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MT2 > INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

An extremely diverse group of organisms.

A

FUNGI

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2
Q

Generally classified as molds or yeasts

A

FUNGI

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3
Q

Recognized as classic pathogens and environmental saprobes living on nonliving material.

A

FUNGI

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4
Q

Cause mild infections, trigger allergic reactions ( including asthma), and produces serious life-threatening disease.

A

FUNGI

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5
Q

common cause of UTI, and commonly found in dead living materials (e.g.fallen tree)

A

YEASTS

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6
Q

General Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryotic which includes yeast, moulds and mushrooms

Lack chlorophyll – main difference with plants that conducts photosynthesis ; can’t perform photosynthesis ; some are parasitic

Obligate aerobes; Neutral pH ; no embryonic stage ; development from spores

Require moisture (growth) ; store food in the form of starch

Exception: Apores and Conidia

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7
Q

fungi is eukaryotic which includes ____, _____, _____

A

yeast, moulds and mushrooms

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8
Q

fungi lack chlorophyll which is main difference with plants that conducts ______ ; cannot perform _______ ; some are ______

A

photosynthesis ; photosynthesis ; parasitic

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9
Q

fungi have cell wall that contains _____ and _____

A

chitin and polysaccharides

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10
Q

fungi have nuclei that is ______

A

very small

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11
Q

fungi are ____ aerobes ; _____ pH ; no _____ stage ; develop from _____

A

Obligate aerobes; Neutral pH ; no embryonic stage ; development from spores

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12
Q

fungi requires _____ for growth

A

moisture

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13
Q

fungi store food in the form of _____

A

starch

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14
Q

fungi require moistures with the exception of

A

apores and conidia (able to survive in dry condition)

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15
Q

basic element of filamentous fungi with a branched tubular structure, 2-10 um in width.

A

hypha

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16
Q

the web or mat-like structure of hyphae

A

mycelium

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17
Q

entirety of the mycelia and is also called the fungal body or colony.

A

fungal thallus

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18
Q

basic element of the unicellular fungi. Round to oval and 3-10um in diameter.

A

yeast

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19
Q

fungal species that can develop either the yeast or the mycelium form depending on the environment conditions.

A

dimorphism

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20
Q

single vegetative cells

A

yeasts

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21
Q

Smooth, creamy, bacterial-like colony without aerial hyphae

A

yeasts

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22
Q

Similar macroscopic and microscopic morphologies

A

yeasts

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23
Q

Identification of yeast is based on _______

A

biochemical testing

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24
Q

yeasts reproduce by ____ or ____

A

budding or fission

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25
Q

a process where the parent cell enlarges and a septum (wall forms to separate the conidial cell)

A

Budding

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26
Q

budding involve maturation of the bud to an independent ____________ (daughter cell)

A

blastoconidium

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27
Q

fuzzy or wooly appearance because of mycelia.

A

Molds

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28
Q

made up of hyphae

A

Mycelia

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29
Q

many long strands of tube-like structure that forms the molds.

A

Hyphae

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30
Q

hyphae = _____ strand and mycelia = ______ strands

A

hyphae = single strand
mycelia = many strands

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31
Q

2 types of Mycelia

A
  1. Aerial Mycelia
  2. Vegetative Mycelia
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32
Q

extend above the surface of the colony

A

Aerial Mycelia

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33
Q

Responsible for the fuzzy appearance

A

Aerial Mycelia

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34
Q

Support the reproductive structures that produce conidia

A

Aerial Mycelia

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35
Q

Extend downward into the medium to absorb nutrients.

A

Vegetative Mycelia

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36
Q

mycelia microscopic appearance

A
  1. antler hyphae
  2. racquet hyphae
  3. spiral hyphae
  4. rhizoids
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37
Q

Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance

= swollen, branching tips

A

Antler Hyphae

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38
Q

Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance

= enlarged, club-shaped areas

A

Racquet Hyphae

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39
Q

Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance

= tightly coiled

A

Spiral Hyphae

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40
Q

Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance

= rootlike structures; presence and placement can assist with identification

A

Rhizoids

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41
Q

show frequent cross-walls occurring perpendicularly to the outer walls of the hyphae.

A

Septate hyphae

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42
Q

have few cross-walls at irregular intervals

A

Sparsely septate hyphae

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43
Q

absence of septate.

A

Aseptate (coenocytic)

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44
Q
  • Nonpigmented or lightly pigmented
  • Number one that causes pigmentation
A

Hyaline (moniliaceous) hyphae

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45
Q
  • Darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall
  • Appear dark brown or almost black (due to melanin)
A

Phaeoid (dematiaceous) hyphae

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46
Q

stains to determine hyphal pigmentation

A

Gomori Methylene Stain
Fontana-Masson Stain

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47
Q

All fungal elements appear black.

A

Gomori Methelyne Stain

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48
Q

specifically stains melanin

A

fontana-masson stain

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49
Q

hyphae stains in fontana-masson stain

A

Hyaline Hyphae: Pink to Red
Phaeoid Hyphae: Brown

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50
Q
  • ability of some fungi to exist in two forms (mold or yeast)
  • dependent on growth conditions
A

Dimorphism

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51
Q

Dimorphic Fungi (phases)

A
  1. Mold Phase
  2. Yeast Phase (pherule phase or tissue state)
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52
Q

dimorphic fungi where the organism is grown in (22º to 25º C ) in ambient air conditions

A

Mold Phase

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53
Q

dimorphic fungi seen in vivo; is grown 37ºC with increased CO2

A

Yeast Phase (pherule phase or tissue state)

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54
Q
  • have both yeast and mold forms in the same culture
  • occurs despite growth conditions ( Exophiala spp.)
A

Polymorphism

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55
Q

in reproduction, fungi can reproduce _____ or _____

A

asexually (imperfect) or sexually (perfectly)

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56
Q

asexual reproduction (arrow process)

A

Formation of conidia; Conidia contain all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony

to

Followed by mitosis

to

Spores may be included in the conidia that will travel through air that will stick to moist areas, creating new fungi or mushroom.

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57
Q

_________ contain all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony

A

conidia

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58
Q

Specialized fruiting structures that carries out asexual reproduction and form conidia.

A

Conidiogenous cells

59
Q

types of Conidiogenous cells

A
  1. Phialides
  2. Annelides
60
Q

vaselike structures that produces phialoconidia

61
Q

ringed structures that produce annelioconidia

A

Annellides

62
Q

singular form of Arthroconidia

A

arthroconidium

63
Q
  • Another type of conidia, formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae ( opposed to being formed by conidiogenous cells).
  • Does not bud
A

Arthroconidia

64
Q

sexual reproduction requires joining of the _______

A

two compatible nuclei

65
Q

sexual reproduction is followed by _____

66
Q

sexual reproduction includes

A

Teleomorph, Anamorph and Synanamorphs

67
Q

a sexual reproduction where fungus that reproduces sexually, producing a fruiting body

A

Teleomorph

68
Q

the sexual reproduction that is the asexual form of teleomorph

69
Q

sexual reproduction: an anamorphic strains; producing multiple morphology of distinct anamorph.

A

Synanamorphs

70
Q

4 groups of Fungi

A

Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota ( Fungi Imperfecti)

71
Q

Phylum: Glomeromycota
Order: Mucorales

includes…

A
  1. Lichtheimia ( formerly Absidia)
  2. Mucor
  3. Rhizomucor
  4. Rhizopus
72
Q

Are rapidly growing organisms, normally found in the soil.

A

Glomeromycota

73
Q

Glomeromycota are often _______ pathogens in ________ hosts.

A

opportunistic ; immunocompromised

74
Q

Glomeromycota are produce _____, ________, aerial mycelium

A

profuse, gray to white

75
Q

Glomeromycota is characterized by the presence of _______ and it is a __________ hyphae

A

hyaline ; sparsely septate

76
Q

Glomeromycota - Reproduction

A

Asexual Reproduction

77
Q

The asexual reproduction of glomeromycota is characterized by the presence of _______ and _______

A

sporangiophores ; sporangiospores

78
Q

produced in a structure known as sporangium and is an asexual spores

A

sporangiospores

79
Q

develops from supporting surface termed a sporangiophore

A

Sporangium

80
Q

ascomycota class is: ascomycetes and includes the species

A
  1. Microsporum spp.
  2. Tricophyton spp.
  3. Scedosporium boydii
81
Q

ascomycota is identified based on the characteristic _________

A

asexual structures

82
Q

ascomycota reproduction includes

A

ascospores and ascus

83
Q

sexual spores of Ascomycota; found on ascus

A

Ascospores

84
Q

a saclike structure where Ascospores are formed

85
Q

only known major pathogen of basidiomycota

A

Filobasidiella neoformans

86
Q

perfect form (telemorph) of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans

A

Filobasidiella neoformans

87
Q

Basidiomycetous molds recovered in the laboratory remain _____, complicating the _________ process.

A

sterile ; identification

88
Q

Basidiomycota – Specific Characteristics

A
  • Clamp connections
    A portion of the hypha on one side of the septation grows out and connects to the hypha on the other side of the septation.
  • One clue that a mold is a basidiomycete
  • Occurs at the septations in vegetative hyphae
  • Easily visible with light microscopy
89
Q

Deuteromycota also known as

A

Fungi Imperfecti

90
Q

Contains the largest number of organisms that are causative agents of mycoses
1. cutaneous
2. subcutaneous
3. systemic

A

Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti)

91
Q

In Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti), no mode of reproduction has been identified.

A

YES, NONE. HEHE

92
Q

In Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) is identified based on characteristic asexual reproductive structures; only ______

93
Q

classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition

A

Saprophytic
Parasitic
Symbiotic

94
Q

classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by feeding on dead organisms subsets such as rhizopus, penicillum, aspergillus

A

Saprophytic

95
Q

classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by living on other living organisms such as taphrina, puccinia

96
Q

classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by having interdependent relationship with other species in which both are mutually benefited. such as lichens, mycorrhiza

97
Q

classification of fungi based on spore formation

A

Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes

98
Q

classification of fungi based on spore formation that is formed by fusion of 2 different cells.

zygospores = sexual spores
sporangiospores = asexual spores
septate absent ex. mucor

A

Zygomycetes

99
Q

term for sexual spores in zygomycete

A

zygospores

100
Q

term for asexual spores in zygomycete

A

sporangiospores

101
Q

classification of fungi based on spore formation known as “sac fungi” where they can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic.

A

Ascomycetes

102
Q

term for sexual spores in ascomycetes

A

Ascospores

103
Q

In ascomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs by _____ (ex. saccharomyces)

A

conidiospores

104
Q

in basidiomycetes, _____ are the most common and are mostly _________

A

mushrooms ; parasitic

105
Q

in basidiomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs by ______ and asexual reproduction occurs by _____, _____ or ______

A

basidiospores ; conidia, budding or fragmentation

106
Q

deuteromycetes is also known as _____, because they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi.

A

imperfect fungi

107
Q

In deuteromycetes, theres is no _____ production and asexual reproduction occurs by ____ ex. trichoderma

A

no sexual reproduction ; conidia

108
Q

the basic morphological elements of fungi

A

Hypha
Mycelium
Yeast Form
Pseudomycelium

109
Q

non filamentous, unicellular fungi, typically spherical or oval.

110
Q

formed as a white powdery coating in fruits and leaves

111
Q

yeast that undergo fission, divide evenly into 2 new cells. ex. schizosaccharomyces

A

Fission Yeast

112
Q

yeast that undergo budding divides ________ ex. saccharomyces

A

budding yeast ; unevenly

113
Q

In budding, the parent cells forms a _____ (bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parents cell’s nucleus _____ and one nucleus migrate into the _____.

A

protuberance ; divides ; bud

114
Q

1 yeast cell can product up to ___ daughter cells

115
Q

short chain of cells resulting from buds that fail to detach themselves.

A

Pseudohypha

116
Q

all fungi are _____ requires organic chemical substances for energy and carbon

A

chemoheterotrophs

117
Q

fungi are aerobic or ______

A

facultatively anaerobic

118
Q

described as vegetative structures because they are composed of the cells involved in catabolism and growth.

A

Fungal colonies

119
Q

consists of long filaments of cells joined together; these filaments are called _____

A

thallus (body) of a mold/fleshy fungus ; hyphae

120
Q

In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called ___ which divide them into distinct uninucleate cell-like units and these hyphae are called ______

A

septa ; septate hyphae

121
Q

are hyphae with no septa and appear as long, continous cells with many nuclei.

A

coenocytic hyphae

122
Q

grow by elongating at the tips

123
Q

each part of _____ is capable of growth and when a fragment breaks off, it can elongate to form a new hypha. In the lab, fungi are grown from fragments obtained from a _____

A

hyphae ; fungal thallus

124
Q

portion of hyphae that obtains nutrient

A

vegetative hyphae

125
Q

hyphae that is for reproduction

A

reproductive or aerial hyphae

126
Q

filamentous mass visible to the naked eye

127
Q

_____ along with bacteria found in soil are the primary decomposers of organic matter.

128
Q

fungi are multicellular organisms except

129
Q

4 types of fungi

A

Primitive Fungi
Sac Fungi
Bread Molds
Club Fungi

130
Q

aquatic, with flegellated spores. some are decomposers some are parasitic.

A

Primitive Fungi

131
Q

example of sac fungi that form a reproductive sac or ascus.

A

yeasts, some mold, truffles

132
Q

found in spoiled food. they form zygospores during reproduction

A

bread molds

133
Q

have fruiting bodies that one club-shaped which includes mushrooms, puffball, shelf fungi

A

club fungi

134
Q

fungi are _________; they absorb _____ and not ingesting like animals

A

chemoheterotrophs ; nutrients

135
Q

nutritional adaptation of fungi

A
  • usually grow better in pH 5
  • almost all molds are aerobic, yeasts are facultative anaerobe
  • most grow in high sugar or salt solution
  • can grow on subsets with very low moisture content
  • require less nitrogen that bacteria
  • capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates such as lignin (wood)
136
Q

father of mycology, an italian botanist

A

pier antonio micheli

137
Q

disease caused by fungi

138
Q

KOH prep ____, _____, _____ examined for both yeast and/or hyphae

A

skin, hair, nail

139
Q

all specimen types can be ______ and it can only reliably detect yeast by _____

A

gram stain

140
Q

primarily used for CSF for detection of cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii

141
Q

takes place with the help of spores called conidia or zoospores (motile) or sporangiospores (flagellated)

A

asexual reproduction

142
Q

aplanospores

A

non-motile

143
Q

occurs by ascospores, basidiospores and oospores.

A

Sexual Reproduction

144
Q

vegetative reproduction in fungi takes place by

A

budding, fission and fragmentation

MT2 (45 decks)

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