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MT2 > HEMA INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

HEMA INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

AUTOMATION IN HEMATOLOGY

A
  • Cell Counts (Automated Hematology Analyzers)
  • Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies (HPLC)
  • Immunophenotyping (Flow Cytometry)
  • Coagulation (Coagulometers)
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2
Q

types of automated techniques of blood counting:

A
  1. Semi-automated Instruments
  2. Fully-automated Instruments
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3
Q
  • Require some steps, as dilution of blood samples. Often measure only a small number of variables.
  • Some steps like dilution of blood is carried out
    manually.
  • Measures only a few parameter.
A

Semi-automated instruments

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4
Q

in semi-automated instruments, it require some steps, as dilution of blood samples. Often measure only a small number of ______.

A

variables

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5
Q

in semi-automated instruments, some steps like dilution of blood is carried out _______

A

manually

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6
Q

in semi-automated instruments, measures only a few _______

A

parameter

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7
Q

o Require only that an appropriate blood
sample is presented to the instrument.
o They can measure 8-20 variables including
some new parameters which do not have any equivalent in manual methods.
o Measures multiple parameters
o Requires only anticoagulated blood samples.

A

Fully automated instruments

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8
Q

Fully automated instruments, require only that an appropriate _________ is presented to the __________.

A

blood sample ; instrument

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9
Q

Fully automated instruments, they can measure _____ variables including some _________ which do not have any equivalent in manual methods.

A

8-20 ; new parameters

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10
Q

Fully automated instruments, measures __________

A

multiple parameters

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11
Q

Fully automated instruments, requires only ______________

A

anticoagulated blood samples

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12
Q

Cost effective and convenient and Several CBCs performed daily

A

Automated Analyzers

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13
Q

Benefits of Automated Analyzers

A

o Reduced labor costs
o More complete information
o Improved data reliability

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14
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS

A
  • Methods of measurement: cytochemistry,
    impedance and flow cytometry.
  • Balance concept: automatic control of the
    leucocyte count based on 3 independent
    principles.
  • DHSS: focused flow cytometry and sequential
    measurement (impedance and absorbance).
  • Automatic reflex testing: selective and
    programmable (hematology parameters, alarms
    and flags, demography).
  • Rack rotation mixing of samples: smooth and
    efficient
  • Quality: complete traceability for each run in
    agreement with the accreditation requirements
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15
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

A

Cytochemistry
Impedance
Flow Cytometry

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16
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - BALANCE CONCEPT

A

Automatic control of the leucocyte count based on 3 independent principles

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17
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - DHSS

A

focused flow cytometry and sequential
measurement (impedance and absorbance)

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18
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - Automatic Reflex Testing

A

selective and programmable (hematology parameters, alarms and flags, demography)

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19
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - Rack rotation mixing of samples

A

smooth and efficient

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20
Q

FEATURES OF PENTRA DF NEXUS - Quality

A

complete traceability for each run in agreement with the accreditation requirements

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21
Q

________ regulation for quality control in
automated hematology

A

CLIA ‘88

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22
Q

electrical impedance is first introduced by

A

Wallace Coulter

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23
Q

In electrical impedance, ________ are poor conductor of electricity

A

blood cells

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24
Q

2 chambers filled with a conductive buffered
electrolyte solution

A

Electrical Impedance

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25
Q

Electrical Impedance is separated by a ______

A

small aperture

26
Q

DC current between two electrodes

A

Electrical Impedance

27
Q

In Electrical Impedance, as a cell passes through the ________, ________ is impeded and a _______ is generated.

A

aperture ; flow of current ; voltage pulse

28
Q

In Electrical Impedance, the number of pulses indicate the number of the ________

A

blood cells

29
Q

In Electrical Impedance, the amplitude (height) of each pulse is proportional to the _______.

A

cell volume

30
Q

In Electrical Impedance, the requisite condition for cell counting by this method is ___________.

A

high dilution of sample

31
Q

an electrical impedance method which is a measurement of cell volume

A

“coulter principle” - direct current

32
Q

an electrical impedance method which is a measurement of internal cell structure

A

“coulter principle” - radio frequency

33
Q

Each cell flows in a single line through a flow cell.

A

Optical Light Scatter

34
Q

A laser device focused on the flow cell

A

Optical Light Scatter

35
Q

In Optical Light Scatter, as laser light beam strikes a cell, it is scattered in _________

A

various directions

36
Q

In Optical Light Scatter, ______ capture the light

A

Photodetectors

37
Q

In Optical Light Scatter, __________ to cell size

A

Forward Scatter Light (FALS)

38
Q

_____________ corresponds to nuclear complexity & granularity of cytoplasm

A

Side Scatter Light (SS) (90°)

39
Q

Used to distinguish between granulocytes,
lymphocytes & monocytes

A

OPTICAL LIGHT SCATTER

40
Q

fluidics is also known as

A

the flow system

41
Q

In fluidics (flow system), the sample is injected into a stream of _______ within the ________.

A

sheath fluid ; flow chamber

42
Q

fluidics are focused into the center of the stream forming a single file by the principle of _______

  • only 1 cell or particle can pass through the ______ at a given moment
A

hydrodynamic focusing ; laser beam

43
Q

in fluidics, the _______ is always greater than the ________ ensuring a high flow rate, thus allowing more cells to enter the stream at a given moment.

A

sample pressure ; sheath pressure

44
Q

in fluidics, the high flow rate is used for ________ and low flow rate used for _________.

A

immunophenotyping analysis of cells ; DNA analysis

45
Q

This method allows the quantitative and qualitative analysis of several properties of cell populations from virtually any type of fresh unfixed tissue or body fluid.

A

FLOW CYTOMETRY

46
Q

In Flow Cytometry, The properties measured include a ________, ____________, and ___________

A

particle’s related size, relative granularity or internal
complexity and relative fluorescence intensity

47
Q

In flow cytometry, the most commonly analyzed materials are:

A

o blood,
o bone marrow aspirate and
o lymph node suspensions.

48
Q

principle of flow cytometry:

A

flow cytometer is composed of three main components:

  1. The Flow System
  2. The Optical System
  3. The Electronic System
49
Q

(component of the flow cytometry) cells in suspension are brought in single file past

A

The Flow System (Fluidics)

50
Q

(component of the flow cytometry) a focused laser which scatter light and emit fluorescence that is filtered and collected

A

The Optical System (Light Sensing)

51
Q

(component of the flow cytometry) emitted light is converted to digitized values that are stored in a file for analysis

A

The Electronic System (Signal Processing)

52
Q

Flow cytometry can be used for ________ of fine needle aspirates, and is a powerful adjunct to _________.

A

lymphoma phenotyping ; cytologic diagnosis

53
Q

Neutropenia may be ______ or _______ in nature

A

Immune or Nonimmune

54
Q

_________ may result from granulocyte specific autoantibodies, granulocytespecific alloantibodies, or transfusion-related anti- HLA antibodies.

A

Immune neutropenia

55
Q

Flow cytometry can readily identify __________ that are either bound to granulocytes or free in plasma and confirm the origin of __________, possibly eliminating the need for a bone marrow procedure.

A

anti-neutrophil antibodies ; neutropenia

56
Q

Basic Uses of Flow Cytometry

A
  • Phenotyping
  • Apoptosis and cell death
  • Cell cycle, cell divising and DNA synthesis
  • Transduction/transfection confirmation
  • Cell tracking
  • Small particle analysis
  • Functional analysis - calcium flux, gene expression, dye efflux, mitochondrial activity
  • Marine and microorganism identification
57
Q

Potential Applications of Flow Cytometry

A
  • Cell activation status
  • Cell cycle distribution
  • Cell division
  • Apoptosis
  • Differentiation state
  • Cytokine Secretion
  • Activation of signalling pathways
  • Calcium flux
  • Levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species
  • Immune reconstitution studies
  • Minimal Residual Disease
58
Q

Flow cytometry is used in _____________

A

“Immunophenotyping”

59
Q

a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

A

Immunophenotyping

60
Q

one of the example of immunophenotypung is Immunophenotyping for HLA-B27. HLA-B27
is one of the multiple major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class I-specific antigens. Detection of HLA-B27 (positive) may associate the patient with several other disorders, such as _________, _______, and ___________.

A

Reiter’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease

61
Q

Immunophenotyping of leukemias and lymphomas by differentiating their _________. _______ can also be used to identify leukemias that may be resistant to
therapy

A

antigen profiles ; Flow cytometry

62
Q

Flow cytometry not only is can detect the presence or absence of antigens but also the ___________ which can also aid in diagnosis.

A

strength of antigen expression

MT2 (45 decks)

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