IS INTRO & HISTORY Flashcards
It can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
IMMUNOLOGY
It is the study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in disease.
IMMUNOLOGY
It is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the response of an organism to antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and what is not.
IMMUNOLOGY
It comes from Latin word which means “free of or exempt”.
IMMUNITY
It is a condition of being resistant to infection.
IMMUNITY
It serves the organism by providing natural resistance, recovery, acquired resistance to infectious disease.
POSITIVE SENSE
It results in the rejection of a life saving organ transplant.
NEGATIVE SENSE
He observed and wrote about individuals who
recovered from the plague, which was raging in
Athens.
5HT CENTURY - THUCYDIDES
- Intentionally “induce” immunity to an infectious
disease in China. - Smallpox was endemic or regularly found
- Ancient Chinese practiced a form of
immunization by inhaling dried powders
derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
10TH CENTURY
An Italian physician proposed the theory of
contagious diseases as published in his book
entitled On Contagion and Contagious Diseases
16TH CENTURY: 1546 - GIROLOMA FRACASTORO
The earliest account of inoculation of
smallpox (variolation) occurs in _____
(1499–1582) _________.
Wan Quan’s Douzhen Xinfa - 16th Century: 1549
- Chinese people used to practicing of applying
powdered smallpox “crusts” and inserting them
with a pin or poking device into the skin
became common place. - This process was referred to as ______
and became quite common in the Middle East.
variolation - 16th Century: 1549
- A Ming dynasty pediatrician performed
inoculation for smallpox (variolation).
Wan Mizhai:
- The process of “variolation” (or inoculation)
which involved the exposing of healthy patients
to the material from the lesions caused by the
disease was introduced by ________.
Circassian traders - 17th Century: 1670
- Variolation was performed either by putting the obtained material under the skin, or, more often, inserting powdered scabs from smallpox pustules into the nose.
17th Century: 1670
- The wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
- a farmer, variolated his wife with the vaccinia virus obtained from “farmer Elford of Chittenhall, near Yetminster.”
- First record of anyone using vaccinia virus to “protect” against smallpox.
Benjamin Jesty
- He developed a vaccine for smallpox. _____ inoculated a 8-year old boy by named James Phipps with material obtained from a cowpox lesion. The results were conclusive but were met with great resistance by the Church.
Edward Jenner
- a German physiologist first came up with physio-chemical explanation of life and provided the explanation of yeast multiplication in fermentation.
Theodore Schwann
- a French physicist confirmed the role of yeast in fermentation.
Charles Cagniard Latour
- a German physician, pathologist, and anatomist came up with the concept of germ theory of disease.
JACOB HENLE
- He stated the idea that not only animal but also human diseases are caused by other living micro-organisms.
AGOSTINO BASSI
- a Hungarian physician discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever (also known as “childbed fever”) could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics.
IGNAS SEMMELWEIS
- The germ theory of disease was proposed.
However, evidences are still not enough to prove that microorganisms can cause several diseases. Confirmation of the role of microbes in
fermentation.
19th Century: 1860’s - GERM THEORY
- a German biologist explained that in an organism’s immune system, phagocytosis process occurs where certain foreign microorganisms (such as amoeba) attach to the cell surface either to destroy it or feed on it.
ERNST HAECKEL
- He practice aseptic technique in surgery using
carbolic acid. This method has greatly improved
surgical practice specially in reducing infections
and complications as a result of contaminations.
JOSEPH LISTER
- a German microbiologist published the work on anthrax.
ROBERT KOCH
- a German physician demonstrated that mast cells (a type of white blood cells) is an essential part of the immune and neuroimmune systems.
PAUL EHRLICH
- The germ theory of disease was finally postulated by ________.
- This theory confirmed that some diseases are
indeed caused by micro-organisms.
LOUIS PASTEUR
- During this period, theory of using the live
bacterial virulence culture in the vaccines could
act as an immunity for chicken cholera and
anthrax was proposed.
19th Century: 1880 - VACCINES
- ______ vaccinated 24 sheep, 1 goat, and 6 cows with five drops of the living attenuated anthrax bacillus.
- On May 17, he inoculated all of the animals with a less attenuated strain.
- On May 31, all of the animals received viable
virulent anthrax bacilli.
LOUIS PASTEUR
- Who isolated the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, and as its name suggests, the
causative agent of tuberculosis. - He discovered the bacterial origin of anthrax, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
ROBERT KOCH
- Identification of antibodies which responsible for immunity that allows to neutralize microbial toxin.
EMIL VON BEHRING AND PAUL EHRLICH
- He discovered the method in order to treat germ- borne diseases like tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera.
- In honor of Jenner’s prior discover of smallpox
vaccine, _____ called his treatment vaccination.
LOUIS PASTEUR
He also developed the process now known as
pasteurization. In this process, liquid is boiled and then cooled in order to kill the bacteria that cause the souring of milk and other beverages.
LOUIS PASTEUR
- an American microbiologist, demonstrated that heat actually killed cultures of chicken cholera bacillus and was also effective in protection from cholera. This proved that the micro-organisms did not have to be viable to induce the protection.
THEOBOLD SMITH
- They discovered the diphtheria toxin.
EMI ROUX AND ALEXANDRE YERSIN
- They demonstrated the presence of anti-toxin in the blood of individuals recovering from diphtheria.
EMIL VON BEHRING AND KITASATO SHIBASABURO
- ________ was the first to use this antiserum in treating active disease.
VON BEHRING
- He demonstrated the cutaneous hypersensitivity.
ROBERT KOCH
- He provided the very first concrete evidence for the existence of a virus.
- He discovered that tobacco mosaic disease is
caused by a virus which is a non-bacterial
infectious agent.
DMITRI IWANOWSKI
- an American cancer researcher and bone
surgeon discovered a toxin (named after him – _____’s Toxins) which is a combination of live
bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors.
WILLIAM COLEY
- Who discovered bacteriolysis and it became
known as the ______ Phenomenon. - He found that live cholera bacteria could be
injected without ill effects into guinea pigs
previously immunized against cholera.
RICHARD PFEIFFER
- Immunology was preoccupied with the definition of the cellular (___________’s phagocytosis theory) as opposed to the humoral basis of bactericidal defense.
- “Cellularists” believed that phagocytes, rather than antibodies, played the leading role in immunity.
ELIE METCHNIKOFF
- a Belgian immunologist and microbiologist
described an antibacterial, heat-labile serum
component.
JULES BORDET
- He came up with antibody formation theory which states that a specific kind of cell can induce the formation of several antibodies.
PAUL EHRLICH
- He discovered the 3 different blood type groups: A, B, and O. He also discovered that when mixed, blood of different blood type groups will begin to agglutinate (clump together).
KARL LANDSTEINER
They observed the Immediate hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis, or more commonly known as “allergies”.
- They observed that people when exposed to
allergens (things that trigger the allergy), are likely to develop the immune reaction.
CHARLES RICHET AND PAUL PORTIER
- He uncovered a type of hypersensitivity reaction wherein antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) tend to deposit in the walls of blood vessels, heart, and kidney.
- “______ reaction”
NICOLAS MAURICE ARTHUS
- A natural process of targeting pathogens like
bacteria for destruction, was discovered. - This process is done by body cells known as
________.
OPSONIZATION ; phagocytes
- They discovered a “serum sickness” allergy.
- It happens when the body reacts to certain
drugs that contain proteins that instead of
aiding in treatment, induces an adverse
reaction.
CLEMENS VON PIRQUET AND BELA SCHICK
- He proposed his hypothesis about “immune
surveillance” of tumor recognition and eradication. According to this hypothesis, the body has its own way of maintaining balance in order to control cell division and growth.
PAUL EHRLICH
- A virologist, found out that bacteria that have
tumor-causing factor can pass through a specific
filter. Such filters are called the Berkefeld ultrafilter.
FRANCIS PEYTON ROUS
ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN MINNEAPOLIS
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGISTS
- He has again proved his excellence in the field of immunology when he discovered the molecule he called the “hapten”.
- When combined with larger molecules, the
hapten can trigger the production of antibodies that bind to it.
KARL LANDSTEINER
- A phenomenon discovered on more commonly
known as skin allergy, cutaneous allergic
reactions happen when the skin adversely reacts to a drug.
OTTO PRAUSNITZ AND HEINS KUSTNET
- A vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) was first
produced for humans.
20th Century: 1921 - TB VACCINE
- He discovered Lysozyme (an enzyme that
catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of
certain bacteria).
ALEXANDER FLEMMING
- Scientists have discovered the part of the
immune system that include the phagocytic
cells (cells that can engulf or “eat” bacteria and
other cells) found in the connective tissues.
They have coined such system as the
__________.
20th Century: 1924 - RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
He discovered the Tetanus toxoid vaccine.
PIERRE DESCOMBEY
- He discovered human vaccine for Rocky
Mountain Spotted Fiver.
ROSCOE SPENCER AND RALPH PAKER
He discovered that x-rays actually cause
mutagenesis in Drosophila.
HERMANN MULLER
He discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium notatum fungi accidentally in his lab.
Alexander Flemming
By chemically altering antigens in the laboratory, the two scientist came up with the principle of specificity of immune responses.
Karl Landsteiner and Elvin Kabat
He was awarded the Nobel Prize for identifying human blood groups.
Karl Landsteiner
- He developed the first vaccine for typhus.
Rudolf Weigl
- He was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.
- He credited the discovery of first commercially available antibacterial and marketed under the brand name Protonsil.
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
- He proposed the antigen-antibody binding hypothesis which states that under favorable and right conditions, antigens and antibodies bind together.
John Richardson Marrack
- Previously discovered in Rhesus monkeys (hence the name).
- Rh antigens were discovered by ______ & ______. Such antigens are found in the surface of red blood cells and affect the reactions of the blood groups.
Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner
- They reported that anaphylaxis (allergic reaction) could be experimentally induced in the laboratory.
- This type of allergic reaction is extremely fatal.
Merill Chase and Karl Landsteiner
- Their experiments have led to the discovery of the substance called adjuvant.
- Basically, an adjuvant a substance that is added to a vaccine in order to induce greater response to the vaccine.
Jules “ Julius” Freund and Katherine McDermott
Allograph or transplantation (of cells, tis or organs) have become rampant in the past decades. However, a hypothesis that talked about any possible cell, tissue, or organ rejection came about in this year.
20th Century: 1944, Transplantation
- Coombs test was developed.
Also known as the __________, it is used to detect antibodies against red blood cells found in the patient’s blood serum
20th Century: 1945, antiglobulin test
- They identified the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mice.
George Snell and Peter Gorer
- Scientists found out that among white blood cell types, plasma B cells are the greatest producers of antibodies.
Plasma Cells
Their experiments showed that polio virus can be successfully cultured in the laboratory.
John Enders, Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller
- The antibody diversity was generated became known.
- He proves that the case for antibodies as the fundamental unit of immunity by the ascendancy of immunochemistry.
Svante Arrhenius
- The vaccine against yellow fever (a disease transmitted by mosquitoes) was invented.
20th Century: 1951, Yellow Fever Vaccine
He discovered the vaccine for polio.
Jonas Salk
A complication known as the Graft-versus- host-disease was first observed after an unsuccessful bone marrow transplant.
20th Century: 1953, Graft versus Host Disease
Scientists began to hypothesize about how the immune system can turn to be unresponsive to cells or drugs that can trigger immune response. They called this the ____________
20th Century: 1953, “Immunological Tolerance Hypothesis”
He postulated the clonal selection theory which states that cells (called lymphocytes) respond differently to a variety of antigens that try to invade the body.
Frank McFarland Burnet
They were credited for their discovery of the interferon, a type of protein responsible for the interference with viral infection and proliferation
Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann
They validated the clonal selection theory.
Frank McFarland Burnet and Neils Jerne
- He discovered with his colleagues the human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
- Such antigen is responsible in the body’s response to foreign substances. HLA is used to determine matches b
Jean Dausset
- He discovered the phenomenon he called “lymphocyte circulation”.
- For instance, some lymphocytes were not stationary at all but “circulate” or move from the lymphatic system to the blood and vice versa
James Gowan
- They lead to the discovery of their chemical structure by using enzymatically digested antibodies.
- In addition to that, the first real demonstration of a cellular basis for humoral and cellular immunity. The terms T and B cells became widespread.
Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman
- He discovered the function of the thymus in immunity. As an organ, it is involved in the production of different types of white blood cells such as T cells or T-lymphocytes.
Jacques Miller
He showed that glucocorticoids, a type of steroid hormones, can impair the normal function of lymphocytes induced by phytohaemaglutinin (PHA).
Peter Nowell
- They developed a way to quantify antibody- forming cells in the laboratory.
- Such discovery has helped in the discovery of other antibodies as well.
Niels Jerne and Albert Nordin
published the different classifications of hypersensitivity or allergy
Gell and Coombs
It was found out that lymphocytes such as ______ work together in inducing an immune response
20th Century: 1964, T cells and B Cells
They discovered cell division and blastogenic factor (the process of production) in lymphocytes.
Shinpei Kamakura, J. Gordon, L.D. Maclean, Louis Lowenstein
- He discovered a type of immune interferon he called the gamma interferon.
- Gamma Interferon: From Antimicrobial Activity to Immune Regulation.
E.F. Wheelock
They discovered the presence of secretory immunoglobulins in plasma cells.
Max Cooper and Robert Good
He identify the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which plays an important role in allergic response.
Kimishige Ishizaka
- They discovered a special type of leukocytes (white blood cells) called “passenger leukocytes”.
- They also found out that such leukocytes can act as “immunogens” or the “main rejecters” during a cell, tissue, or organ transplant.
Ronald Guttman and William Elkins
- They developed Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- A type of assay is used to detect the presence or absence of an antigen or antibody in a sample.
Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall
After years of searching, scientists finally came up with the illustration of the structure of the antibody molecule
20th Century: 1972, Structure of Antibody Molecule
- He describe the Dendritic cells, which appear to be “net-like” or “nerve-like” in appearance.
Ralph Steinman
- He proposed his “Immune Network Hypothesis” which states that the body’s immune system is composed of interconnected cells and molecules. Together, these cells and molecules work together in helping the body fight against infections.
Niels Jerne
They have discovered the phenomenon they referred to as “T-cell restriction”. While a T cell can interact with any protein that binds to it, it will only recognize an antigen when it is with its major-histocompatibilty (MHC) molecule.
Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty
They have uncovered the process of how monoclonal antibodies are produced. These antibodies are helpful in the prevention of development of some cancers.
George Kohler and Cesar Milstein
They discovered the natural killer cells are capable of killing tumor cells even without immunization.
R. Keissling, Eva Klein and Hans Wigzell
He is a Japanese scientist who identified cell recombination in genes coding for immune cell
Susumu Tonegawa
He discovered the process of and provided direct evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes.
Susumu Tonegawa
They consequently discovered and characterized interleukins 1 and 2 (also known as IL-1 and IL-2). Such interleukins are responsible for the mediation of communication between different cell types
R. Gallo, K. Smith, and T. TaniguchI
They have discovered the T cell antigen receptor. This receptor is activated only when a specific antigen binds to it.
Ellis Reinherz and his colleagues
He made the breakthrough discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during a lymph node biopsy.
Luc Montagnier
Using genetic engineering, a vaccine for Hepatitis B was invented.
20th Century: 1986
Hepatitis B vaccine
He published his work about Th1 and Th2 model of T helper cell function. The first model shows that helper cells fight against viruses and eradicate tumor cells while the second model shows that the helper cells only stimulate antibody production.
Timothy Mosman
He discovered several biochemical indicators of the activation of T cells. Such indicators were CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes.
Christopher Rudd
Also known as alymphocytosis, __________ (SCID) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an impaired function of the T cells and B cells.
severe combined immunodeficiency
They published their work about the various roles of peptides for major histocompatibility class structures.
Sadegh- Nasseri and Ronald Germain
They discovered transitional B cell. As their name suggest, these cells are the link between mature and immature bone marrow cells.
Allman and Michael Cancro
She proposed the ‘Danger’ model of immunological tolerance shows that the immune system itself cannot decipher whether an object is foreign or not. Instead, what it can distinguish is whether a cell is harmful to the body or not
Polly Matzinger
He described the role of the protein CTLA-4 in regulating the function of some T cells.
James Allison
A Japanese scientist, discovered regulatory T cells. As their name suggest, these cells play a role in the regulation of other cells.
Shimon Sakaguchi
The first dendritic cell vaccine was produced. This vaccine was the first step of developing vaccines for cancer treatments
Toll Like Receptor
Scientists have identified several ________ which are responsible in the body’s innate immunity.
toll like receptors
He discovered the two type of macrophages: M1 and M2. Basically, macrophages are cells that engulf smaller cells. On one hand, M1 prevents cell division and initiates cell death whereas M2 induces cell proliferation and cell repair.
Charles Mills
Scientists have discovered the gene which control the development and activity of regulatory T cells. They called this the _______
FOXO3 gene.
He developed the first vaccine for the sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papilloma virus.
Ian Frazer
________ outbreak occurred the 2nd time in the modern human history after 1918.
H1N1 Swine Flu
It is the first ever vaccine developed for cancer was produced commercially. In particular, the cancer Provenge was developed as treatment for _______
prostate cancer.
He reported the use of T cells in the treatment of CD19+ malignancies (tumors).
Carl June
The first licensed anti-parasite vaccine for malaria was approved for use in Europe.
Anti-parasite Vaccine
He characterized the roles of dendritic cells in the processing and presenting antigens to the T cells of the immune system.
Mathew Halpert
