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BIOLOGY test rev > Co-ordination and response Humans > Flashcards

Co-ordination and response Humans Flashcards

Topic 2 J.3

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1
Q

the 2 different control systems in humans

A

nervous system
hormonal system

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2
Q

what is the hormone system also known as

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

what do the 2 systems do

A

coordinate a suitable response to stimuli

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4
Q

what do the hormonal and nervous system allow for

A

allow us to respond to changes that happen in our surroundings and regulate body functions to them

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5
Q

Information is sent through the nervous system as

A

electrical impulses

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6
Q

electrical signals pass along ____ ____ known as

A

nerve cells
neurons

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7
Q

impulses travel along the neuron at what speed

A

super high speeds

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8
Q

why do impulses travel the neuron at fast speeds

A

This allows rapid responses to stimuli. (reflexes)

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9
Q

The nervous system coordinates the activities of ____ _____

A

sensory receptors and effectors

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10
Q

The nervous system is used to control functions that need_____responses

A

rapid or instant

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11
Q

information is sent through the endocrine system as ____ known as _____

A

chemical substances

hormones

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12
Q

hormones are carried by the

A

blood

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13
Q

hormones transmit information from_ to _ in order to

A

one part of the body to the other

bring about a change

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14
Q

hormones alter the activity of

A

a specific target organ

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15
Q

hormones are produced by

A

endocrine glands

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16
Q

endocrine glands that produce hormones in animals are known as the

A

endocrine system

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17
Q

a gland is

A

a group of cells that produces and releases one or more substances

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18
Q

nervous system is made of

A

nerves

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19
Q

endocrine system is made of

A

glands

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20
Q

endocrine system has a ____ message type

A

chemical hormone

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21
Q

nervous system uses ____ as messengers

A

electrical impulses

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22
Q

speed of action for nervous system

A

very fast

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23
Q

speed of action for endocrine system

A

slower

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24
Q

duration of effect of nervous system

A

Short - until the nerve impulse stops

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25
Q

duration of effect of endocrine system

A

Long - until the hormone is broken down in the body

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26
Q

the human CNS nervous system consists of (2)

A

brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

human peripheral nervous system consists of

A

all of the nerves in the body

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28
Q

what is a nerve

A

A bundle of neurones is known as a nerve

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29
Q

nerves spread out from the central nervous system to

A

all the other regions of the body and sense organs

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30
Q

the CNS acts as a

A

central coordinating centre for the impulses that come in from any part of the body

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31
Q

pathway through nervous system ( order of stimuli, effector recepetor …) (7)

A

stimulus
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor
neurone
effector
response

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32
Q

a stimulus is recieved by

A

a sensory neurone (receptor)

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33
Q

are receptors specialised to detect a particlar stimuli or no

A

most are yes

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34
Q

When a receptor is stimulated, it produces

A

electrical impulses

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35
Q

the impulses travel along a _______ _____ to the central nervous system

A

sensory neurone

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36
Q

These impulses then travel along a sensory neurone to the ___ ____ ____

A

central nervous system

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37
Q

In the CNS, the impulses are passed on to a

A

relay neurone

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38
Q

The relay neurone links to a_____ ______ along which the impulses travel until they reach the ____

A

motor neurone
effector

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39
Q

the effector is what ___

and it may be a ___ or ___

A

carries out the response

a muscle or gland

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40
Q

do neurones come into direct contact with each other

A

no

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41
Q

what is a synapse

A

Where the dendrites of two neurones meet (to make a connection between the neurones) a junction known as a synapse is formed

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42
Q

at a synapse, there is a tiny ___ between the neurones

A

gap

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43
Q

the very small gap between the neurones in a synapse is called

A

the synaptic cleft or gap

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43
Q

Electrical impulses can/cannot travel directly from one neurone to the next due to the synaptic cleft

A

cannot

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44
Q

as the electrical signals can’t pass the synaptic cleft, it is …

A

converted to a chemical signal that can cross the synaptic cleft

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45
Q

The chemical signalling molecules used to transfer the signal between neurones at a synapse are known as

A

neurotransmitters

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46
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

The chemical signalling molecules used to transfer the signal between neurones at a synapse

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47
Q

once neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and meet the neurone on the opposite side, what happens to the signal

A

it is converted back to an electrical impulse which can pass along the neurone

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48
Q

how is an impulse passed across a synapse

A
  • The electrical impulse travels along the axon of the first neurone
  • This triggers the end of the presynaptic neurone to release chemicals called neurotransmitters from vesicles
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49
Q

when an impulse is passed across a synapse, the vesicles …

A

fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft

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50
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

they diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone

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51
Q

when neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft, what does this stimulate

A

the second neurone to generate an electrical impulse which travels down the second axon

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52
Q

when an impulse is passed across a synapse and the second neurone has generated an electrical impulse what happens to the neurotransmitters

A

they are destroyed to prevent continued stimulation of the second neurone (otherwise the neurotransmitters would cause repeated impulses to be sent

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53
Q

Synapses ensure that impulses only travel in

A

one direction

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54
Q

why do synapses need to ensure that impulses only travel in one direction

A

it avoids the confusion that would be caused within the nervous system if impulses were able to travel in both directions

55
Q

a reflex response is

A

an involuntary response

56
Q

does the reflex response involve the conscious part of the brain as the coordinator

A

no

57
Q

for a reflex response, you only become aware of it …

A

only after the response has been carried out

58
Q

reflex responses are ( speed and automatic or not)

A

fast and automatic

59
Q

why do reflex responses need to be fast and automatic

A

this helps to minimise damage to the body and aids survival

60
Q

examples of a reflex response

A

blinking, coughing, pain withdrawal

61
Q

a reflex arc is

A

is the pathway of a reflex response

(specifically, the pathway taken by electrical impulses as they travel along neurones)

62
Q

reflex arc when touching a hot object. (6)

A
  • the pain is detected by a pain/touch receptor in the skin
  • a sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal chord ( coordinator)
  • An electrical impulse is passed to a relay neurone in the spinal cord
  • A relay neurone synapses with a motor neurone
  • A motor neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the finger (the effector)
  • When stimulated by the motor neurone, the muscle will contract and pull the finger away from the hot object (the response)
63
Q

the eye is a highly specialised ___ organ

A

sense

64
Q

eye contains ____ cells that allow us to detect the stimulus of ___

A

receptor

light

65
Q

the retina of the eye contains 2 types of receptor cells ( what are they)

A
  • Receptor cells that are sensitive to light, known as rods
  • receptor cells that can detect colour, known as cones
66
Q

STRUCTURE OF EYE

cornea is

A

transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

67
Q

STRUCTURE OF EYE

iris controls

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

68
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

lens is

A

transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina

69
Q

STRUCURE OF THE EYE

retina

A

contains light receptor cells – rods
and colour detector cells - cones

70
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Optic nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

71
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

pupil

A

hole that allows light to enter the eye

72
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Conjunctiva

A

a clear membrane that covers the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids; it lubricates the eye and provides protection from external irritants

73
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
ciliary muscle

A

a ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

74
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Suspensory ligaments

A

ligaments that connect the ciliary muscle to the lens

75
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
Sclera

A

the strong outer wall of the eyeball that helps to keep the eye in shape and provides a place of attachment for the muscles that move the eye

76
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Fovea

A

a region of the retina with the highest density of cones (colour detecting cells) where the eye sees particularly good detail

77
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, where there are no receptor cells

78
Q

The way the lens brings about fine focusing is called

A

accommodation

79
Q

the lens is elastic and its shape can be changed when

A

the suspensory ligaments attached to it become tight or loose

80
Q

the changes to the lens are brought about by

A

the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles

81
Q

when an object is close up, the cilliary muscles

A

contract

82
Q

when an object is far away, the cilliary muscles

A

relax

83
Q

when the cilliary muscles contract because an object is close up, what happens to the suspensory ligaments and what does it lead to

A

they loosen which stops them from pulling on the lens to become fatter and light is refracted more

84
Q

when the cilliary muscles relax because an object is far away, what happens to the suspensory ligaments and what does it lead to

A

they tighten which means they pull on the lens, causing it to become thinner and light is refracted less

85
Q

what is the pupil reflex

A

a reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage

86
Q

in dim light, the pupil ___ in order to ___

A

dilates
allow as much light into the eye as possible to improve vision

87
Q

in bright light, the pupil ____ in order to ____

A

constricts
prevent too much light from entering the eye and damaging the retina

88
Q

what is the largest sense organ

A

the skin

89
Q

what is a cooling mechanism in humans (3)

A

Vasodilation
sweating
flattening of hairs

90
Q

when you are very hot, what happens

A

when lots of sweat is produced , and it evaporates, transferring energy from your skin to the environment to cool you down.

91
Q

what is vasodilation

A

blood vessels in the skin surface widen to allow more blood to flow near the surface so that it can transfer more energy into the surroundings to cool you down

92
Q

what happens to hairs during vasodilation

A

they lie flat

93
Q

what happens when you’re very cold (sweat)

A

very little sweat is produced

94
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels constrict near the surface of the skin and so less blood flows near the surface, so less energy is transferred to the surroundings.

95
Q

what happens during vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict so less blood flows near the surface, so less energy is transferred to the surroundings.

you shiver which increases rate of respiration which transfers energy to warm the body. exercise does the same

96
Q

what happens to hairs in vasoconstriction

A

hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air, which helps keep you warm

97
Q

does shivering occur in vasoconstriction or dilation and why

A

vasoconstriction because it increases rate of respiration which transfers energy to warm the body.

98
Q

other than shivering, what increases rate of respiration

A

exercise

99
Q

what are temperature receptors known as

A

thermoreceptors

100
Q

where are thermoreceptors found

A

skin and hypothalamus (brain)

101
Q

a hormone is

A

a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

102
Q

hormones are chemicals that transmit. ____ without ____

A

information from one part of the organism to another and bring about a change

103
Q

important hormones in humans (5)

A
  • adrenaline
  • insulin
  • testosterone
  • progesterone
  • oestrogen
104
Q

adrenaline is known as the

A

‘fight or flight’ hormone

105
Q

why is adrenaline known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone

A

because it is produced in situations where the body may be in danger

106
Q

what does adrenaline cause (4)

A
  • An increase in heart rate and breathing rate
  • Diverting blood flow towards muscles
  • Dilation of the blood vessels inside muscles
  • Breaking down of stored glycogen to glucose
107
Q

what response does adrenaline prepare you for ( remember fight or flight)

A

movement ( fight or flight)

108
Q

what does an increase in heart & breathing rate from adrenaline ensure

A

glucose and oxygen can be delivered to muscle cells (and carbon dioxide can be taken away from muscles cells) at a faster rate

109
Q
A
109
Q

what does diverting blood flow towards muscles from adrenaline ensure

A

increased supply of the reactants of respiration

110
Q

what does Dilation of the blood vessels inside muscles from adrenaline ensure

A

more blood can circulate through them, supplying more glucose and oxygen

111
Q

what does Breaking down of stored glycogen to glucose from adrenaline ensure

A

higher blood glucose concentration for increased respiration in muscle cells (providing greater energy for movement)

112
Q

where is adrenaline found

A

adrenal glands

113
Q

what does insulin do

A

helps control blood sugar levels

114
Q

where is insulin made/ released

A

pancreas

115
Q

effects of insulin

A

stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

116
Q

where is testosterone found

A

testes

117
Q

role of testosterone

A

main male sex hormone

118
Q

effects of testosterone

A

promotes male secondary characteristics

119
Q

progesterone is found in the

A

ovaries

120
Q

progesterone does what

A

supports pregnancy

121
Q

effects of progesterone

A

maintains lining of uterus

122
Q

oestrogen is found in the

A

ovaries

123
Q

oestrogen role is

A

main female sex hormone

124
Q

effects of oestrogen

A

controls menstrual cycle and promotes secondary sexual characteristics

125
Q

ADH stands for

A

anti diuretic hormone

126
Q

ADH is found in the

A

pituitary gland

127
Q

ADH does what

A

controls water content

128
Q

ADH effects

A

increases permeability of kidney tubules to water

129
Q

FSH is released in the

A

pituitary gland

130
Q

role of FSH

A

female sex hormone

131
Q

effects of FSH

A

auses egg to mature in ovary and stimulates egg to produce oestrogen

132
Q

LH found in

A

pituitary gland

133
Q

LH stands for

A

leutanising hormone

134
Q

LH role

A

female sex hormone

135
Q

LH effects

A

stimulates release of egg from ovary

BIOLOGY test rev (53 decks)

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