Addiction

Question 1

Persistent use resulting in adaptations, typically accompanied by accommodation or tolerance and withdrawal is called?

Answer 1

Dependence

Question 2

A disorder of pathologic decision making such as the expression of compulsive destructive behavior despite negative consequences is called?

Answer 2

Drug Addition (Substance use disorder)

Question 3

What do virtually all abused substances do?

Answer 3

Enhance dopamine activity

*GABA and glutamate also involved

Question 4

Where do abused substances increase dopamine activity?

Answer 4

Nucleus accumbens

*particularly related to pleasure.

Question 5

What dopamine pathway is considered the pleasure pathway?

Answer 5

From the VTA to the Nucleus accumbens

Question 6

What are 6 functions of dopamine pathways in the brain?

Answer 6

1-Reward (motivation)
2-Pleasure/euphoria
3-Motor function
4-Compulsion
5-Perserveration
6-Decision making

Question 7

What are 4 Serotonin pathways functions in the brain?

Answer 7

1-Mood
2-Memory processing
3-Sleep
4-Cognition

Question 8

What two pathway types are the main pathways affected in substance abuse?

Answer 8

Serotonin and Dopamine pathways

Question 9

Frequent exposure to drugs such as amphetamines has what effect on dendrites?

Answer 9

Increases synaptic connections and influence

Question 10

What two drugs block dopamine transporters, inhibiting reuptake of dopamine?

Answer 10

1-Cocaine

2-Ritalin

Question 11

What four drugs of abuse activate receptors?

Answer 11

1-Opioids (Opioid receptor)
2-Nicotine (nicotinic receptor)
3-Marijuana (cannabinoid receptor)
4-Alcohol/sedatives (Gaba receptors)

Question 12

Which drug blocks adenosine receptors?

Answer 12

Caffeine

Question 13

What 4 drugs reverse Vmat and the reuptake transported to dump dopamine outside the cell?

Answer 13

1-Methamphetamine
2-MDMA (ecstasy)
3-Ephedrine
4-Bath salts

Question 14

What are three components that determine the expression of an action or decision?

Answer 14

1-Dominance of tracts
2-Strength of prefrontal cortex to select
3-Relevance or saliency (orbitofrontal cortex)

Question 15

What is the result of dopamine pathways reinforcing a particular behavior?

Answer 15

Behavior tract becomes more dominant than prefrontal cortex and overcomes logic

Question 16

Long term use of Meth can increase risk of what disease 4 fold?

Answer 16

Parkinsons

*very similar brain extrapyramidal effects

Question 17

What receptors are damaged in addiction?

Answer 17

D2 receptors

*ability to experience reward is damaged

Question 18

Genetic factors reveal _______ not ______

Answer 18

Vulnerability, not inevitability

Question 19

What brain system develops young and results in knee jerk reactions and impulsive behaviors?

Answer 19

Amygdala

*prefrontal cortex develops last

Question 20

What percentage of long term smokers began before 18 yrs old?

Answer 20

92%

Question 21

There is a ___% of quitting smoking if started before 13 yrs old, __% if from 14-16 and _____ if began as an adult?

Answer 21

4, 10, >90

Question 22

According to Dr. Hanson, Should marijuana be legalized?

Answer 22

NO! Though a cannabinoid receptor agonist could be useful

Question 23

Use of what drug can lead to lower grades, lower satisfaction with life, sleep problems and a lower IQ?

Answer 23

Marijuana