molecular biology intro

Question 1

It is the study of gene structure and function at molecular level.

Answer 1

molecular biology

Question 2

Symposium on Aspects of Growth

Answer 2

1934

Question 3

part of T.H. Morgan’s famous “fly group” that pioneered the development of the fruit fly Drosophila as a model genetic organism

Answer 3

Calvin Bridges

Question 4

a plant geneticist, 1941, became President of the Botanical Society of Americ

Answer 4

James T. Buccholtz

Question 5

Symposium on Nucleic Acids and Nucleoproteins

Answer 5

1947

Question 6

an eminent biochemist, became a bitter critic of molecular biology, an occupation he described as “essentially the practice of biochemistry without a license”.

Answer 6

Edwin Chargaff

Question 7

Symposium on Viruses

Answer 7

1953

Question 8

both phage geneticists.

Answer 8

Raymond Appleyard & George Bowen

Question 9

did the simple experiment that finally convinced most people that the genetic material is DNA.

Answer 9

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Question 10

Symposium on Synthesis and Structure of Macromolecules

Answer 10

1963

Question 11

demonstrated that genes control the amino acid sequence of proteins; the mutation causing sickle-cell anemia produces a single amino acid change in the hemoglobin protein.

Answer 11

Vernon Ingram

Question 12

was key in unraveling the genetic code, using protein synthesis directed by artificial RNA templates in vitro.

Answer 12

Marshall W. Nirenberg

Question 13

worked on the small RNA molecules, tRNAs, which translate the genetic code into amino acid sequences of proteins.

Answer 13

Matthias Staehelin

Question 14

won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on CO2 assimilation by plants.

Answer 14

Melvin Calvin

Question 15

for their proposed structure of DNA, they shared in the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

Answer 15

Francis Crick & James Watson

Question 16

a physicist attracted to the problem genetic code, founded an informal group of like-minded scientists called the RNA Tie Club.

Answer 16

George Gamow

Question 17

Symposium on The Genetic Code

Answer 17

1966

Question 18

proved co-linearity of the gene—that is, that successive groups of nucleotides encoded successive amino acids in the protein product.

Answer 18

Charles Yanofsky

Question 19

Symposium on Structure and Function of Proteins at the Three-Dimensional Level

Answer 19

1971

Question 20

received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry; using X-ray crystallography, and after 25 years of effort, they were the first to solve the atomic structures of proteins—hemoglobin and myoglobin, respectively.

Answer 20

Max Perutz & John Kendrew

Question 21

Symposium on The Synapse

Answer 21

1975

Question 22

contributed to the discoveries of mRNA and the nature of the genetic code; his share of a Nobel Prize, in 2002, however, was for establishing the worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a model system for the study of developmental biology.

Answer 22

Sydney Brenner

Question 23

Using phage genetics, defined the smallest unit of mutation, which turned out later to be a single nucleotide. *This same work also provided an experimental definition of the gene—which he called a cistron—using functional complementation tests. Later, his studies focused on behavior, using the fruit fly as a model.

Answer 23

Seymour Benzer

Question 24

Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

Answer 24

Mendel and the pea plants
Mendel’s model 3:1 ratio

Question 25

genetic composition or allele combination

Answer 25

genotype

Question 26

• Greek root as phenomenon, meaning appearance.
• Physical structure of an individual.
• Observable traits

Answer 26

Phenotype

Question 27

version of DNA sequence

Answer 27

Allele

Question 28

organism has two copies of the same allele
- refers to a gene pair in which both the maternal and paternal genes are identical (e.g., RR or rr).

Answer 28

Homozygous

Question 29

– organism has two different copies
- those gene pairs in which paternal and maternal genes are different (e.g., Rr)

Answer 29

Heterozygous

Question 30

Mendel’s Discoveries

Answer 30

The Principle of Independent Segregation
Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 31

Mendel’s law of ________ states that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete (egg or sperm cell) that it makes, and the allocation of the gene copies is random.

Answer 31

segregation

Question 32

can be used to predict genotypes(allele combinations) and phenotypes(observable traits) of offspring from genetic crosses.

Answer 32

Punnett Square

Question 33

can be used to determine whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

Answer 33

Test Cross

Question 34

Mendel’slaw of ________states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Answer 34

independent assortment