Heart Disease Flashcards
Which type of hypertension is very common, accounts for 90-95% of hypertensive patients and does not have an obvious cause?
Essential Hypertension
*likely caused by high sodium retention, causing increase pressure
Which uncommon type of hypertension is caused by endocrine, drug, pregnancy, renal failure, sleep apnea or renal artery stenosis causing stress resulting in high pressure?
Secondary hypertension
*accounts for 5-10% of hypersensitive patients
What are 5 risk factors for getting essential hypertension?
1-Increasing age 2-Black 3-Obesity/metabolic syndrome 4-High salt 5-Lack of physical activity
What are 4 hypertension induced problems?
1-Accelerated atherosclerosis
2-Heart failure
3-Renal failure
4-Retinal/brain damage
Hypertension causing the kidneys to become smaller and finely pitted is more common in what race?
Blacks
Hypertensive brain hemorrhage is more common in what race?
Asians
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for many atherosclerotic diseases. what are the 4 major lipoproteins of the blood?
1-High Density (HDL)-deliver peripheral lipids to liver
2-Low density (LDL) deliver lipids from liver to periphery
3-Very low density (VLDL) same as LDL
4-Chylomicrons (delivers lipids from gut to liver)
Hardening of the arteries is called?
Arteriosclerosis
Lipid deposits/plaques in arteries is the most common kind of arteriosclerosis and called what?
Atherosclerosis
What are the 5 steps for developing Fibroatheroma with stenosis?
1-Endothelial dysfunction 2-Lipid deposit in vessel wall intima 3-Inflammation/foamy macrophages 4-Intimal smooth miscle,fibrosis 5-Fibroatheroma with stenosis causing angina, claudication etc.
How is a thrombosis formed in atherosclerosis?
Lipid deposits in intima cause inflammation/foamy macrophages resulting in a plaque ulcer or rupture that thromboses
___% stenosis clinically impedes the flow of blood and increases resistance ____ fold
75, 16 fold
What are the 6 most common areas for arteriosclerosis to happen?
1-Aorta (most common) 2-Coronary arteries (biggest killer) 3-Iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries 4-Carotid/circle of willis (stroke) 5-Kidney 6-Pulmonary arteries
Though the aorta does not become occluded, damage to the media can cause an aneurysm called what?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
What causes 80% of hear diseases such as angina, infarct, chronic ischemic heart disease and is hard to predict infarct risk for?
Coronary Atherosclerosis
Claudication, ulcers and gangrene can be caused by what?
Peripheral artery disease (iliac, femoral, popliteal arteris)
Erosions rather than ruptures of plaque is the more common cause of thrombus/stroke in what area?
Carotid/Circle of willis
An abrupt onset focal or global neurological symptom causing ischemia or hemorrhage is called?
Stroke
*symptoms for more than 24 hours causes brain damage. Transient Ischemic attack if less than 24 hours
What is the most frequent stroke subtype?
Cerebral infarct (60-80%)
*Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage less common
Hyaline arteriosclerosis and proliferative arteriolosclerosis (onion skin change) happen where?
Kidneys
What are 6 main risk factors for atherosclerosis?
1- Age and gender (>45 m, >55 f, post menoposal/low estrogen) 2-Smoking 3-Diabetes/metabolic syndrome 4-Hypertension 5-Dyslipidemia 6-Genetic risk factors
What oral disease does atherosclerosis have association with?
Periodontal disease
What is the main cause of predictable pain like angina and claudication?
Stenosis
____ causes gradual blood flow reduction, _____ is an abrupt stop of blood flow
Slow stenosis
Thrombus/disrupted plaque
Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain, radiating pain and myocardial ischemia is characteristic of what?
Angina Pectoris
Pain related to exertion relieved by rest or vasodilators usually due to fixed coronary stenosis is called?
Stable Angina
*S-T segment depression
Classically occurring at rest, what is a brief reversible spasm chest pain called?
Variant or Prinzmetal’s Angina
*ST segment elevation or depression
New or worsening prolonged chest pain at rest is called?
Unstable angina
Chest pain, dyspnea (short of breath) diaphoresis, nausea, palpitations and anxiety are symptoms of what?
Myocardial Infarct
What are the 4 criteria, 2 of which must be met to be a Myocardial infarct?
1-Ischemic type ches pain more than 20 min
2-Acute EKG changes
3-Rising, then falling serum cardiac biomarkers
4-Pathologic documentation of infarct at autopsy
Unexpected death within 1 hour of cardiac event usually due to high grade coronary stenosis is called?
Sudden Cardiac Death
