reproduction in flowering plants Flashcards
1
Q
germination is
A
the beginning of seed growth
2
Q
seeds contain a __ that develops into the __
A
zygote
embryo
3
Q
during germination, the embryo grows into a
A
seedling
4
Q
what do cotyledons do
A
surround the embryo, storing food for the seedling
5
Q
what do cotyledons provide
A
provide energy until the plant can photosynthesize
6
Q
how many cotyledons do plants have
A
either one or two
7
Q
how do the radicle and plumule emerge
A
Water absorption splits the seed coat (testa), allowing the plumule (first emerging shoot) and radicle (first emerging root) to emerge
8
Q
what is the radicle
A
first emerging root
9
Q
what is the plumule
A
first emerging shoot
10
Q
plants can reproduce in which ways
A
sexually and asexually
11
Q
asexual reproduction involves __ parent
A
1
12
Q
in asexual reproduction, the offspring are
A
exact genetic copies of each other and the parent plant (clones)
13
Q
Asexual reproduction in plants can occur ___ or _____
A
naturally or artificially
14
Q
natural asexual reproduction in plants is called
A
runners
15
Q
how do runners work
A
- side branches called runners grow which have small plantelets at their ends
- they are horizontal stems which grow sideways out of the parent plant
- once they touch the soil, the plantlets will grow shoots and new plant will grow and become indipendant from the parent plant
- the new plant will be a clone
16
Q
what are runners
A
side branches
17
Q
Artificial asexual reproduction in plants name
A
cuttings
18
Q
how does cuttings work
A
- Gardeners take cuttings from good parent plants
- A section of the parent plant with a new bud is cut off
- this is then placed into water or directly into soil
- sometimes the new stem is dipped into rooting powder which is a plant growth stimulator
- the cuttings are then planted and eventually grow into genetically identical copies of the parent plant
19
Q
advantages of cuttings
A
cheap and quick
20
Q
what is fertilisation
A
fusion of gametes
21
Q
fertilisation happens when
A
the pollen nucleus and the ovum nucleus fuse together to form a zygote
22
Q
after successful pollination what forms from the pollen grains
A
a pollen tube
23
Q
after succesful pollination, the pollen tube
A
- grows down the style towards the ovary
- the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
24
Q
conditions needed for germination (3)
A
- water
to activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seeds - oxygen
for respiration, which transfers energy from food for growth - suitable temp
for the enzymes in the seed to work
25
what does the stem do
supports flower in suitable position for pollination
26
what does sepal do
enclose flower when in the bud
27
do flowers contain male and female gametes
yes
27
petals
usually bright colours to attract insects that help in pollination.
27
what does the filament do
supports the anther
27
animal seed dispersal
animals eat seeds and then poo them out.
they eat a fruit and the pulpy part of it is digested but the seeds are excreted
27
what do ovules contain
female egg cells
27
what is the carpel made up of
ovary, stigma and style
27
wind seed dispersal
seeds or fruits can float on the breeze or flutter to ground
need to be light weight and have hair or wings so wind can carry them off.
27
what does the stigma recieve during pollination
pollen
27
stamen is made up of the
anther and filament
27
what does the ovary contain
ovules
27
water seed dispersal
called hydrocolloid
seeds of plants that grow or are planted near water are usually dispersed by it. they have adaptations to swim in water (light/boyoant)
27
anther
contains developing pollen grains and opens when pollen is mature
27
adaptations of plants for wind pollination
- The anthers and stigmas of wind pollinated flowers hang outside the flower so that:
- pollen can easily be
blown away by the
wind
- pollen can easily be
caught by the stigmas
of other
flowers
- large feathery stigma to catch pollen as its carried past by the wind. also usually hangs outside the flower
27
where are the male gametes found
in the stamen
28
where are the female gametes found
carpel
28
what does the carpel consist of
ovary
style
stigma
29
gametes in plants
pollen and ovum
29
when does fertilisation happen in plants
when a pollen tube grows down from a pollen grain to deliver the male nucleus into the ovary
29
where does fertilisation happen in plants
ovary
29
flowers are the ____ ____ of plants
reproductive organs
29
male gametes are found in
pollen grains
29
female gametes of plants are found in
ovules
29
what is pollination
process. by which pollen is transferred from a male part of the flower to the female part
29
when an insect enters a flower in search of nectar it
brushes against the anthers, which deposit sticky pollen onto the insect's body
when the insect visits another flower, it brushes against the stigma and deposits some of the pollen from the first flower- this is first pollination
29
wind pollinated flowers are adapted so that
so the wind can easily catch pollen grains and carry them to the stigmas of other flowers
30
after successful fertilisation, what happens
a pollen tube forms to deliver the male nucleus to the ovum in the ovary
31
what does the stamen consist of
anther
filament
32
stigma
end bit that the pollen grains attach to
33
style
rod like section that supports the stigma
34
ovary
contains female gametes inside ovules
35
anther
contains pollen grains that produce the male gametes (ovum)
36
filament
the stalk that supports the anther
37
cross pollination
a type of sexual reproduction where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another
38
pollination is the
transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gametes can fertilise with the female gametes
39
what helps cross pollinating plants to pollinate
insects or wind
40
how can plants be adapted for insect pollination (4)
- brightly coloured petals to attract insects
- scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
- sticky pollen grains that stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
- stigma also sticky so any pollen grain picked up by an insect on other plants will stick to the stigma
41
PRACTICAL- investigating factors needed for germination
Prepare 4 test tubes with 10 cress seeds on cotton wool, labeled A, B, C, and D
Tube A: Keep the cotton wool dry
Tube B: Moisten the cotton wool with water
Tube C: Cover the seeds and cotton wool with water and add a layer of oil on top
Tube D: Moisten the cotton wool and place the tube in a fridge (~4°C)
Keep tubes A, B, and C at room temperature or around 20°C
After 3-5 days, ensure the cotton wool in tubes B and D stays moist
Compare the number of germinated seeds in each tube
42
pollen tubes grow down what
the style
43
what travels down a pollen tube
pollen grains
44
after fertilisation, ovule develops into a
seed
45
what allows roots and shoots to emerge from a seed
water absorption as it splits the seed coat
46
asexual reproduction involves
one parent and all offspring produced are exact genetic copies of each other and the parent plant
47
mitosis is used for
the growth and repair of cells
48
is mitosis in asexual or sexual reproduction
asexual
49
mitosis happens in what organisms
- fungi
- bacteria
- animals
- plants
50
meiosis is used in what reproduction
sexual reproduction
51
organisms that reproduce by meiosis
animals, plants, fungi
