Psychopathology 2 Flashcards
All antidepressants act on what systems?
Monoamine systems
What 3 neurotransmitter activities are imbalanced in psychopathologic disorders?
DA
NE
5HT
What drug is not used very often because of hallucinations in adult patients but is used as an anesthetic and can help with depression as an NMDA antagonist?
Ketamine
*Similar to PCP
What group of disorders is a natural response that increases adrenaline and cortisol in a fight or flight response?
Anxiety Disorders
What are the two types of anxiety disorders?
1-Chronic, mild anxiety (treat through support and relaxation)
2-Chronic, Moderately severe (treat with pharmacology, relaxation and psychotherapy)
What type of sedative is an agonist on BDZ receptors and act as allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors?
Benzodiazepines
*causes Cl- influx into the cell
Benzodiazepines are the most popular CNS depressants with little effect on respiration and are used for what 5 things?
1-Anxiolytic (sedative) 2-Treat seizures (GABA) 3-Insomnia (Hypnotic-short acting) 4-Muscle Relaxation 5-Used a few hours before surgical dental procedures
What are 4 side effects or benzodiazepines?
1-Tolerance and addiction with physical dependence (treat less than 3 months)
2-Synergy with other depressants
3-Drowsiness and motor impairment with decrease cognition
4-Contraindicated in elderly and intellectually disabled
What are two examples of sedative drugs?
1-Diazepam (Valium) longer acting 20-50 half life
2-Alprazolam (Xanax) 6-12 hour half life
What are two examples of hypnotic drugs?
1-Lorazepam (Ativan)
2-Triazolam (Halcion)
*Short half lifes
What drug is Benzodiazepine like but causes less drowsiness and lacks the dependence/addiction danger?
Zolpidem (Ambien)
What group of drugs enhance GABA, are used for short term anesthesia, longer-term for seizures and cause major depression of respiration?
Barbiturates
*Pentobarbital and phenobarbital are examples
What are 4 side effects of Barbiturates?
1-Major respiratory depression
2-Severe addiction, dependence and withdrawal
3-Narrow margin of safety
4-Major liver interaction
What drug is not a true barbiturate but is quick acting and has a quick recovery?
Propofol
*Michael Jackson overdosed on this
Which drug is used for short term management of anxiety or tension due to every day stresses in patients that typically have co-existing depression?
Buspirone (BuSpar)
What are 4 side effects of Buspirone (BuSpar)?
1-Not addicting
2-Rare movement problems and seizures
3-Irregular heart beat
4-Interact with MAO inhibitors
What disorder is characterized by being an unpredictable, fast onset, self limiting autonomic episode?
Severe Acute Anxiety Panic attack
What are two drug types used for anxiety-panic attacks?
1-SSRI (Paxil)
2-Antidepressants with mixed effects (Venlafaxin)
Which disorder is triggered by illogical/irrational fear?
Phobic disorders
What are the three categories of Phobic disorders?
1-Agoraphobia (Spaces)
2-Social phobias (Interactions)
3-Specific (common types)
What is used to help treat phobic disorders?
SSRIs (Zoloft)
What disorder typically affects children and causes short-attention span and learning problems?
ADHD/ADD
What are the two main types of ADHD/ADD?
1-Predominantly Hyperactive-impulsive (acts out, has trouble with other children)
2-Predominantly Inattentive (less likely to act out)
What are two stimulant drug options for ADHD/ADD?
1-Amphetamines (Adderall)
2-Methylphenidate (Ritalin)- more popular
What non-stimulant option for ADHD/ADD is well tolerated, but may cause minor headache, upset stomach and alter sleep?
Modafinil
*may act as a DAT and/or NET blocker
What condition is usually diagnosed at 2-3 years of age and is characterized by problems with social interaction, communication and repetitive behavior?
Autism Spectrum disorder, or the milder form, Asperger’s disorder
What two components like make up the cause of Autism?
1-Genetic
2-Enviornment
What are three possibilities for causes of autism?
1-Children are born with a susceptibility, no single trigger
2-A cluster of unstable genes interfere with brain development
3-Problems during pregnancy or delivery (infections, toxins etc)
What are 3 medical conditions that autisms seems to be associated with?
1-Fragile X syndrome
2-Congenital Rubella syndrome
3-Untreated Phenylketonuria
What is the most probable gender and race of an autistic individual?
White, Boy
*1 in 68 children has it. 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 63 whites
What 2 drug types are helpful with psychotic, aggressive and repetitive behavior especially if treatment starts in young autistic individuals?
1-Atypical Antipsychotics (Few extrapyramidal effects)
2-SSRIs
*Focusing on skill development also helps treat
Eating disorders effect 1-2% of the population and are typically who?
Adolescent Females
*not exclusively
What are two main types of eating disorders?
1-Anorexia Nervosa (don’t eat)
2-Bulimia nervosa (binge and purge)
What are 5 symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
1-Osteoporosis 2-Muscle Wasting 3-Damage to heart 4-Infertility 5-Dry Yellow SKin
What two places do bulimics have the most damage?
1-Esophagus
2-Teeth
*Also dehydrated and acid reflux from purging,
Supportive psychotherapy and image counseling is helpful in eating disorders, what drugs could be used?
Antidepressants such as Fluoxetine and other SSRIs
