Heart Disease 2

Question 1

Usually involving the LV anterior and posterior free wall or septum with extensions into RV wall, what is a more severe type of infarct involving the endocardium to epicardium?

Answer 1

Transmural infarct

Question 2

What type of infarct is due to hypotension and global ischemia and is less severe?

Answer 2

Subendocardial infarct

Question 3

What are 7 possible MI complications?

Answer 3

1-Arrythmias
2-Congestive heart failure/pumonary edema
3-Cardiogenic shock
4-Pericarditis
5-Mural Thrombosis
6-Rupture of ventricle
7-Extension of infarct

Question 4

Which valvular heart disease is a failure to open, preventing forward flow of blood?

Answer 4

Stenosis

Question 5

Which valvular heart disease is failure to close and allows reverse flow?

Answer 5

Regurgitation

Question 6

Common in congenital bicuspid valves what is caused post infective endocarditis or rheumatic fever and causes a pressure overload of the left ventricle?

Answer 6

Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis

Question 7

Excessively large leaflets, long chordae tendineae, or myxomatous change within valve leaflets can lead to what?

Answer 7

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 8

Postinflammatory scarring, infective carditis, and carcinoid disease can lead to rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae causing what?

Answer 8

Mitral Regurgitation

*LV dilatation, calcification of Mitral ring

Question 9

Once common, what disease can cause carditis, subcutaneous nodules and sydenhams chorea (sporadic movements)?

Answer 9

Rhematic fever

Question 10

Friable vegetations containing RBCs, fibrin and inflammatory cells and organisms is called?

Answer 10

Infective endocarditis

*Staph Aureus, S. pseudomonas. Fever and murmur are common

Question 11

What are the two kinds of complications of endocarditis?

Answer 11

1-Cardiac (coronary artery emboli, abscesses, erosion/perforation of valve/chordae tendinae)
2-Non-cardiac (septic emboli, immune complex disease in vessels or kidneys)

Question 12

Sterile small vegetations with fibrin and platelets along closure lines of aortic and mitral valves are called?

Answer 12

Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis

*Hypercoagulable state, can become infected and be source of emboli

Question 13

What are 5 complications of artificial valves?

Answer 13

1-Thrombosis
2-Anticoagulant related hemorrhage
3-Infective endocarditis
4-Structural deterioration
5-Nonstructural dysfunction (anemia, leaks, entrapment)

Question 14

What are main symptoms of arrhythmia?

Answer 14

1-Palpitations

2-Syncope (fainting) or pre-syncope (light headedness)

Question 15

Bradycardia is under _____ BPM and tachycardia is over ____ BPM

Answer 15

60, 100

Question 16

Abnormalities in the heart rhythm resulting in bradycardia are called?

Answer 16

Brady-arrhythmias

Question 17

Abnormalities in the heart rhythm resulting in tachycardia are called?

Answer 17

Tachy-arrythmias

Question 18

What 3 disturbances result in bradycardia?

Answer 18

1-Impulse generation in sinus node
2-Impulse propagation from sinus node to atria
3-Impulse propagation through Av node/His-purkinje system

Question 19

Slow but reliable impulse propagation to ventricles that is generally not symptomatic and does not need treatment is what degree of heart block?

Answer 19

First degree heart block

Question 20

Occasionally failing of impulse propagation to ventricles, irregular ventricular contraction, and syncope is what degree of heart block?

Answer 20

Second degree heart block

*pacemaker sometimes needed

Question 21

No conduction of any atrial electrical impulses to the ventricles is what degree of heart block?

Answer 21

Complete or Third degree

*More P waves than QRS

Question 22

Increased rate of depolarization at any site to a rate faster than the sinus node resulting in a premature depolarization is called?

Answer 22

Ectopic beat

Question 23

What are three places ectopic beats can originate from?

Answer 23

1-Atria
2-Specialized conduction system (AV node/His bundle)
3-Ventricles

Question 24

What occurs when the wave form does not extinguish as it continues to find excitable tissue?

Answer 24

re-Entrant Arrhythmias

Question 25

What is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults and is a disorganized activation due to a number of re-entrant circuits in the atria?

Answer 25

Atrial Fibrillation

*decreased cardiac output. High risk of thrombosis

Question 26

Sudden Cardiac Arrest is fatal in ____% of cases

Answer 26

90- main cause of cardiovascular mortality

*brain damage within 4-6 minutes of sudden cardiac arrest

Question 27

Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial flutter are associated with what risk?

Answer 27

Thromboembolic