Heart Disease 2 Flashcards
Usually involving the LV anterior and posterior free wall or septum with extensions into RV wall, what is a more severe type of infarct involving the endocardium to epicardium?
Transmural infarct
What type of infarct is due to hypotension and global ischemia and is less severe?
Subendocardial infarct
What are 7 possible MI complications?
1-Arrythmias 2-Congestive heart failure/pumonary edema 3-Cardiogenic shock 4-Pericarditis 5-Mural Thrombosis 6-Rupture of ventricle 7-Extension of infarct
Which valvular heart disease is a failure to open, preventing forward flow of blood?
Stenosis
Which valvular heart disease is failure to close and allows reverse flow?
Regurgitation
Common in congenital bicuspid valves what is caused post infective endocarditis or rheumatic fever and causes a pressure overload of the left ventricle?
Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis
Excessively large leaflets, long chordae tendineae, or myxomatous change within valve leaflets can lead to what?
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Postinflammatory scarring, infective carditis, and carcinoid disease can lead to rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae causing what?
Mitral Regurgitation
*LV dilatation, calcification of Mitral ring
Once common, what disease can cause carditis, subcutaneous nodules and sydenhams chorea (sporadic movements)?
Rhematic fever
Friable vegetations containing RBCs, fibrin and inflammatory cells and organisms is called?
Infective endocarditis
*Staph Aureus, S. pseudomonas. Fever and murmur are common
What are the two kinds of complications of endocarditis?
1-Cardiac (coronary artery emboli, abscesses, erosion/perforation of valve/chordae tendinae)
2-Non-cardiac (septic emboli, immune complex disease in vessels or kidneys)
Sterile small vegetations with fibrin and platelets along closure lines of aortic and mitral valves are called?
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
*Hypercoagulable state, can become infected and be source of emboli
What are 5 complications of artificial valves?
1-Thrombosis 2-Anticoagulant related hemorrhage 3-Infective endocarditis 4-Structural deterioration 5-Nonstructural dysfunction (anemia, leaks, entrapment)
What are main symptoms of arrhythmia?
1-Palpitations
2-Syncope (fainting) or pre-syncope (light headedness)
Bradycardia is under _____ BPM and tachycardia is over ____ BPM
60, 100
Abnormalities in the heart rhythm resulting in bradycardia are called?
Brady-arrhythmias
Abnormalities in the heart rhythm resulting in tachycardia are called?
Tachy-arrythmias
What 3 disturbances result in bradycardia?
1-Impulse generation in sinus node
2-Impulse propagation from sinus node to atria
3-Impulse propagation through Av node/His-purkinje system
Slow but reliable impulse propagation to ventricles that is generally not symptomatic and does not need treatment is what degree of heart block?
First degree heart block
Occasionally failing of impulse propagation to ventricles, irregular ventricular contraction, and syncope is what degree of heart block?
Second degree heart block
*pacemaker sometimes needed
No conduction of any atrial electrical impulses to the ventricles is what degree of heart block?
Complete or Third degree
*More P waves than QRS
Increased rate of depolarization at any site to a rate faster than the sinus node resulting in a premature depolarization is called?
Ectopic beat
What are three places ectopic beats can originate from?
1-Atria
2-Specialized conduction system (AV node/His bundle)
3-Ventricles
What occurs when the wave form does not extinguish as it continues to find excitable tissue?
re-Entrant Arrhythmias
What is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults and is a disorganized activation due to a number of re-entrant circuits in the atria?
Atrial Fibrillation
*decreased cardiac output. High risk of thrombosis
Sudden Cardiac Arrest is fatal in ____% of cases
90- main cause of cardiovascular mortality
*brain damage within 4-6 minutes of sudden cardiac arrest
Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial flutter are associated with what risk?
Thromboembolic
