesity
5-thin skin
6-amenorrhea
7-muscle weakness
8-poor wound healing

Question 21

What condition has Na+ retention and K+ excretion and Suppression of renin-angiotensin system

Answer 21

Hyperaldosteronism

Question 22

What are 3 types of Adrenal cortical tumors?

Answer 22

1-Adenoma (common, usually nonfunctional)
2-Carinoma (rare)
3-Pheochromocytoma

Question 23

Which tumor of the adrenal medulla increases secretion of catecholamines and thus increases sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

Pheochromocytoma

*Hypertension, Flushing, Increased urine catecholamines

Question 24

What second most frequent bone disease is usually in patients over 40, effects the vertebrae, skull and long bones, can cause arthritis near joints, have high serum alkaline phosphates and enhances osteoclastic activity?

Answer 24

Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans)

*described as disorder of bone remodeling