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BIOLOGY test rev > Transport in Humans > Flashcards

Transport in Humans Flashcards

Topic 2 H . 3

1
Q

blood consists of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

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2
Q

over half the volume of blood is made up from :

A

plasma

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3
Q

the other half of the blood is made from

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

platelets and white blood cells make up the ___ portion of the blood

A

smallest

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5
Q

red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus to maximise the available capacity to carry the protein haemoglobin

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6
Q

white blood cells

A

Large cells containing a large nucleus; different types have slightly different structures and functions

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7
Q

platelets

A

clump together to ‘plug’ the damaged area ( blood clotting)

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8
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw- coloured aqueous solution and carries basically everything that needs transporting around your body

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9
Q

plasma is important for the transportation of : (4)

A

CO2- waste product of respiration, dissolved in the plasma and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

Digested food and mineral ions- dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

Urea- a waste substance dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

Hormones- chemical messengers released into the blood from the endocrine organs (glands) and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body

Heat energy- (created in respiration) is transferred to cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost

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10
Q

heat energy ( transported by plasma)

A

(created in respiration) is transferred to cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost

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11
Q

hormones ( transported by plasma)

A

chemical messengers released into the blood from the endocrine organs (glands) and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body

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12
Q

urea ( transported by plasma)

A

urea is a waste substance dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

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13
Q

digested food / mineral ions ( transported by plasma)

A

dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

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14
Q

carbon dioxide ( transported by plasma)

A

the waste product of respiration, dissolved in the plasma and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

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15
Q

red blood cells are

A

specialised cells which carry oxygen to respiring cells

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16
Q

red blood cells are adapted for their function in how many ways

A

3

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17
Q

what are the ways in which red blood cells are adapted for their function

A
  • They are full of haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • They have no nucleus which allows more space for haemoglobin to be packed in
  • The shape of a red blood cell is described as being a ‘biconcave disc’ this shape gives them a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion of oxygen in and out
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18
Q

white blood cells are part of the body’s

A

immune system

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19
Q

white blood cells are specialised cells that defend against

A

pathogenic microorganisms

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20
Q

2 main types of white blood cells

A
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
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21
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

ingest pathogens

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22
Q

why are phagocytes non specific

A

because they engulf then digest anything thats not supposed to be in the body

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23
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

produce antibodies

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24
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins with a shape that is specific (complementary) to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen

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25
Lymphocytes provide
a specific immune response as antibodies produced will only fit one type of antigen on a pathogen
26
how do antibodies work
they lock on to invading pathogens and mark them for destruction
27
antibodies produces are ____ to the antigen
specific
28
____ cells can be produced in response to a foreign antigen
memory
29
what do memory cells do
remain in the body to remember a specific antigen and can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again which is why you're immune to a lot of diseases if you've already had them
30
what is the role of the immune system
to prevent infectious organisms from reproducing and destroy them
31
main component of the immune system
white blood cells
32
an organism has immunity when
they have sufficient levels of antibodies to protect it from a particular disease As a result, they do not suffer from the disease or its symptoms
33
responses to infection ( 8 stages)
The pathogen enters the blood stream and multiplies A release of toxins (in the case of bacteria) and infection of body cells causes symptoms in the patient Phagocytes that encounter the pathogen recognise that it is an invading pathogen and engulf and digest (non-specific response) Eventually, the pathogen encounters a lymphocyte which recognises its antigens The lymphocyte starts to produce specific antibodies to combat that particular pathogen The lymphocyte also clones itself to produce lots of lymphocytes (all producing the specific antibody required) Antibodies destroy pathogens Phagocytes engulf and digest the destroyed pathogens
34
vaccines are used to
induce immunity to infectious diseases
35
a vaccine contains
a harmless version of a pathogen
36
how do scientists make sure the pathogen in the vaccine is harmless (3)
- killing it - making it unable to grow or divide - using fragments of it
37
a vaccine may be given through the (3)
orally, nasally, injection
38
- once in bloodstream, antigens contained inside the vaccine can trigger an immune response by (2)
- lymphocytes recognise antigens in bloodstream the activated lymphocytes produce antigens - memory cells are produced from the lymphocytes memory cells and antibodies subsequently remain circulating in the blood stream
39
why are vaccines needed sometimes
because when you're injected with a new pathogen it can take lymphocytes a long time to produce antibodies to deal with it and can lead to sickness or death
40
future infection of a pathogen (for which you have been vaccinated) means
response that is much faster and much larger compared to the initial response and the pathogen is unable to cause disease and the individual is said to be immune
41
what are platelets
Platelets are fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting and forming scabs
42
when the skin is hurt/ broken, platelets
arrive to stop blood clotting
43
what is the process involving plasma and platelets and red blood cells to stop excessive blood loss
when you're cut Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin This forms an insoluble mesh across the wound Red blood cells become trapped, forming a clot The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab
44
the heart organ is a ____ pump
double
45
oxygenated blood coming from the _____ enters the ____ side of the heart and is pumped to ____
lungs left the rest of the body
46
deoxygenated blood enters from the ___ into the ___ side of the heart and then is pumped to the ___
body right lungs
47
right ventricle pumps blood at _____ pressure to the ____
lower lungs
48
the left ventricle has a _____ muscle wall than the right ventricle, why ?
thicker because it has to pump blood at high pressure around the whole body
49
blood is pumped towards the heart inside the
veins
50
blood is pumped away from the heart in
arteries
51
valves are present to
prevent blood flowing backwards
52
veins and arteries the blood passes through in the heart
vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta
53
which side of the heart is thicker and why
the left because thicker muscle walls of the ventricle produce a high enough pressure for the blood to travel around the whole body
54
heart rate is measured by
counting the number of times your heart beats in a minute
55
factors affecting heart rate (2)
exercise and level of adrenaline
56
The heart pumps blood to respiring cells to
supply oxygen and glucose and remove respiratory waste
57
during exercise, muscle cells respire ____ why
faster to increase energy supply
58
respiration is aerobic during ____ exercise and anaerobic during ____ exercise
moderate intensive
59
increased respiration raises need for (3)
oxygen, glucose and waste removal
60
when your heart rate increases, your nervous system responds by : (2)
Increasing heart rate to deliver oxygen and glucose more frequently Increasing the volume of blood pumped to supply larger amounts of oxygen and glucose
61
at the end of exercise, heart rate can
remain high for a while as oxygen is needed in muscles to break down the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration
62
production of hormone ___ also ____ heart rate as part of ___ or ___ response after exercise
adrenaline increases flight or fight
63
when an organism is threatened the ______ glands release ____
adrenal glands adrenaline
64
adrenaline binds to
specific receptors in the heart
65
adrenaline causes
cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate increases and the heart pumps more blood.
66
coronary arteries are
the blood vessels which supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and glucose
67
in coronary heart disease, layers of ______ build up inside the _______ arteries
fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries
68
fatty material that clogs coronary arteries is formed from
cholesterol
69
what are the 2 sources of cholesterol in the body
- dietary cholesterol ( animal products eaten) - cholesterol synthesised from liver
70
if the coronary artery becomes fully or partially blocked, what does it result in
flow of blood through arteries is reduced, resulting lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
71
Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a
restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
72
Complete blockage of arteries due to fatty material means
cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire aerobically, leading to a heart attack
73
Risk factors of coronary heart disease (4)
- obesity - high blood pressure - high cholesterol - smoking
74
how can smoking lead to coronary heart disease
Chemicals in smoke cause an increase in plaque build up and an increase in blood pressure Carbon monoxide also reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells)
75
how does high cholesterol cause CHD
speeds build up of fatty materials in arteries leading to them being blocked
76
how does high blood pressure lead to CHD
increases blood force against heart and damages vessels
77
how does obesity cause CHD
strains heart because of extra weight and can lead to type 2 diabetes
78
three main types of blood vessels
- arteries -veins - capillaries
79
smaller vessels that branch from arteries are called
arterioles
80
each vessel has a particular function true or false
true
81
arteries carry what type of blood
oxygenated
82
arteries carry blood at what pressure
high
83
arteries have what type of walls ( thin, thick, muscular ?)
thick muscular walls
84
arteries have a ____ lumen
narrow
85
in arteries, blood flows at a ____ speed
fast
86
how is the structure of an artery adapted to its function ? (2)
Thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres withstand the high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through A narrow lumen also helps to maintain high pressure
87
veins carry blood at what pressure
low
88
veins carry blood where
towards the heart
89
veins carry what type of blood
deoxygenated
90
veins have what type of walls
thin
91
veins have a ___ lumen
large
92
in veins, blood flows at a ___ speed
low
93
The structure of a vein is adapted to its function in the following ways (2)
A large lumen reduces resistance to blood flow under low pressure Valves prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure
94
capillaries carry blood at what pressure
low
95
veins have / contain
valves
96
capillaries carry what type of blood
oxygenated and deoxygenated
97
capillaries have walls that are
one cell thick
98
capillaries have ___ walls
leaky/ moist
99
speed of blood flow in capillaries is
slow
100
The structure of a capillary is adapted to its function in the following ways: (2)
Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion distance) so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them The ‘leaky’ walls allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells
101
circulatory system consists of
a closed network of blood vessels connected to the heart
102
before capillaries, blood passes through the
arterioles
103
in organs, respiring cells use up the ____ from the blood
the oxygen from the blood
104
as capillaries move away from organs, they
widen into venules the veins
105
main blood vessels in the circulatory system
TOWARDS HEART - vena cava, pulmonary vein away from heart- AORTA, PULMONARY VEIN TO LUNG- pulmonary artery AWAY LUNG - pulmonary vein TO KIDNEY - renal artery AWAY FROM KIDNEY- renal vein
106
phagocytes carry out
phagocytosis
107
response to an infection
- pathogen enters blood and multiplies - toxins are released and symptoms are felt - phagocytes find pathogen and engulf and digest it - then the pathogen will come across a lymphocyte - lymphocytes produce specific antibodies - lymphocyte clones itself to produce more - antibodies destroy pathogen - phagocytes engulf and digest the destroyed pathogens
108
how is CHD caught / risk factors (7)
* Diet * Lack of exercise * Stress * Smoking * Genetics * Age * sex
109
what artery delivers blood to the liver
hepatic artery
110
what artery delivers blood to the kidney
renal artery

BIOLOGY test rev (68 decks)

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