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tsomkapQ > Hematology COPY > Flashcards

Hematology COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What does high WBC and High PMN’s tell you?

A

Stress demargination. (Stress response - post trauma)

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2
Q

What does a high WBC and <5% Blasts tell you?

A

Leukemoid reaction - seen in burn patients or any extreme stress (extreme demargination looks like Leukemia), Metamyelocytes => Myelocytes

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3
Q

What does high WBC and Bands tell you?

A

Left shift - they have an infection

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4
Q

What does high WBC and >5% Blasts tell you?

A

Leukemia

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5
Q

What does high WBC and B Cells tell you?

A

Bacterial infection

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6
Q

What diseases have high eosinophils?

A

“NAACP” N - Neoplasm (Lymphoma) A - Allergy/ Asthma A - Addison’s disease (no cortisol -relative eosinophilia) C - Collagen Vascular disease (lupus) P - Parasites

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7
Q

What diseases have high Monocytes (>15%)?

A

“STELS” Syphilis: chancre, rash, warts TB: Hemoptysis, night sweats EBV: Teen sick for a month Listeria: Sick baby Salmonella: Food poisoning

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8
Q

What do high Retics (>1%) tell you?

A

RBC is being destroyed peripherally

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9
Q

What do low reticulocytes tell you?

A

Decreased production of bone marrow - not working right

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10
Q

What is Poikilocytosis?

A

RBC’s of different shapes

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11
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

RBC’s with different sizes

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12
Q

What is the RBC normal lifespan?

A

120 days

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13
Q

What is the RBC lifespan when there is a problem?

A

60-90 days (same time as the shelf life of blood bank units)

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14
Q

What is the Platelet lifespan?

A

7 days

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15
Q

What does “Penia” tell you?

A

Low Levels - (Usually due to virus or drugs)

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16
Q

What does “Cytosis” tell you?

A

High levels

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17
Q

What does “Cythemia” tell you?

A

High levels

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18
Q

What is the difference between Plasma and Serum?

A

Plasma: No RBC’s Serum: No RBC’s or Fibrinogen

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19
Q

What are the Microcytic Hypochromic Anemias?

A

Defect in Hb synthesis (RBC small and pale) “FAST lead” F - Fe Deficiency A - Anemia of Chronic Disease S - Sideroblastic Anemia T - Alpha and Beta Thalassemia’s L - Lead poisoning

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20
Q

What will you see with Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

Increased TIBC(total iron binding capacity) associated with menses, GI bleeding, and Koilonychia (spooning of nails)

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21
Q

What will you see with Anemia of Chronic Disease?

A

Decreased TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

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22
Q

What will you see with Sideroblastic Anemia?

A

Decreased dALA synthase common with blood transfusions

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23
Q

What will you see with Alpha Thalassemia?

A

Seen in African Americans and Asian Americans (Chromosome 16- deletion)

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24
Q

What will you see in Beta Thalassemia?

A

Seen in Mediterranean’s (chromosome 11- point mutation)

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25
Q

What will you see in Lead Poisoning?

A

Decreased dALA dehydrogenase decreased Ferrochelatase blue lines on x-ray history of eating old paint chips

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26
Q

What are the Megaloblastic Anemias?

A

Vitamin B-12 Deficiency folate deficiency alcohol

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27
Q

What are some causes of Vitamine B12 deficiency?

A

Tapeworms Veganism Type A gastritis Pernicious Anemia

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28
Q

What are some causes of Folate Deficiency?

A

Old food, diet, you will see Glossitis (inflammation of tongue) with the patient

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29
Q

What is the effect of Alcohol on the fetus?

A

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Smooth philtrum (space between nose- mouth, normal people have dimple) short polyclonal midface hypoplasia thin superior Vermilion border

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30
Q

What are the Intravascular Hemolytic Anemias?

A

IgM cold agglutinins, G6PD deficiency, autoimmune

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31
Q

What are some causes of G6PD Deficiency?

A

Sulfa drugs, mothballs, fava beans, sudden drop in Hb

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32
Q

What are some causes of Cold Autoimmune?

A

Mono Mycoplasma infection Hep C Cold temp Antibody (IgM) bind to RBC’s membrane

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33
Q

What are the Extravascular Hemolytic anemias?

A

Spherocytosis Sickle cell anemia Paroxysmal cold autoimmune Warm autoimmunity

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34
Q

What is seen in Spherocytosis?

A

Defective Spherin or Ankyrin Positive Osmotic Fragility test High level of MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) target cells

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35
Q

What is seen in Warm Autoimmune?

A

Anti-Rh Ab Dapsone, PTU, antimalarials, and sulfa drugs Antibody (IgG) binds to RBC’s membrane in warm temp

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36
Q

What is seen in Paroxysmal Cold Auto Autoimmune?

A

Bleeds after cold exposure Donath-Landsteiner Ab

37
Q

What is seen in Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Crew-cut on x-ray Avascular Necrosis of femur

38
Q

What are the Production Anemias?

A

Diamond-Blackfan Aplastic Anemia

39
Q

What is seen in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia?

A

They have low RBCs and double jointed thumbs

40
Q

What is seen / causes in Aplastic Anemia?

A

Pancytopenia Autoimmune AZT (zidovudine, HIV antiviral) Benzene Chloramphenicol (Ricketsia bacterial infections) Parvovirus Radiation

41
Q

What is Basophilic Stippling?

A

Lots of immature cells increased mRNA (seen in lead poisoning)

42
Q

What is a Bite Cell?

A

Unstable Hb inclusions (seen in G6PD Deficiency)

43
Q

What are Burr Cell/ Echinocyte?

A

Seen in Pyruvate Kinase deficiency Liver disease Post splenectomy

44
Q

What is Cabot’s Ring body?

A

Seen in Vitamin B12 Deficiency and lead poisoning

45
Q

What is a Dohle Body?

A

PMN Leukocytosis (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also called granulocytes) (caused by infections, steroids, tumor)

46
Q

What is a Drepanocyte?

A

Seen in Sickle cell Anemia

47
Q

What is a Heinz body?

A

Seen when Hb precipitates and sticks to cell membranes in G6PD deficiency

48
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly Body?

A

bone or splenic disease: The spleen or bone marrow *should have* removed nuclei fragments. (Seen in Hemolytic Anemia, spleen trauma, and CA)

49
Q

What is a Pappenheimer body?

A

Iron inside cell (sideroblastic anemia)

50
Q

What are Pencil Cell/ Cigar Cell?

A

Seen in iron deficiency anemia

51
Q

What is Rouleaux formation?

A

Seen in Multiple Myeloma (Stacked coin look)

52
Q

What is a Schistocyte?

A

Broken RBC (seen in DIC and artificial heart vlaves and others)

53
Q

What is a Sideroblast?

A

Macrophages pregnant with Iron (caused by genetics and or multiple transfusions)

54
Q

What is a Spherocyte?

A

Old RBC

55
Q

What are Spur Cells / Acanthocytes?

A

Lipid bilayer disease

56
Q

What is a Stomatocyte?

A

Seen in liver disease

57
Q

What is a Target Cell/ Codocyte?

A

These have less Hb (seen in Thalassemias or iron deficiency)

58
Q

What is a Tear Drop Cell/ Dacrocyte?

A

RBC’s squeezed out of bone marrow. (Seen in Hemolytic Anemia and bone marrow CA)

59
Q

What do Platelet problems cause?

A

Bleeding from skin and mucosa

60
Q

What do Clotting problems cause?

A

Bleeding into cavities and joints

61
Q

What causes increased PTT and Bleeding Time?

A

Von Willebrand disease and SLE

62
Q

What is Bernard-Soulier?

A

Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa (Big platelets and LOW GP-1b)

63
Q

What is Glanzmann’s?

A

Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa (LOW GP-2b3a)

64
Q

How does Factor 13 Deficiency present?

A

Umbilical stump bleeding (this is the first time a baby has to stabalize a clot)

65
Q

What is a Factor V - Leiden?

A

Protein C cannot break down Factor V

66
Q

How does Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) present?

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding

67
Q

What are the types of VWD?

A

Type 1 (AD): Decreased VW FActor Production Type 2 (AD): Decreased VW Activity (+ Ristocetin Aggregation test) Type 3 (AR): No VWF

68
Q

What is Hemophilia A?

A

Defective Factor VIII (<40% Activity) Bleed into cavities (head, abdomen, etc)

69
Q

What is Hemophilia B?

A

Factor IX deficiency Bleed into joints (knee, etc)

70
Q

What is Polycythemia Vera?

A

Hematocrit (Hct) >60% Decreased EPO, Budd-Chiari Pruritis after bathing

71
Q

What is Essential Thrombocythemia?

A

Very high platelets, increased RBC’s and WBC’s

72
Q

What is Histiocytosis X?

A

Histiocyte proliferation Kid with Eczema, skill lesions Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

73
Q

What does the Coombs Test Tell you?

A

Antibody involved

74
Q

What does the Direct Coombs Test tell you?

A

Antibody on surface (seen in hemolytic anemia)

75
Q

What does Indirect Coombs Test tell you?

A

The Antibody is freely circulating in the serum

76
Q

What is Type and Cross?

A

Blood that is matched by blood type and cross-reacted with the patient’s blood for rejection

77
Q

What is Type and Match?

A

Blood type and Wait

78
Q

What is Forward Typing?

A

Uses Antibodies to detect Antigens

79
Q

What is Backward Typing?

A

Used Antigens to detect Antibodies

80
Q

What does blood type A tell you?

A

They have the A antigen and B antibodies

81
Q

What does blood type O tell you?

A

They have no antigens (Universal donor)

82
Q

What does blood type AB tell you?

A

Have both Antigens (universal recipient)

83
Q

What does Rh+ tell you?

A

Has D Antigen

84
Q

What does Rh- tell you?

A

Does not have the D Antigen

85
Q

What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

A

Rh+ mom’s blood mixes the Rh- fetal blood in first pregnancy No risk to this child All pregnancies to follow will be a risk, leading to a fetal demise

86
Q

What is RhoGam?

A

Anti-D IgG

87
Q

When do you give RhoGam?

A

1st Dose: Week 28 gestation 2nd Dose: 72 hours post-delivery Any time a procedure would mix mom and fetal blood

88
Q

What is INR ratio determined by?

A

Measured PT/ Control PT therapeutic level is between 2-3 Normal level is 1

tsomkapQ (117 decks)

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