HEMA AUTOMATION

Question 1

LEVELS OF COAGULATION AUTOMATION

Answer 1

MANUAL
SEMIAUTOMATED
AUTOMATED

Question 2

• All reagents & specimens are transferred manually by the operator.
• Temperature is maintained by water bath or heat block; external measurement of the operator is required.
• End point is determined visually by the operator.

Answer 2

(LEVEL) MANUAL

Question 3

EXAMPLE OF MANUAL COAGULATION AUTOMATION

Answer 3

TILT-TUBES
WIRELOOP

Question 4

• All reagents and specimens are transferred manually by the operator.
• Instrument usually contains a device for maintaining
  constant 37C temperature.
• Analyzer may internally monitor the temperature.
• Instrument has mechanism to initiate timing device automatically on addition of final reagent and mechanism for detecting clot formation and stopping the timer.

Answer 4

Semiautomated

Question 5

Semiautomated Coagulation Automation examples

Answer 5

Fibrometer
Start 4
Cascade M and M-4
BFT-II
KC1 and KCA

Question 6

• All reagents are automatically pipetted by the
  instrument.
• Specimens may or may not be automatically pipetted.
• Analyzers contain monitoring devices and internal
  mechanism to maintain and monitor constant 37C temperature throughout testing sequence.
• Timers are initiated and clot formation is detected
  automatically.

Answer 6

Automated Coagulation Automation

Question 7

Automated Coagulation Automation Examples

Answer 7

ACL TOP
STA-R
Evolution
STA Compact
and Compact CT
Sysmex CA-530, CA-560, CA-620, CA-660, CA-1500, CA-7000
BCS XP
Coal AB

Question 8

_____________ measure a change in conductivity between two metal electrodes in plasma.

Answer 8

Electromechanical clot detection system

Question 9

_________ probe has stationary and moving electrode

Answer 9

Fibrometer

Question 10

__________ monitors the movement of a steel ball
within the test plasma

Answer 10

Magnetic sensor

Question 11

Principles: electromagnetic field detects oscillation of stiil ball w/in plasma reagent solution

Answer 11

Magnetic sensor

Question 12

Steel ball is positioned in inclined well, its position is detected by ________. As the well rotates, the ball remains ________. When fibrin forms, the ball is _______. As it moves away from the sensor, there is a __________

Answer 12

magnetic sensor ; inclined position ; swept out of position ; break from the circuit

Question 13

A steel ball oscillates in an arc from one side of
the cuvette to the other

Answer 13

Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection

Question 14

In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, Movement is monitored continuously with _________

Answer 14

magnetic field

Question 15

In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, As the sample clots, _______ and movement of the steel ball is _____

Answer 15

viscosity rises ; impeded

Question 16

In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, ______ in the amplitude stops the timer and the interval is the ________

Answer 16

variation ; clotting

Question 17

Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric)

______________ detect a change in plasma optical density (OD, light transmittance) during clotting

Answer 17

Photo-optical coagulometers

Question 18

In Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), ________ is focused by a collimator and filtered to transmit a selected wavelenght.

Answer 18

Polychromatic light

Question 19

In Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), ______________ is transmitted by filter optics
and focused on the reaction cuvette

Answer 19

Monchromatic light

Question 20

Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), As fibrin forms, opacity _______ and the intensity of light reaching the sensor _______

Answer 20

increases ; decreases

Question 21

Modification of photo-optical end point

Answer 21

Nephelometric End-Point Detection

Question 22

Nephelometric End-Point Detection Measures ___ degree or ______ light scatter

Answer 22

90 ; forward-angle

Question 23

In Nephelometric End-Point Detection, Light found below passes through the sample in a ______ to the _____ located above. As fibrin, polymerizes, light is _____ and is detected at an angle from the ____

Answer 23

cuvette ; detector ; deflected ; optical path

Question 24

Employs a synthetic oligopeptide substrate conjugated to a chromophore, para-nitroaniline

Answer 24

Chromogenic End Point Detection

Question 25

Measures specific coagulation factor because it
exploits the factor’s enzymatic properties

Answer 25

Chromogenic End Point Detection

Question 26

OD is proportional to the activity of the substance being measured

Answer 26

Direct chromogenic measurement-

Question 27

In Direct chromogenic measurement, ex. Protein C activity is measured by a _____________ specific for protein C

Answer 27

synthetic chromogenic substrate

Question 28

the CHON or analyte being measured
inhibits a target enzyme.

Answer 28

Indirect chromogenic measurement

Question 29

It is the target enzyme that has the activity directed toward the synthetic chromogenic substance.

Answer 29

Indirect chromogenic measurement

Question 30

In Indirect chromogenic measurement, the change in the OD is ______________ to the concentration of the activity of the substrate being measured-

Answer 30

inversely proportional

Question 31

Indirect chromogenic measurement example

Answer 31

Heparin in the anti-factor Xa assay

Question 32

Based on Ag-Ab reactions

Answer 32

Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point

Question 33

In Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point, Latex microparticles are coated with _____ directed against the selected analyte (antigen)

Answer 33

Abs

Question 34

In Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point, The increase in the light absorbance is proportional to the ________

Answer 34

antigen level

Question 35

Used for patients with thrombophilia

Answer 35

Molecular Coagulation Testing

Question 36

Molecular Coagulation Testing, Gene mutations of ________ and ___________

Answer 36

factor V (FV Leiden) and prothrombin (prothrombin G20210A)

Question 37

Test Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase

Answer 37

Molecular Coagulation Testing

Question 38

In Molecular Coagulation Testing, PCR-accurate detection of both ________ and ___________

Answer 38

point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism