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BIOLOGY test rev > reproduction in flowering plants > Flashcards

reproduction in flowering plants Flashcards

1
Q

germination is

A

the beginning of seed growth

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2
Q

seeds contain a __ that develops into the __

A

zygote
embryo

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3
Q

during germination, the embryo grows into a

A

seedling

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4
Q

what do cotyledons do

A

surround the embryo, storing food for the seedling

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5
Q

what do cotyledons provide

A

provide energy until the plant can photosynthesize

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6
Q

how many cotyledons do plants have

A

either one or two

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7
Q

how do the radicle and plumule emerge

A

Water absorption splits the seed coat (testa), allowing the plumule (first emerging shoot) and radicle (first emerging root) to emerge

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8
Q

what is the radicle

A

first emerging root

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9
Q

what is the plumule

A

first emerging shoot

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10
Q

plants can reproduce in which ways

A

sexually and asexually

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11
Q

asexual reproduction involves __ parent

A

1

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12
Q

in asexual reproduction, the offspring are

A

exact genetic copies of each other and the parent plant (clones)

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction in plants can occur ___ or _____

A

naturally or artificially

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14
Q

natural asexual reproduction in plants is called

A

runners

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15
Q

how do runners work

A
  • side branches called runners grow which have small plantelets at their ends
  • they are horizontal stems which grow sideways out of the parent plant
  • once they touch the soil, the plantlets will grow shoots and new plant will grow and become indipendant from the parent plant
  • the new plant will be a clone
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16
Q

what are runners

A

side branches

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17
Q

Artificial asexual reproduction in plants name

A

cuttings

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18
Q

how does cuttings work

A
  • Gardeners take cuttings from good parent plants
  • A section of the parent plant with a new bud is cut off
  • this is then placed into water or directly into soil
  • sometimes the new stem is dipped into rooting powder which is a plant growth stimulator
  • the cuttings are then planted and eventually grow into genetically identical copies of the parent plant
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19
Q

advantages of cuttings

A

cheap and quick

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20
Q

what is fertilisation

A

fusion of gametes

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21
Q

fertilisation happens when

A

the pollen nucleus and the ovum nucleus fuse together to form a zygote

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22
Q

after successful pollination what forms from the pollen grains

A

a pollen tube

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23
Q

after succesful pollination, the pollen tube

A
  • grows down the style towards the ovary
  • the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
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24
Q

conditions needed for germination (3)

A
  • water
    to activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seeds
  • oxygen
    for respiration, which transfers energy from food for growth
  • suitable temp
    for the enzymes in the seed to work
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25
Q

what does the stem do

A

supports flower in suitable position for pollination

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26
Q

what does sepal do

A

enclose flower when in the bud

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27
Q

do flowers contain male and female gametes

A

yes

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27
Q

petals

A

usually bright colours to attract insects that help in pollination.

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27
Q

what does the filament do

A

supports the anther

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27
Q

animal seed dispersal

A

animals eat seeds and then poo them out.
they eat a fruit and the pulpy part of it is digested but the seeds are excreted

27
Q

what do ovules contain

A

female egg cells

27
Q

what is the carpel made up of

A

ovary, stigma and style

27
Q

wind seed dispersal

A

seeds or fruits can float on the breeze or flutter to ground
need to be light weight and have hair or wings so wind can carry them off.

27
Q

what does the stigma recieve during pollination

A

pollen

27
Q

stamen is made up of the

A

anther and filament

27
Q

what does the ovary contain

A

ovules

27
Q

water seed dispersal

A

called hydrocolloid
seeds of plants that grow or are planted near water are usually dispersed by it. they have adaptations to swim in water (light/boyoant)

27
Q

anther

A

contains developing pollen grains and opens when pollen is mature

27
Q

adaptations of plants for wind pollination

A
  • The anthers and stigmas of wind pollinated flowers hang outside the flower so that:
    • pollen can easily be
      blown away by the
      wind
    • pollen can easily be
      caught by the stigmas
      of other
      flowers
  • large feathery stigma to catch pollen as its carried past by the wind. also usually hangs outside the flower
27
Q

where are the male gametes found

A

in the stamen

28
Q

where are the female gametes found

A

carpel

28
Q

what does the carpel consist of

A

ovary
style
stigma

29
Q

gametes in plants

A

pollen and ovum

29
Q

when does fertilisation happen in plants

A

when a pollen tube grows down from a pollen grain to deliver the male nucleus into the ovary

29
Q

where does fertilisation happen in plants

A

ovary

29
Q

flowers are the ____ ____ of plants

A

reproductive organs

29
Q

male gametes are found in

A

pollen grains

29
Q

female gametes of plants are found in

A

ovules

29
Q

what is pollination

A

process. by which pollen is transferred from a male part of the flower to the female part

29
Q

when an insect enters a flower in search of nectar it

A

brushes against the anthers, which deposit sticky pollen onto the insect’s body

when the insect visits another flower, it brushes against the stigma and deposits some of the pollen from the first flower- this is first pollination

29
Q

wind pollinated flowers are adapted so that

A

so the wind can easily catch pollen grains and carry them to the stigmas of other flowers

30
Q

after successful fertilisation, what happens

A

a pollen tube forms to deliver the male nucleus to the ovum in the ovary

31
Q

what does the stamen consist of

A

anther
filament

32
Q

stigma

A

end bit that the pollen grains attach to

33
Q

style

A

rod like section that supports the stigma

34
Q

ovary

A

contains female gametes inside ovules

35
Q

anther

A

contains pollen grains that produce the male gametes (ovum)

36
Q

filament

A

the stalk that supports the anther

37
Q

cross pollination

A

a type of sexual reproduction where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another

38
Q

pollination is the

A

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gametes can fertilise with the female gametes

39
Q

what helps cross pollinating plants to pollinate

A

insects or wind

40
Q

how can plants be adapted for insect pollination (4)

A
  • brightly coloured petals to attract insects
  • scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
  • sticky pollen grains that stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
  • stigma also sticky so any pollen grain picked up by an insect on other plants will stick to the stigma
41
Q

PRACTICAL- investigating factors needed for germination

A

Prepare 4 test tubes with 10 cress seeds on cotton wool, labeled A, B, C, and D

Tube A: Keep the cotton wool dry

Tube B: Moisten the cotton wool with water

Tube C: Cover the seeds and cotton wool with water and add a layer of oil on top

Tube D: Moisten the cotton wool and place the tube in a fridge (~4°C)

Keep tubes A, B, and C at room temperature or around 20°C

After 3-5 days, ensure the cotton wool in tubes B and D stays moist

Compare the number of germinated seeds in each tube

42
Q

pollen tubes grow down what

A

the style

43
Q

what travels down a pollen tube

A

pollen grains

44
Q

after fertilisation, ovule develops into a

A

seed

45
Q

what allows roots and shoots to emerge from a seed

A

water absorption as it splits the seed coat

46
Q

asexual reproduction involves

A

one parent and all offspring produced are exact genetic copies of each other and the parent plant

47
Q

mitosis is used for

A

the growth and repair of cells

48
Q

is mitosis in asexual or sexual reproduction

A

asexual

49
Q

mitosis happens in what organisms

A
  • fungi
  • bacteria
  • animals
  • plants
50
Q

meiosis is used in what reproduction

A

sexual reproduction

51
Q

organisms that reproduce by meiosis

A

animals, plants, fungi

BIOLOGY test rev (56 decks)

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