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BIOLOGY test rev > Transport in Humans > Flashcards

Transport in Humans Flashcards

Topic 2 H . 3

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1
Q

blood consists of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

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2
Q

over half the volume of blood is made up from :

A

plasma

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3
Q

the other half of the blood is made from

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

platelets and white blood cells make up the ___ portion of the blood

A

smallest

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5
Q

red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus to maximise the available capacity to carry the protein haemoglobin

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6
Q

white blood cells

A

Large cells containing a large nucleus; different types have slightly different structures and functions

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7
Q

platelets

A

clump together to ‘plug’ the damaged area ( blood clotting)

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8
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw- coloured aqueous solution and carries basically everything that needs transporting around your body

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9
Q

plasma is important for the transportation of : (5)

A

CO2- waste product of respiration, dissolved in the plasma and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

Digested food and mineral ions- dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

Urea- a waste substance dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

Hormones- chemical messengers released into the blood from the endocrine organs (glands) and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body

Heat energy- (created in respiration) is transferred to cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost

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10
Q

heat energy ( transported by plasma)

A

(created in respiration) is transferred to cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost

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11
Q

hormones ( transported by plasma)

A

chemical messengers released into the blood from the endocrine organs (glands) and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body

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12
Q

urea ( transported by plasma)

A

urea is a waste substance dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

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13
Q

digested food / mineral ions ( transported by plasma)

A

dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

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14
Q

carbon dioxide ( transported by plasma)

A

the waste product of respiration, dissolved in the plasma and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

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15
Q

red blood cells are

A

specialised cells which carry oxygen to respiring cells

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16
Q

red blood cells are adapted for their function in how many ways

A

3

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17
Q

what are the ways in which red blood cells are adapted for their function

A
  • They are full of haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • They have no nucleus which allows more space for haemoglobin to be packed in
  • The shape of a red blood cell is described as being a ‘biconcave disc’ this shape gives them a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion of oxygen in and out
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18
Q

white blood cells are part of the body’s

A

immune system

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19
Q

white blood cells are specialised cells that defend against

A

pathogenic microorganisms

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20
Q

2 main types of white blood cells

A
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
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21
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

ingest pathogens

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22
Q

why are phagocytes non specific

A

because they engulf then digest anything thats not supposed to be in the body

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23
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

produce antibodies

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24
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins with a shape that is specific (complementary) to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen

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25
Q

Lymphocytes provide

A

a specific immune response as antibodies produced will only fit one type of antigen on a pathogen

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26
Q

how do antibodies work

A

they lock on to invading pathogens and mark them for destruction

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27
Q

antibodies produces are ____ to the antigen

A

specific

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28
Q

____ cells can be produced in response to a foreign antigen

A

memory

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29
Q

what do memory cells do

A

remain in the body to remember a specific antigen and can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again which is why you’re immune to a lot of diseases if you’ve already had them

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30
Q

what is the role of the immune system

A

to prevent infectious organisms from reproducing and destroy them

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31
Q

main component of the immune system

A

white blood cells

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32
Q

an organism has immunity when

A

they have sufficient levels of antibodies to protect it from a particular disease

As a result, they do not suffer from the disease or its symptoms

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33
Q

responses to infection ( 8 stages)

A

The pathogen enters the blood stream and multiplies

A release of toxins (in the case of bacteria) and infection of body cells causes symptoms in the patient

Phagocytes that encounter the pathogen recognise that it is an invading pathogen and engulf and digest (non-specific response)

Eventually, the pathogen encounters a lymphocyte which recognises its antigens

The lymphocyte starts to produce specific antibodies to combat that particular pathogen

The lymphocyte also clones itself to produce lots of lymphocytes (all producing the specific antibody required)

Antibodies destroy pathogens

Phagocytes engulf and digest the destroyed pathogens

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34
Q

vaccines are used to

A

induce immunity to infectious diseases

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35
Q

a vaccine contains

A

a harmless version of a pathogen

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36
Q

how do scientists make sure the pathogen in the vaccine is harmless (3)

A
  • killing it
  • making it unable to grow or divide
  • using fragments of it
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37
Q

a vaccine may be given through the (3)

A

orally, nasally, injection

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38
Q
  • once in bloodstream, antigens contained inside the vaccine can trigger an immune response by (2)
A
  • lymphocytes recognise antigens in bloodstream
    the activated lymphocytes produce antigens
  • memory cells are produced from the lymphocytes
    memory cells and antibodies subsequently remain circulating in the blood stream
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39
Q

why are vaccines needed sometimes

A

because when you’re injected with a new pathogen it can take lymphocytes a long time to produce antibodies to deal with it and can lead to sickness or death

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40
Q

future infection of a pathogen (for which you have been vaccinated) means

A

response that is much faster and much larger compared to the initial response
and the pathogen is unable to cause disease and the individual is said to be immune

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41
Q

what are platelets

A

Platelets are fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting and forming scabs

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42
Q

when the skin is hurt/ broken, platelets

A

arrive to stop blood clotting

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43
Q

what is the process involving plasma and platelets and red blood cells to stop excessive blood loss

A

when you’re cut

Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin

This forms an insoluble mesh across the wound

Red blood cells become trapped, forming a clot

The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab

44
Q

the heart organ is a ____ pump

A

double

45
Q

oxygenated blood coming from the _____ enters the ____ side of the heart and is pumped to ____

A

lungs
left
the rest of the body

46
Q

deoxygenated blood enters from the ___ into the ___ side of the heart and then is pumped to the ___

A

body
right
lungs

47
Q

right ventricle pumps blood at _____ pressure to the ____

A

lower
lungs

48
Q

the left ventricle has a _____ muscle wall than the right ventricle,

why ?

A

thicker

because it has to pump blood at high pressure around the whole body

49
Q

blood is pumped towards the heart inside the

A

veins

50
Q

blood is pumped away from the heart in

A

arteries

51
Q

valves are present to

A

prevent blood flowing backwards

52
Q

veins and arteries the blood passes through in the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

53
Q

which side of the heart is thicker and why

A

the left because thicker muscle walls of the ventricle produce a high enough pressure for the blood to travel around the whole body

54
Q

heart rate is measured by

A

counting the number of times your heart beats in a minute

55
Q

factors affecting heart rate (2)

A

exercise and level of adrenaline

56
Q

The heart pumps blood to respiring cells to

A

supply oxygen and glucose and remove respiratory waste

57
Q

during exercise, muscle cells respire ____

why

A

faster

to increase energy supply

58
Q

respiration is aerobic during ____ exercise

and anaerobic during ____ exercise

A

moderate

intensive

59
Q

increased respiration raises need for (3)

A

oxygen, glucose
and waste removal

60
Q

when your heart rate increases, your nervous system responds by : (2)

A

Increasing heart rate to deliver oxygen and glucose more frequently

Increasing the volume of blood pumped to supply larger amounts of oxygen and glucose

61
Q

at the end of exercise, heart rate can

A

remain high for a while as oxygen is needed in muscles to break down the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration

62
Q

production of hormone ___ also ____ heart rate as part of ___ or ___ response

A

adrenaline

increases

flight or fight

63
Q

when an organism is threatened the ______ glands release ____

A

adrenal glands

adrenaline

64
Q

adrenaline binds to

A

specific receptors in the heart

65
Q

adrenaline causes

A

cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate increases and the heart pumps more blood.

66
Q

coronary arteries are

A

the blood vessels which supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and glucose

67
Q

in coronary heart disease, layers of ______ build up inside the _______ arteries

A

fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries

68
Q

fatty material that clogs coronary arteries is formed from

A

cholesterol

69
Q

what are the 2 sources of cholesterol in the body

A
  • dietary cholesterol ( animal products eaten)
  • cholesterol synthesised from liver
70
Q

if the coronary artery becomes fully or partially blocked, what does it result in

A

flow of blood through arteries is reduced, resulting lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

71
Q

Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a

A

restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina

72
Q

Complete blockage of arteries due to fatty material means

A

cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire aerobically, leading to a heart attack

73
Q

Risk factors of coronary heart disease (4)

A
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • smoking
74
Q

how can smoking lead to coronary heart disease

A

Chemicals in smoke cause an increase in plaque build up and an increase in blood pressure

Carbon monoxide also reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells)

75
Q

how does high cholesterol cause CHD

A

speeds build up of fatty materials in arteries leading to them being blocked

76
Q

how does high blood pressure lead to CHD

A

increases blood force against heart and damages vessels

77
Q

how does obesity cause CHD

A

strains heart because of extra weight and can lead to type 2 diabetes

78
Q

three main types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
    -veins
  • capillaries
79
Q

smaller vessels that branch from arteries are called

A

arterioles

80
Q

each vessel has a particular function true or false

A

true

81
Q

arteries carry what type of blood

A

oxygenated

82
Q

arteries carry blood at what pressure

A

high

83
Q

arteries have what type of walls ( thin, thick, muscular ?)

A

thick muscular walls

84
Q

arteries have a ____ lumen

A

narrow

85
Q

in arteries, blood flows at a ____ speed

A

fast

86
Q

how is the structure of an artery adapted to its function ? (2)

A

Thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres withstand the high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through

A narrow lumen also helps to maintain high pressure

87
Q

veins carry blood at what pressure

A

low

88
Q

veins carry blood where

A

towards the heart

89
Q

veins carry what type of blood

A

deoxygenated

90
Q

veins have what type of walls

A

thin

91
Q

veins have a ___ lumen

A

large

92
Q

in veins, blood flows at a ___ speed

A

low

93
Q

The structure of a vein is adapted to its function in the following ways (2)

A

A large lumen reduces resistance to blood flow under low pressure

Valves prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure

94
Q

capillaries carry blood at what pressure

A

low

95
Q

veins have / contain

A

valves

96
Q

capillaries carry what type of blood

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated

97
Q

capillaries have walls that are

A

one cell thick

98
Q

capillaries have ___ walls

A

leaky/ moist

99
Q

speed of blood flow in capillaries is

A

slow

100
Q

The structure of a capillary is adapted to its function in the following ways: (2)

A

Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion distance) so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them

The ‘leaky’ walls allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

101
Q

circulatory system consists of

A

a closed network of blood vessels connected to the heart

102
Q

before capillaries, blood passes through the

A

arterioles

103
Q

in organs, respiring cells use up the ____ from the blood

A

the oxygen from the blood

104
Q

as capillaries move away from organs, they

A

widen into venules the veins

105
Q

main blood vessels in the circulatory system

A

TOWARDS HEART - vena cava, pulmonary vein

away from heart-
AORTA, PULMONARY VEIN

TO LUNG- pulmonary artery
AWAY LUNG - pulmonary vein

TO KIDNEY - renal artery
AWAY FROM KIDNEY- renal vein

BIOLOGY test rev (53 decks)

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