HEMA AUTOMATION Flashcards
LEVELS OF COAGULATION AUTOMATION
MANUAL
SEMIAUTOMATED
AUTOMATED
- All reagents & specimens are transferred manually by the operator.
- Temperature is maintained by water bath or heat block; external measurement of the operator is required.
- End point is determined visually by the operator.
(LEVEL) MANUAL
EXAMPLE OF MANUAL COAGULATION AUTOMATION
TILT-TUBES
WIRELOOP
- All reagents and specimens are transferred manually by the operator.
- Instrument usually contains a device for maintaining
constant 37C temperature. - Analyzer may internally monitor the temperature.
- Instrument has mechanism to initiate timing device automatically on addition of final reagent and mechanism for detecting clot formation and stopping the timer.
Semiautomated
Semiautomated Coagulation Automation examples
Fibrometer
Start 4
Cascade M and M-4
BFT-II
KC1 and KCA
- All reagents are automatically pipetted by the
instrument. - Specimens may or may not be automatically pipetted.
- Analyzers contain monitoring devices and internal
mechanism to maintain and monitor constant 37C temperature throughout testing sequence. - Timers are initiated and clot formation is detected
automatically.
Automated Coagulation Automation
Automated Coagulation Automation Examples
ACL TOP
STA-R
Evolution
STA Compact
and Compact CT
Sysmex CA-530, CA-560, CA-620, CA-660, CA-1500, CA-7000
BCS XP
Coal AB
_____________ measure a change in conductivity between two metal electrodes in plasma.
Electromechanical clot detection system
_________ probe has stationary and moving electrode
Fibrometer
__________ monitors the movement of a steel ball
within the test plasma
Magnetic sensor
Principles: electromagnetic field detects oscillation of stiil ball w/in plasma reagent solution
Magnetic sensor
Steel ball is positioned in inclined well, its position is detected by ________. As the well rotates, the ball remains ________. When fibrin forms, the ball is _______. As it moves away from the sensor, there is a __________
magnetic sensor ; inclined position ; swept out of position ; break from the circuit
A steel ball oscillates in an arc from one side of
the cuvette to the other
Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection
In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, Movement is monitored continuously with _________
magnetic field
In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, As the sample clots, _______ and movement of the steel ball is _____
viscosity rises ; impeded
In Viscosimetric (Electromechanical) Clot Detection, ______ in the amplitude stops the timer and the interval is the ________
variation ; clotting
Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric)
______________ detect a change in plasma optical density (OD, light transmittance) during clotting
Photo-optical coagulometers
In Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), ________ is focused by a collimator and filtered to transmit a selected wavelenght.
Polychromatic light
In Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), ______________ is transmitted by filter optics
and focused on the reaction cuvette
Monchromatic light
Photo optical End point Detection (turbidimetric), As fibrin forms, opacity _______ and the intensity of light reaching the sensor _______
increases ; decreases
Modification of photo-optical end point
Nephelometric End-Point Detection
Nephelometric End-Point Detection Measures ___ degree or ______ light scatter
90 ; forward-angle
In Nephelometric End-Point Detection, Light found below passes through the sample in a ______ to the _____ located above. As fibrin, polymerizes, light is _____ and is detected at an angle from the ____
cuvette ; detector ; deflected ; optical path
Employs a synthetic oligopeptide substrate conjugated to a chromophore, para-nitroaniline
Chromogenic End Point Detection
Measures specific coagulation factor because it
exploits the factor’s enzymatic properties
Chromogenic End Point Detection
OD is proportional to the activity of the substance being measured
Direct chromogenic measurement-
In Direct chromogenic measurement, ex. Protein C activity is measured by a _____________ specific for protein C
synthetic chromogenic substrate
the CHON or analyte being measured
inhibits a target enzyme.
Indirect chromogenic measurement
It is the target enzyme that has the activity directed toward the synthetic chromogenic substance.
Indirect chromogenic measurement
In Indirect chromogenic measurement, the change in the OD is ______________ to the concentration of the activity of the substrate being measured-
inversely proportional
Indirect chromogenic measurement example
Heparin in the anti-factor Xa assay
Based on Ag-Ab reactions
Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point
In Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point, Latex microparticles are coated with _____ directed against the selected analyte (antigen)
Abs
In Immunologic Light Absorbance End Point, The increase in the light absorbance is proportional to the ________
antigen level
Used for patients with thrombophilia
Molecular Coagulation Testing
Molecular Coagulation Testing, Gene mutations of ________ and ___________
factor V (FV Leiden) and prothrombin (prothrombin G20210A)
Test Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase
Molecular Coagulation Testing
In Molecular Coagulation Testing, PCR-accurate detection of both ________ and ___________
point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism
