thyroid Flashcards
thyroid gland
2 inch butterfly shaped gland located in the neck
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
T3 and thyroxine T4
What is the function of thyroxine T4?
Regulator of body metabolism that influences almost all body systems
what is the necessary component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
Iodine
feedback loop of thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
(release TRH)
Anterior pituitary
(release TSH)
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine
what type of disorders are most common for thyroid dysfunction?
Primary disorders
Who are thyroid disorders more likely in?
Women
goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid, with or without dysfunction
Excess pituitary TSH, low iodine
Hypo thyroidism
Insufficient thyroid hormones, T3, and T4
Primary hypothyroidism
Increased release of TSH from pituitary
secondary hypothyroidism
Not secreting, T3 and T4, decreased TSH
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Autoimmune, most common type of hypo thyroidism
Risk factors of hypothyroidism
female, >50
Caucasian
Pregnant
Meds
History of auto immune disease
Family history
Treatment for hyper thyroidism
s/sx early
Cold intolerance
Increased weight
Lethargy, fatigue
Memory deficits, poor attention span
Increase cholesterol
muscle cramps
Increased carotene levels – yellow skin
Constipation
Decreased fertility
Puffy face
Hair loss, brittle nails
s/sx late
below normal temperature
Decreased heart rate
Weight gain
Decreased LOC
thickened skin
Horse voice
Hyper lipidemia
Decreased filtration of kidney
Anemia
cardiac complications
myxedema
severe hypothyroidism – coma
Dermatologic changes that associate with hypo thyroidism: second skin, hair, loss, puffy, eyes, scaly skin
Diagnosis of hypo thyroidism
increased TSH
Decreased T3 and T4
Anti-thyroglobulin
Anti-peroxidase antibodies
hyper thyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Increased excretion of T3 and T4
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
graves’ disease
Auto immune stimulation of thyroid gland
where does primary hyperparathyroidism occur?
Thyroid
where does secondary hyperthyroidism occur?
Pituitary
where does tertiary hyperthyroidism occur?
Hypothalamus
other causes of hyperthyroidism
Thyroid cancer
Subacute thyroiditis
Toxic multinodular, goiter
Excess Iodine ingestion – Jod basedon syndrome
Excess replacement therapy
Risk factors for hyperthyroidism
Family history of Graves’ disease
Age greater than 40
Women, Caucasian
Meds
excess iodine intake
Pregnant
t/f Graves’ disease is a primary condition
True
s/sx hyperthyroidism
Nervous
Insomnia
Sensitive to heat
weight loss
Enlarged palpable gland
Audible bruit
A fib
Myxedema
Exopthalmos
exophthalmos
Wide eyed stare associated with increased sympathetic tone, and infiltration of extraocular area with lymphocytes
Graves opthalmopathy
Pre-orbital edema and bulging of eyes
Who is exophthalmus more common in?
Women
Diagnosis of Graves’ disease
Low TSH
High T3 and T4
Anti-thyroglobulin, and anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody
Ultrasound with color, Doppler evaluation
Radioactive, Iodine scan
thyrotoxic crisis/storm
Overwhelming release of thyroid hormones that exerts an intense stimulus on metabolism
T/F thyrotoxic crisis is a life-threatening release of catecholamines
True
parathyroid gland
For pea sized glands within thyroid tissue of the neck
what does the parathyroid produce and secrete?
Parathyroid hormone – PTH
function of parathyroid gland
Controls calcium levels
Promotes vitamin D production by kidney
hypo parathyroid ism
Insufficient, PTH, secretion and hypocalcemia
s/sx hypo parathyroidism
Muscle cramps
Irritability
Tetany, convulsion
Trousseaus and chovsteks
treatment for hypo parathyroidism
Replace PTH
Normalize serum, calcium, and vitamin D levels
Hyper parathyroidism
Excessive secretion of PTH with hypercalcemia and bone break down
s/sx hyper parathyroidism
Muscle weakness
Poor concentration
Neuropathy
HTN
Kidney stones
Metabolic acidosis
Osteopenia , fractures
Constipation
treatment of hyper parathyroidism
Decrease calcium levels
Diuretics, calcitonin
Biphosphonates
Vitamin D
