Bone and Joint

Question 1

________bone resists compression forces, ______ bone is thick and resists bending forces

Answer 1

Medullary

Cortical

Question 2

What condition has a. deficient or defective type 1 collagen, Generalized osteopenia with Multiple fractures and bone deformities
as well as Malformed teeth (dentin deficiency)?

Answer 2

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

*may also have clue sclera

Question 3

What are two main factors that can cause acquired disease of the bone?

Answer 3

1-Vitamin deficiencies: scurvy (vit. C), rickets (vit. D)

2-Endocrine factors—hyperparathyroidism

Question 4

What are 3 types of acquired bone disease?

Answer 4

1-Osteoporosis (elderly women, after menopause)
2-Osteomalacia (vitamin D deficiency)
3-Hyperparathyroidism

Question 5

Age, low estrogen, fair hair and skin, tall and thin are all genetic causes for what?

Answer 5

Osteoporosis

Question 6

Inactivity, smoking/alcohol, malnutrition, medication (chronic corticosteroids) are all behavioral causes for what?

Answer 6

Osteoporosis

Question 7

Abnormal forward curvature of the spin is called?

Answer 7

Kyphosis

Question 8

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called?

Answer 8

Scoliosis

Question 9

What are the 4 types of fractures?

Answer 9

1-Complete
2-Closed (overlying tissue intact)
3-Commuted—bone splintered
4-Displaced

Question 10

What are 5 possible causes of osteomylelitis (inflammation of bone/marrow)?

Answer 10

1-Blood-born or direct
2-Trauma from compound fractures
3-Pyogenic infections (e.g., staph aureus or salmonella)
4-Granulomatous (TB or fungal, called “Pott disease” when associated with TB)
5-Diabetes (poor circulation, can form drainage site or become osteosarcoma)

Question 11

Loss of articular cartilage with secondary changes in bone due to wear and tear with no inflammatory changes is called?

Answer 11

Osteoarthritis

*Present in some degree for most persons 65 yrs and older

Question 12

Most common in caucasians, what condition is autoimmune mediated and causes joint swelling, pain and tenderness?

Answer 12

Rheumatoid arthritis

*onset age 25-50 yrs

Question 13

What are 4 other areas Rheumatoid arthritis can affect?

Answer 13

1-Ulcers
2-Pulmonary nodules and fibrosis
3-Carditis and pericarditis
4-Vasculitis

Question 14

What are 6 other inflammatory arthritic conditions?

Answer 14

1-Psoriatic (psorias) arthritis
2-Other autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus [erythematosus], scleroderma)
3-Postinfections (e.g., rheumatic fever)
4-Infectious—staph/strep, TB
5-Gout
6-Lyme disease, if not treated

Question 15

What is primarily caused by reduced renal excretion of purine, causes hot, swollen pain in the joints and is treated with allopurinol which decreases synthesis of purines?

Answer 15

Gout

*Gouty Tophi are crystalized aggregates or uric acid causing joint destruction

Question 16

Crystals deposits of calcium pyrophosphate are called?

Answer 16

Pseudo-gout

Question 17

A cyst resulting from connective tissue around joints is called?

Answer 17

Ganglion Cyst

Question 18

Reduced function of growth plates may result in what?

Answer 18

Achondroplastic dwarf

Question 19

Defective osteoclasts result in what condition in which bones are brittle and too dense?

Answer 19

Osteopetrosis

Question 20

Malignant carcinomas in bone most likely come from what 5 places?

Answer 20

1-lungs
2-prostate
3-breast
4-thyroid 
5-kidneys

Question 21

Which 5 tumors are most likely to be seen in the maxilla or mandible?

Answer 21

1-Osteomas-immature bone
2-Giant cell tumor (benign, but aggressive)
3-Fibrous dysplasia (not malignant)
4-Osteosarcoma (most often in adolescent or older patient)
5-Ewing sarcoma (seen in 10-20 year olds- 2nd most frequent sarcoma after osteosarcoma)

Question 22

______is benign and _______ is malignant

Answer 22

“oma”

“Sarcoma”

Question 23

What is the most frequent form of bone malignancy?

Answer 23

Osteosarcoma

*adolescents or geriatrics most likely in long bones

Question 24

A bening tumor of cartilage is called?

Answer 24

Osteochondroma

Question 25

Malignancy of cartilage is called?

Answer 25

Chondrosarcoma

Question 26

Benign medullary bone that does not properly mature often seen in the jaws is called?

Answer 26

Fibrous dysplasia

Question 27

Where are Rhabdomyosarcomas frequently found?

Answer 27

Head and neck region

*Skeletal muscle tumor

Question 28

What are two types of smooth muscle tumors?

Answer 28

1-Leiomyoma

2-Leiomyosarcoma (deep soft tissue)