TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards
substance being produced by the cell
Tumor Markers
when an organ is undergoing cancerous growth it is a __________
Tumor Markers
uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
Tumor or Neoplasm
a tumor that is confined or encapsulated (will not proliferate)
Benign
example of Benign
adenoma (with the exception of melanoma)
a tumor that is capable of metastasis (invades other organs of the body)
Malignant
malignant tumor examples
Carcinoma and Sarcoma
a malignant tumor that is epithelial in origin or nature
Carcinoma (e.g adenocarcinoma)
a malignant tumor that is mesenchymal in origin or nature
Sarcoma (e.g Osteosarcoma)
Roles of tumor markers
- Determine risk (PSA) – elevated level of PSA is screening clue that the patient is at risk of having cancer of the prostate.
- Screen for early cancer (calcitonin, occult blood)
- Diagnose a type of cancer (hCG, catecholamines)
- Estimate prognosis (CA125)
- Predict response to therapy (CA15-3. CA125, PSA. hCG)
- Monitor for disease recurrence or progression (most widely used function)
- Therapeutic selection (her2/neu, kras)
characteristics of an ideal tumor marker
- Specificity for a single type of cancer.
- High sensitivity and specificity for cancerous growth.
- Correlation of marker level with tumor size.
- Homogenous (i.e. minimal post-translational modifications)
- Short half-life in circulation so that when production drops, the level of marker falls off rapidly, producing low or undetectable concentration.
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: hormones
hCG ; calcitonin ; gastrin ; prolactin
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: enzymes
acid phosphatase ; alkaline phosphatase ; PSA
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: cancer antigen proteins and glycoproteins
CA125 ; CA 15.3; CA 19.9
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: metabolites
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: normal proteins
Immunoglobulin, Glycoproteins, Carcinoembryonic or Oncofetal
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: oncofetal antigens
CEA, AFP
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: receptors
Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgen and Corticosteroid
TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: genetic changes
Mutations, Translations
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: CA15.3, BR 27.29
Breast Cancer
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: CEA, CA 19-9
Colorectal Cancer
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: CA 72.4, CA 19-9, CEA
Gastric
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: NSE, CYFA 21.1
Lung
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: PSA, PAP
Prostate
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: CA 125
Ovarian
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: Calcitonin, Thyroglobulin
Thyroid
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: hCG
Trophoblastic
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: CA 19-9, CEA
Pancreatic
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: AFP, CA 19-1
Hepatocellular
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: BAP, Osteocalcin, NTx
Bone
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: Catecholamines, metabolites
Pheochromocytoma
WHAT CANCER..
Markers: Fecal occult blood
Colon Cancer
oncogenes..
N-ras and K-ras
Leukemia ; Colon/Gastric
oncogenes..
C-erB-2 and N-myc
Breast/Gastric and Breast/Neuro
oncogenes..
c-abl/bcr and Bcl-2
CML ; Leukemia/Lymph
oncogenes..
HER-2/INT2/ATM/H-ras and MCC
Breast ; Colon
tumor suppressors..
P53 and RB1
Breast/Colon/Lung ; Retinoblastoma
tumor suppressors..
WT1&2 and BRCA1&2
Renal ; Breast/Pancreatic/Ovarian
tumor suppressors..
BRCA1 and APC
Prostate/Stomach ; Colorectal
tumor suppressors..
MTSI and DCC
Melanoma ; Colon/Gastric
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
Her2.neu or Her2/neu
D: Trastuzumab
C: Breast Cancer
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
KRAS
D: Cetuximab, Panitumumab
C: Colorectal
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
BRAF
D: Vemurafenib
C: Melanoma
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
ALK Fusion
D: Crizotinib
C: Non-small cell lung ca.
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
EGFR
D: Gefitinib, Erlotinib
C: Non-small cell lung ca.
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer..
BCL-ABL Translocation
D: Imatinib, dasatinib, Nilotinib
C: Chronic myeloid, Leukemia
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS..
Prostate Cancer
PSA, PSMA
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS.
Breast Cancer
Cytokeratin 19, CEA, MUC1, hMAM
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS.
Melanoma
Tyrosinase, MART1, MAGE3, GAGE
o Grow as benign tumor cells break through the basement membrane.
o Travel through the blood.
o Adhere to capillary wall.
o Escape from blood vessel (extravasation).
o Proliferate to form metastases.
Metastatic Cascade cells
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: BRCA1, BRCA2
Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Breast and Ovarian Cancer
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: WTI
Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Wilm’s Tumor
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: RB1
Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Familiar Retinoblastoma
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: Huntingtin
Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Huntington’s Disease
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: MLH1, MSH2,6, PMS1,2
Inheritance Mode: Recessive
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer
WHAT CANCER..
Associated Gene: Xeroderma pigmentosum XPB, XPD, XPA
Inheritance Mode: Recessive
Skin Cancer
