IS - VIRAL/VIRUS Flashcards by Sharmaine Madjid

Rubella is known as

Acquired rubella, German measles or 3-day measles,

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enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus of the Togaviridae family.

rubella

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highly contagious and is transmitted through respiratory secretions

Rubella

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Rubella incubation period

incubation period: from 10 to 21 days, and 12 to 14 days is typical.

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rubella is contagious for ________, beginning ______ before the appearance (if present) of a rash. and lasts from _____

12 to 15 days ; 5 to 7 days ; 3 to 5 days

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Rubella may be:

Congenital rubella
Pregnant women, especially those infected in the first trimester, rubella can have _______ on the fetus

devastating effects

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result in fetal death or manifest as rubella syndrome

utero infection:

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rubella is associated with certain diseases such as

Stillbirth, encephalitis, hepatomegaly, bone defects, mental retardation, cataracts, thrombocytopenic purpura, cardiovascular defects, splenomegaly, and microcephaly

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low birth weight and failure to thrive are common in

rubella

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RUBELLA

______ : recently infected

______: protective indefinitely

_______ : acute or convalescent stage

______: never contracted the virus, never been vaccinated

IgM
IgG
Both present
Both absent

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TORCH procedure in rubella stands for:

Toxoplasma
Other [viruses]
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus [CMV], and
Herpes

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Rubeola is also known as

Measles

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highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus

rubeola (measles)

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single-stranded RNA virus, genus Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)

rubeola (measles)

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rubeola is spread by

respiratory droplets

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Rubeola prevention

measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine administered to 12-to 15-month-old children

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rubeola is associated with (a complication) ________

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

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testing in rubeola (measles)

Passive Latex Rubella Agglutination Test

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Principle: Latex particles are sensitized with solubilized rubella virus antigens.
latex reagent is mixed with serum containing sufficient rubella antibodies, the
antigen-antibody complex will form visible clumps

Passive Latex Rubella Agglutination Test

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interpretation of Passive Latex Rubella Agglutination Test

(+): agglutination

(-): no agglutination

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large, enveloped DNA viruses that replicate within the cell’s nucleus

herpesviruses

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Herpes Simplex Virus

incubation period is _______
most frequent manifestation: _____ or _____

2 to 12 days ; common cold sore or fever blister

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Herpes Simplex Virus

________ : results from the reactivation of latent virus resting in paraspinal
or cranial nerve ganglia that innervate the site of primary infection.

Recurrent HSV disease

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Herpes Simplex Virus

Antigen types:
______: oral cavity and in skin lesions that occur above the waist.

______ is isolated primarily to the genital tract and skin lesions below the waist.

HSV-1 ; HSV-2

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1. Herpes Simplex Virus direct detection of antigen in tissues or cytologic preparation: ______________

immunofluorescence or immunoenzyme methods

1. Herpes Simplex Virus detection of the virus in body fluids (using monoclonal antibodies): _______ or ________

immunoassays or immunoblot techniques

2. Varicella-zoster Virus associated with Chickenpox (varicella; _________)

primary infection

In VZV, chickenpox.. - After a primary infection, the virus enters a _____ (presumably within nuclei in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve sensory ganglia) - incubation period of _________.

latent phase ; 14 to 17 days

_______: reactivation of the virus (VZV)

shingles(zoster)

VZV is highly contagious

yes

VZV transmission

through the respiratory tract

In VZV, _______ to varicella do not protect against reactivation or clinical zoster.

Antibodies

VZV.. __________: detects antibodies to specific membrane antigens ______ methods are valuable for assessing the immune status of adults ____________: detect viral antigens in vesicular lesions; Rapid preliminary diagnosis Best way to diagnose: _________

indirect immunofluorescence EIA/ ELISA Direct immunofluorescence human diploid fibroblast cell cultures.

3. Human herpesvirus 6 Former ________ ______are the primary target of infection

B-lymphotropic virus ; T cells

Causes mild nonspecific symptoms and cervical lymphadenopathy, roseola infantum (exanthema subitum)

Human herpesvirus 6

3. Human herpesvirus 6 direct examination: _________ or ________

immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining of cells taken from lesion

cocultivation of the patient’s peripheral blood cells with cord blood mononuclear cells

Culture in Human herpesvirus 6

member of the herpes family of viruses (herpesviruses); large, enveloped DNA virus; cell associated (spread from cell to cell)

Cytomegalovirus

CMV is pose greatest risk of infection are ________ and __________

fetuses and immunocompromised persons

Most common virus transmitted to the fetus; most common intrauterine infection

CMV

CMV transmission

oral, respiratory, or venereal route

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ________: Persistent infections characterized by periods of reactivation

latent infections

CMV infection is (asymptomatic or symptomatic)

asymptomatic

CMV is life-threatening in ___________ - ______ and _______ are common manifestations of disseminated CMV

immunosuppressed patients ; Retinitis and encephalitis

classic congenital CMV syndrome:

neurologic symptoms, neuromuscular disorders, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly

CMV is linked to _________

Kaposi’s sarcoma

In (CMV) affected infants, the most common laboratory abnormality is a ____________

low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)

presence of antibodies against immediate-early and early antigens is associated with active infection

CMV

In CMV, IgG avidity testing: __________ - detect recent __________

measures antibody maturity ; primary CMV infection

In CMV, __________: associated with viral shedding.

antibody to early antigen

In CMV the preferred method for diagnosis is _________ and/or __________

culture of virus and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

___________ for Detection of Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus (CMVscan Card Test)

Passive Latex Agglutination

__________ test for the detection of IgM and IgG CMV antibodies

passive latex agglutination

latex particles previously sensitized with CMV viral antigen are mixed with _____

serum

CMV test interpretation:

(+) agglutination (-) no agglutination

SARS means

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

the causative agent of SARS

coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

first reported in Asia in February 2003

SARS

SARS Incubation: _____; become ill within _______ after exposure

4 to 6 days ; 2 to 10 days

SARS is pneumonia by day _____ of illness, and most (70% -90%) developed ______

7-10 ; lymphopenia

______: detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV

EIA

the causative agents of influenza (flu)

CA: influenza viruses (A, B, C, D)

influenza virus that cause seasonal epidemics

influenza A and B viruses

are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics

Influenza A viruses

Influenza virus infections generally cause mild illness; not thought to cause human epidemics.

Influenza C virus

Influenza viruses primarily affect cattle with spillover to other animals

Influenza D viruses

Influenza (flu) infect the _____, _____ and sometimes the _____

nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs

influenza (flu) is spread mainly by tiny droplets through ______, _____ and ______

sneeze, cough, and talking

influenza (flu) prevention

flu vaccine every year

at risk for influenza (flu)

65 years and older, people of any age with certain chronic medical condition

rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs): detects _____

antigen

immunofluorescence assays, viral culture are also utilized for influenza (flu)

yes

the influenza virus types ___ and ____ cause most human illness and the flu season

A and B

Influenza A subtype: A(H1N1) clades: sub-clades:

subtype: A(H1N1) clades: 6B.1 sub-clades: 6B.1A

Influenza A subtype: A(H3N2) clades: subclades:

subtype: A(H3N2) clades: 3C.2a, 3C.3a subclades: 3C.2a1; 3C.2a2; 3C.2a3; 3C.2a4

Influenza B Lineages: B (victoria) Clades: Sub-clades:

Lineages: B (victoria) Clades: V1A Sub-clades: V1A;V1A.2;V1A.3

Influenza B Lineages: B (yamagata) Clades: Sub-clades:

Lineages: B (yamagata) Clades: Y1, Y2, Y3 Sub-clades: None

In Influenza A: two proteins on the surface of the virus: ______ and ________

hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

In influenza (flu), ________ is a process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. It occurs when two influenza viruses infect a host at the same time and swap genetic information

reassortment

influenza A viruses that routinely circulate in people ______ and ______

A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)

_________ viruses are related to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus that emerged in the spring of 2009 and caused a flu pandemic

influenza A(H1N1)