Molecular Biology Timeline

Question 1

1859 _______ Published On the Origin of Species

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

1865 _______ Advanced the principles of segregation and independent assortment

Answer 2

Gregor Mendel

Question 3

1869 ________ Discovered DNA

Answer 3

Friedrich Miescher

Question 4

1900 _____, ______, ______ Rediscovered Mendel’s principles

Answer 4

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak

Question 5

1902 _______ First suggested a genetic cause for a human disease

Answer 5

Archibald Garrod

Question 6

1902 _______, _______ Proposed the chromosome theory

Answer 6

Walter Sutton, Theodor Boveri

Question 7

1910, 1916 _______, ________ Demonstrated that genes are on chromosomes

Answer 7

Thomas Hunt Morgan, Calvin Bridges

Question 8

1913 ________ Constructed a genetic map

Answer 8

A.H. Sturtevant

Question 9

1927 _______ Induced mutation by x-rays

Answer 9

H.J. Muller

Question 10

1931 ______, _______ Obtained physical evidence for recombination

Answer 10

Harriet Creighton, Barbara McClintock

Question 11

1941 _______, _______ Proposed the one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis

Answer 11

George Beadle, E.L. Tatum

Question 12

1944 ________, ________, ______ Identified DNA as the material genes are made

Answer 12

Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, Maclyn Mcmacarty

Question 13

1953 _____, ______, _______, ______ Determined the structure of DNA

Answer 13

James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins

Question 14

1958 ________, _________ Demonstrated the semiconservative replication of DNA

Answer 14

Matthew Meselson, Franklin Stahl

Question 15

1961 ______, ________, ________ discovered messenger RNA

Answer 15

Sydney Brenner, François Jacob, Matthew Meselson

Question 16

1966 ____, ______ finished unraveling the genetic code

Answer 16

Marshall Nirenberg, Gobind Khorana

Question 17

1970 ________ Discovered restriction enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites, which made cutting and pasting DNA easy, thus facilitating DNA cloning.

Answer 17

Hamilton Smith

Question 18

1972 _____ Made the first recombinant DNA in vitro

Answer 18

Paul Berg

Question 19

1973 _____, ______ First used a plasmid to clone DNA

Answer 19

Herb Boyer, Stanley Cohen

Question 20

1977 ______ Worked out methods to determine the sequence of bases in DNA
and determined the base sequence of an entire viral genome ( ϕX174)

Answer 20

Frederick Sanger

Question 21

1977 ________, ________ Discovered interruptions (introns) in genes and others

Answer 21

Phillip Sharp, Richard Roberts

Question 22

1993 ________ and ______ Discovered that a cellular microRNA can decrease gene expression by base-pairing to an mRNA

Answer 22

Victor Ambros and colleagues

Question 23

1995 ________, _______ Determined the base sequences of the genomes of two bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma genitalium, the first genomes of free-living organisms to be sequenced

Answer 23

Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith

Question 24

1996 Many investigators Determined the base sequence of the genome of brewer ’s yeast, _____________, the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced.

Answer 24

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 25

1997 ________ and _______ Cloned a sheep (Dolly) from an adult sheep udder cell

Answer 25

Ian Wilmut and colleagues

Question 26

1998 ______ and _______ Discovered that RNAi works by degrading mRNAs containing the same sequence as an invading double-stranded RNA

Answer 26

Andrew Fire and colleagues

Question 27

______ Many investigators Reported a finished sequence of the human genome

Answer 27

2003

Question 28

2005 Many investigators Reported the rough draft of the genome of the _______, our closest relative

Answer 28

chimpanzee

Question 29

2007 ______ and _____ Used traditional sequencing to obtain the first sequence of an individual human.

Answer 29

Craig Venter and colleagues

Question 30

2008 ______ and _______ Used “next generation” sequencing to obtain the first sequence of an Asian (Han Chinese) human.

Answer 30

Jian Wang and colleagues

Question 31

2008 _____ and ______ Used single molecule sequencing to obtain the fi rst sequence of an African (Nigerian) human.

Answer 31

David Bentley and colleagues