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MT2 > IS INTRO & HISTORY > Flashcards

IS INTRO & HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

It can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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2
Q

It is the study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in disease.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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3
Q

It is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the response of an organism to antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and what is not.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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4
Q

It comes from Latin word which means “free of or exempt”.

A

IMMUNITY

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5
Q

It is a condition of being resistant to infection.

A

IMMUNITY

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6
Q

It serves the organism by providing natural resistance, recovery, acquired resistance to infectious disease.

A

POSITIVE SENSE

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7
Q

It results in the rejection of a life saving organ transplant.

A

NEGATIVE SENSE

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8
Q

He observed and wrote about individuals who
recovered from the plague, which was raging in
Athens.

A

5HT CENTURY - THUCYDIDES

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9
Q
  • Intentionally “induce” immunity to an infectious
    disease in China.
  • Smallpox was endemic or regularly found
  • Ancient Chinese practiced a form of
    immunization by inhaling dried powders
    derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
A

10TH CENTURY

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10
Q

An Italian physician proposed the theory of
contagious diseases as published in his book
entitled On Contagion and Contagious Diseases

A

16TH CENTURY: 1546 - GIROLOMA FRACASTORO

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11
Q

The earliest account of inoculation of
smallpox (variolation) occurs in _____
(1499–1582) _________.

A

Wan Quan’s Douzhen Xinfa - 16th Century: 1549

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12
Q
  • Chinese people used to practicing of applying
    powdered smallpox “crusts” and inserting them
    with a pin or poking device into the skin
    became common place.
  • This process was referred to as ______
    and became quite common in the Middle East.
A

variolation - 16th Century: 1549

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13
Q
  • A Ming dynasty pediatrician performed
    inoculation for smallpox (variolation).
A

Wan Mizhai:

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14
Q
  • The process of “variolation” (or inoculation)
    which involved the exposing of healthy patients
    to the material from the lesions caused by the
    disease was introduced by ________.
A

Circassian traders - 17th Century: 1670

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15
Q
  • Variolation was performed either by putting the obtained material under the skin, or, more often, inserting powdered scabs from smallpox pustules into the nose.
A

17th Century: 1670

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16
Q
  • The wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children.
A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

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17
Q
  • a farmer, variolated his wife with the vaccinia virus obtained from “farmer Elford of Chittenhall, near Yetminster.”
  • First record of anyone using vaccinia virus to “protect” against smallpox.
A

Benjamin Jesty

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18
Q
  • He developed a vaccine for smallpox. _____ inoculated a 8-year old boy by named James Phipps with material obtained from a cowpox lesion. The results were conclusive but were met with great resistance by the Church.
A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q
  • a German physiologist first came up with physio-chemical explanation of life and provided the explanation of yeast multiplication in fermentation.
A

Theodore Schwann

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20
Q
  • a French physicist confirmed the role of yeast in fermentation.
A

Charles Cagniard Latour

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21
Q
  • a German physician, pathologist, and anatomist came up with the concept of germ theory of disease.
A

JACOB HENLE

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22
Q
  • He stated the idea that not only animal but also human diseases are caused by other living micro-organisms.
A

AGOSTINO BASSI

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23
Q
  • a Hungarian physician discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever (also known as “childbed fever”) could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics.
A

IGNAS SEMMELWEIS

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24
Q
  • The germ theory of disease was proposed.
    However, evidences are still not enough to prove that microorganisms can cause several diseases. Confirmation of the role of microbes in
    fermentation.
A

19th Century: 1860’s - GERM THEORY

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25
Q
  • a German biologist explained that in an organism’s immune system, phagocytosis process occurs where certain foreign microorganisms (such as amoeba) attach to the cell surface either to destroy it or feed on it.
A

ERNST HAECKEL

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26
Q
  • He practice aseptic technique in surgery using
    carbolic acid. This method has greatly improved
    surgical practice specially in reducing infections
    and complications as a result of contaminations.
A

JOSEPH LISTER

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27
Q
  • a German microbiologist published the work on anthrax.
A

ROBERT KOCH

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28
Q
  • a German physician demonstrated that mast cells (a type of white blood cells) is an essential part of the immune and neuroimmune systems.
A

PAUL EHRLICH

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29
Q
  • The germ theory of disease was finally postulated by ________.
  • This theory confirmed that some diseases are
    indeed caused by micro-organisms.
A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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30
Q
  • During this period, theory of using the live
    bacterial virulence culture in the vaccines could
    act as an immunity for chicken cholera and
    anthrax was proposed.
A

19th Century: 1880 - VACCINES

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31
Q
  • ______ vaccinated 24 sheep, 1 goat, and 6 cows with five drops of the living attenuated anthrax bacillus.
  • On May 17, he inoculated all of the animals with a less attenuated strain.
  • On May 31, all of the animals received viable
    virulent anthrax bacilli.
A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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32
Q
  • Who isolated the bacterium Mycobacterium
    tuberculosis, and as its name suggests, the
    causative agent of tuberculosis.
  • He discovered the bacterial origin of anthrax, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
A

ROBERT KOCH

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33
Q
  • Identification of antibodies which responsible for immunity that allows to neutralize microbial toxin.
A

EMIL VON BEHRING AND PAUL EHRLICH

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34
Q
  • He discovered the method in order to treat germ- borne diseases like tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera.
  • In honor of Jenner’s prior discover of smallpox
    vaccine, _____ called his treatment vaccination.
A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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35
Q

He also developed the process now known as
pasteurization. In this process, liquid is boiled and then cooled in order to kill the bacteria that cause the souring of milk and other beverages.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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36
Q
  • an American microbiologist, demonstrated that heat actually killed cultures of chicken cholera bacillus and was also effective in protection from cholera. This proved that the micro-organisms did not have to be viable to induce the protection.
A

THEOBOLD SMITH

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37
Q
  • They discovered the diphtheria toxin.
A

EMI ROUX AND ALEXANDRE YERSIN

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38
Q
  • They demonstrated the presence of anti-toxin in the blood of individuals recovering from diphtheria.
A

EMIL VON BEHRING AND KITASATO SHIBASABURO

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39
Q
  • ________ was the first to use this antiserum in treating active disease.
A

VON BEHRING

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40
Q
  • He demonstrated the cutaneous hypersensitivity.
A

ROBERT KOCH

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41
Q
  • He provided the very first concrete evidence for the existence of a virus.
  • He discovered that tobacco mosaic disease is
    caused by a virus which is a non-bacterial
    infectious agent.
A

DMITRI IWANOWSKI

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42
Q
  • an American cancer researcher and bone
    surgeon discovered a toxin (named after him – _____’s Toxins) which is a combination of live
    bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors.
A

WILLIAM COLEY

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43
Q
  • Who discovered bacteriolysis and it became
    known as the ______ Phenomenon.
  • He found that live cholera bacteria could be
    injected without ill effects into guinea pigs
    previously immunized against cholera.
A

RICHARD PFEIFFER

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44
Q
  • Immunology was preoccupied with the definition of the cellular (___________’s phagocytosis theory) as opposed to the humoral basis of bactericidal defense.
  • “Cellularists” believed that phagocytes, rather than antibodies, played the leading role in immunity.
A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF

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45
Q
  • a Belgian immunologist and microbiologist
    described an antibacterial, heat-labile serum
    component.
A

JULES BORDET

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46
Q
  • He came up with antibody formation theory which states that a specific kind of cell can induce the formation of several antibodies.
A

PAUL EHRLICH

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47
Q
  • He discovered the 3 different blood type groups: A, B, and O. He also discovered that when mixed, blood of different blood type groups will begin to agglutinate (clump together).
A

KARL LANDSTEINER

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48
Q

They observed the Immediate hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis, or more commonly known as “allergies”.
- They observed that people when exposed to
allergens (things that trigger the allergy), are likely to develop the immune reaction.

A

CHARLES RICHET AND PAUL PORTIER

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49
Q
  • He uncovered a type of hypersensitivity reaction wherein antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) tend to deposit in the walls of blood vessels, heart, and kidney.
  • “______ reaction”
A

NICOLAS MAURICE ARTHUS

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50
Q
  • A natural process of targeting pathogens like
    bacteria for destruction, was discovered.
  • This process is done by body cells known as
    ________.
A

OPSONIZATION ; phagocytes

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51
Q
  • They discovered a “serum sickness” allergy.
  • It happens when the body reacts to certain
    drugs that contain proteins that instead of
    aiding in treatment, induces an adverse
    reaction.
A

CLEMENS VON PIRQUET AND BELA SCHICK

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52
Q
  • He proposed his hypothesis about “immune
    surveillance” of tumor recognition and eradication. According to this hypothesis, the body has its own way of maintaining balance in order to control cell division and growth.
A

PAUL EHRLICH

53
Q
  • A virologist, found out that bacteria that have
    tumor-causing factor can pass through a specific
    filter. Such filters are called the Berkefeld ultrafilter.
A

FRANCIS PEYTON ROUS

54
Q

ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN MINNEAPOLIS

A

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGISTS

55
Q
  • He has again proved his excellence in the field of immunology when he discovered the molecule he called the “hapten”.
  • When combined with larger molecules, the
    hapten can trigger the production of antibodies that bind to it.
A

KARL LANDSTEINER

56
Q
  • A phenomenon discovered on more commonly
    known as skin allergy, cutaneous allergic
    reactions happen when the skin adversely reacts to a drug.
A

OTTO PRAUSNITZ AND HEINS KUSTNET

57
Q
  • A vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) was first
    produced for humans.
A

20th Century: 1921 - TB VACCINE

58
Q
  • He discovered Lysozyme (an enzyme that
    catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of
    certain bacteria).
A

ALEXANDER FLEMMING

59
Q
  • Scientists have discovered the part of the
    immune system that include the phagocytic
    cells (cells that can engulf or “eat” bacteria and
    other cells) found in the connective tissues.
    They have coined such system as the
    __________.
A

20th Century: 1924 - RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

60
Q

He discovered the Tetanus toxoid vaccine.

A

PIERRE DESCOMBEY

61
Q
  • He discovered human vaccine for Rocky
    Mountain Spotted Fiver.
A

ROSCOE SPENCER AND RALPH PAKER

62
Q

He discovered that x-rays actually cause
mutagenesis in Drosophila.

A

HERMANN MULLER

63
Q

He discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium notatum fungi accidentally in his lab.

A

Alexander Flemming

64
Q

By chemically altering antigens in the laboratory, the two scientist came up with the principle of specificity of immune responses.

A

Karl Landsteiner and Elvin Kabat

65
Q

He was awarded the Nobel Prize for identifying human blood groups.

A

Karl Landsteiner

66
Q
  • He developed the first vaccine for typhus.
A

Rudolf Weigl

67
Q
  • He was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.
  • He credited the discovery of first commercially available antibacterial and marketed under the brand name Protonsil.
A

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk

68
Q
  • He proposed the antigen-antibody binding hypothesis which states that under favorable and right conditions, antigens and antibodies bind together.
A

John Richardson Marrack

69
Q
  • Previously discovered in Rhesus monkeys (hence the name).
  • Rh antigens were discovered by ______ & ______. Such antigens are found in the surface of red blood cells and affect the reactions of the blood groups.
A

Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner

70
Q
  • They reported that anaphylaxis (allergic reaction) could be experimentally induced in the laboratory.
  • This type of allergic reaction is extremely fatal.
A

Merill Chase and Karl Landsteiner

71
Q
  • Their experiments have led to the discovery of the substance called adjuvant.
  • Basically, an adjuvant a substance that is added to a vaccine in order to induce greater response to the vaccine.
A

Jules “ Julius” Freund and Katherine McDermott

72
Q

Allograph or transplantation (of cells, tis or organs) have become rampant in the past decades. However, a hypothesis that talked about any possible cell, tissue, or organ rejection came about in this year.

A

20th Century: 1944, Transplantation

73
Q
  • Coombs test was developed.
    Also known as the __________, it is used to detect antibodies against red blood cells found in the patient’s blood serum
A

20th Century: 1945, antiglobulin test

74
Q
  • They identified the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mice.
A

George Snell and Peter Gorer

75
Q
  • Scientists found out that among white blood cell types, plasma B cells are the greatest producers of antibodies.
A

Plasma Cells

76
Q

Their experiments showed that polio virus can be successfully cultured in the laboratory.

A

John Enders, Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller

77
Q
  • The antibody diversity was generated became known.
  • He proves that the case for antibodies as the fundamental unit of immunity by the ascendancy of immunochemistry.
A

Svante Arrhenius

78
Q
  • The vaccine against yellow fever (a disease transmitted by mosquitoes) was invented.
A

20th Century: 1951, Yellow Fever Vaccine

79
Q

He discovered the vaccine for polio.

A

Jonas Salk

80
Q

A complication known as the Graft-versus- host-disease was first observed after an unsuccessful bone marrow transplant.

A

20th Century: 1953, Graft versus Host Disease

81
Q

Scientists began to hypothesize about how the immune system can turn to be unresponsive to cells or drugs that can trigger immune response. They called this the ____________

A

20th Century: 1953, “Immunological Tolerance Hypothesis”

82
Q

He postulated the clonal selection theory which states that cells (called lymphocytes) respond differently to a variety of antigens that try to invade the body.

A

Frank McFarland Burnet

83
Q

They were credited for their discovery of the interferon, a type of protein responsible for the interference with viral infection and proliferation

A

Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann

84
Q

They validated the clonal selection theory.

A

Frank McFarland Burnet and Neils Jerne

85
Q
  • He discovered with his colleagues the human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
  • Such antigen is responsible in the body’s response to foreign substances. HLA is used to determine matches b
A

Jean Dausset

86
Q
  • He discovered the phenomenon he called “lymphocyte circulation”.
  • For instance, some lymphocytes were not stationary at all but “circulate” or move from the lymphatic system to the blood and vice versa
A

James Gowan

87
Q
  • They lead to the discovery of their chemical structure by using enzymatically digested antibodies.
  • In addition to that, the first real demonstration of a cellular basis for humoral and cellular immunity. The terms T and B cells became widespread.
A

Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman

88
Q
  • He discovered the function of the thymus in immunity. As an organ, it is involved in the production of different types of white blood cells such as T cells or T-lymphocytes.
A

Jacques Miller

89
Q

He showed that glucocorticoids, a type of steroid hormones, can impair the normal function of lymphocytes induced by phytohaemaglutinin (PHA).

A

Peter Nowell

90
Q
  • They developed a way to quantify antibody- forming cells in the laboratory.
  • Such discovery has helped in the discovery of other antibodies as well.
A

Niels Jerne and Albert Nordin

91
Q

published the different classifications of hypersensitivity or allergy

A

Gell and Coombs

92
Q

It was found out that lymphocytes such as ______ work together in inducing an immune response

A

20th Century: 1964, T cells and B Cells

93
Q

They discovered cell division and blastogenic factor (the process of production) in lymphocytes.

A

Shinpei Kamakura, J. Gordon, L.D. Maclean, Louis Lowenstein

94
Q
  • He discovered a type of immune interferon he called the gamma interferon.
  • Gamma Interferon: From Antimicrobial Activity to Immune Regulation.
A

E.F. Wheelock

95
Q

They discovered the presence of secretory immunoglobulins in plasma cells.

A

Max Cooper and Robert Good

96
Q

He identify the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which plays an important role in allergic response.

A

Kimishige Ishizaka

97
Q
  • They discovered a special type of leukocytes (white blood cells) called “passenger leukocytes”.
  • They also found out that such leukocytes can act as “immunogens” or the “main rejecters” during a cell, tissue, or organ transplant.
A

Ronald Guttman and William Elkins

98
Q
  • They developed Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  • A type of assay is used to detect the presence or absence of an antigen or antibody in a sample.
A

Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall

99
Q

After years of searching, scientists finally came up with the illustration of the structure of the antibody molecule

A

20th Century: 1972, Structure of Antibody Molecule

100
Q
  • He describe the Dendritic cells, which appear to be “net-like” or “nerve-like” in appearance.
A

Ralph Steinman

101
Q
  • He proposed his “Immune Network Hypothesis” which states that the body’s immune system is composed of interconnected cells and molecules. Together, these cells and molecules work together in helping the body fight against infections.
A

Niels Jerne

102
Q

They have discovered the phenomenon they referred to as “T-cell restriction”. While a T cell can interact with any protein that binds to it, it will only recognize an antigen when it is with its major-histocompatibilty (MHC) molecule.

A

Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty

103
Q

They have uncovered the process of how monoclonal antibodies are produced. These antibodies are helpful in the prevention of development of some cancers.

A

George Kohler and Cesar Milstein

104
Q

They discovered the natural killer cells are capable of killing tumor cells even without immunization.

A

R. Keissling, Eva Klein and Hans Wigzell

105
Q

He is a Japanese scientist who identified cell recombination in genes coding for immune cell

A

Susumu Tonegawa

106
Q

He discovered the process of and provided direct evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes.

A

Susumu Tonegawa

107
Q

They consequently discovered and characterized interleukins 1 and 2 (also known as IL-1 and IL-2). Such interleukins are responsible for the mediation of communication between different cell types

A

R. Gallo, K. Smith, and T. TaniguchI

108
Q

They have discovered the T cell antigen receptor. This receptor is activated only when a specific antigen binds to it.

A

Ellis Reinherz and his colleagues

109
Q

He made the breakthrough discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during a lymph node biopsy.

A

Luc Montagnier

110
Q

Using genetic engineering, a vaccine for Hepatitis B was invented.

A

20th Century: 1986
Hepatitis B vaccine

111
Q

He published his work about Th1 and Th2 model of T helper cell function. The first model shows that helper cells fight against viruses and eradicate tumor cells while the second model shows that the helper cells only stimulate antibody production.

A

Timothy Mosman

112
Q

He discovered several biochemical indicators of the activation of T cells. Such indicators were CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes.

A

Christopher Rudd

113
Q

Also known as alymphocytosis, __________ (SCID) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an impaired function of the T cells and B cells.

A

severe combined immunodeficiency

114
Q

They published their work about the various roles of peptides for major histocompatibility class structures.

A

Sadegh- Nasseri and Ronald Germain

115
Q

They discovered transitional B cell. As their name suggest, these cells are the link between mature and immature bone marrow cells.

A

Allman and Michael Cancro

116
Q

She proposed the ‘Danger’ model of immunological tolerance shows that the immune system itself cannot decipher whether an object is foreign or not. Instead, what it can distinguish is whether a cell is harmful to the body or not

A

Polly Matzinger

117
Q

He described the role of the protein CTLA-4 in regulating the function of some T cells.

A

James Allison

118
Q

A Japanese scientist, discovered regulatory T cells. As their name suggest, these cells play a role in the regulation of other cells.

A

Shimon Sakaguchi

119
Q

The first dendritic cell vaccine was produced. This vaccine was the first step of developing vaccines for cancer treatments

A

Toll Like Receptor

120
Q

Scientists have identified several ________ which are responsible in the body’s innate immunity.

A

toll like receptors

121
Q

He discovered the two type of macrophages: M1 and M2. Basically, macrophages are cells that engulf smaller cells. On one hand, M1 prevents cell division and initiates cell death whereas M2 induces cell proliferation and cell repair.

A

Charles Mills

122
Q

Scientists have discovered the gene which control the development and activity of regulatory T cells. They called this the _______

A

FOXO3 gene.

123
Q

He developed the first vaccine for the sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papilloma virus.

A

Ian Frazer

124
Q

________ outbreak occurred the 2nd time in the modern human history after 1918.

A

H1N1 Swine Flu

125
Q

It is the first ever vaccine developed for cancer was produced commercially. In particular, the cancer Provenge was developed as treatment for _______

A

prostate cancer.

126
Q

He reported the use of T cells in the treatment of CD19+ malignancies (tumors).

A

Carl June

127
Q

The first licensed anti-parasite vaccine for malaria was approved for use in Europe.

A

Anti-parasite Vaccine

128
Q

He characterized the roles of dendritic cells in the processing and presenting antigens to the T cells of the immune system.

A

Mathew Halpert

MT2 (45 decks)

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