tumor markers

Question 1

Calcitonin

Answer 1

medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Question 2

Chromogranin A

Answer 2

neuroendocrine tumors- carcinoid/pheochromocytoma

Question 3

CA 125

Answer 3

EPITHELIAL tumors of the OVARY

Question 4

CA 19-9

Answer 4

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 5

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Answer 5

prostate

Question 6

CEA

Answer 6

carcinoma embryonicantigen (CEA): carcinomas of the lung, breast, pancreas, stomach, colon

Question 7

beta-hCG

Answer 7

trophoblastic tumors: choriocarcinoma, hydatitidform mole, invasive mole

Question 8

PLAP

Answer 8

placental alkaline phosphatase- seminomas

Question 9

alpha fetal protein

Answer 9

non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: yolk sac, embryonal carcinoma.

Question 10

if you see AP (alkaline phosphatase) what else should you look for? what others rise and when?

Answer 10

gamma-glutamyltransferase: AP and GGT rise in biliary tree diseases, AST/ALT usually rise before them.

Question 11

angiosarcoma of the liver

Answer 11

vinyl chloride and arsenic

Question 12

nitrosamines

Answer 12

gastric cancer

Question 13

napthyline, cyclophosphamide

Answer 13

bladder cancer

Question 14

aromatic carbons

Answer 14

bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 15

asbestos

Answer 15

bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 16

arsenic

Answer 16

angiosarcoma of the liver

Question 17

alkylating agents

Answer 17

CHEMO: lymphomas, leukemias, many other cancers

Question 18

azo dyes

Answer 18

aromatic amines

Question 19

cervical cancer - MC

Answer 19

squamous cell carcinoma, HPV/Stds risk factors, tx is hysterectomy

Question 20

Vagina: MC mass, MC tumor, MC cancer

Answer 20

MC mass: warts
MC tumor: fibroma
MC cancer:
upper half - SCC of the cervix 
lower half: skeletal muscle...tumor: rhabdomyoma. cancer: rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botyriodes)

Question 21

Bartholin cyst

Answer 21

in vagina
congenital
fluctruan mass behind labia majora
complication: infections abscess formation

Question 22

vaginal rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 22

rhabdomyosarcoma: 90% < 3 yrs of age
increased incidence in tuberous sclerosis
sarcoma botryoides: looks like a ball of grapes when removed

Question 23

Prostate: MC tumor, MC cancer

Answer 23

MC tumor: BPH, MC cancer: adenocarcinoma