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NUR 326 > Nephrolithiasis > Flashcards

Nephrolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

Nephro-

A

Kidney

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2
Q

Renal

A

Belonging to the kidneys

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3
Q

nephrology

A

Study of kidneys

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4
Q

urology

A

Study of urinary tract

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5
Q

-lithos

A

Stones

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6
Q

Calculi

A

Accidental, doesn’t belong to body

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7
Q

obstructive urologic disorders severity depends on

A

Degree
location
Duration
Timing

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8
Q

where can obstructive urologic disorders occur?

A

Urethra
Ureters
Bladder
Kidneys

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9
Q

renal pelvis obstruction etiology

A

Renal calculi

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10
Q

ureter obstruction etiology

A

Renal calculi
Pregnancy
Tumors

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11
Q

bladder and urethra obstruction etiology

A

Bladder cancer
Neurogenic bladder
Prostatic hyperplasia
Prosthetic cancer
Urethral strictures – narrowing

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12
Q

Complications of obstructed urology

A

stasis of urine
Back up pressure – hydroureter, Hydro nephrosis, postrenal acute kidney injury

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13
Q

s/sx acute obstruction

A

Depends on site, cause, speed of onset

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14
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

renal calculi, kidney stones
Clumps of crystals in urinary tract
Forms in renal pelvis

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15
Q

Where can nephrolithiasis occur?

A

Anywhere between the pelvis and bladder

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16
Q

Nephrolithiasis risk factors

A

Men
20-30 years old
Caucasian
Family history
Congenital defect
Obesity
Warm weather

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17
Q

etiology of nephrolithiasis

A

Crystallize solutes in urine, forms stones

Depends on: individual risk factors, characteristics of urine, type of stones formed

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18
Q

calcium oxalate

A

Most common form of stones
Due to family history, idiopathic*, increase in calcium and oxaluria

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19
Q

struvite “ staghorn”

A

7 to 10%
Due to UTI, urine splitting bacteria

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20
Q

Uric acid

A

7 to 10%
Due to gout, elevated levels of purine

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21
Q

pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis

A

Urine is solution of solvent (water) and solutes (particles)

Problem – supersaturation with solute

Crystals begin forming in nephron

22
Q

how is crystal formation enhanced?

A

Dehydration
Immobility/sedentary lifestyle

23
Q

s/sx acute renal colic

A

Wavelike pain in ureter
Flank and radiates down groin
Spasms, severe
Intermittent/sharp
N/V
Diaphoresis, cool clammy skin
Increase in heart rate, and respiratory rate

24
Q

pharm therapy for acute pain

A

morphine or NSAIDS
IV. Fluids.

25
Q

pharm therapy for preventative

A

Calcium – thiazide diuretics
Struvite– antibiotics
urate–allopurinol

26
Q

UTI protective factors

A

PH – acidic
Presence of urea
Man – prostatic secretions
Women – urethral gland, secretions
urine flow– unidirectional
Immune system

27
Q

what structure difference in women makes them more prone to UTIs?

A

Shorter urethra

28
Q

Risk factors of UTI

A

CAUTI
Women
Peri irritation
Increased age
Pregnancy
Sex
Obstruction or reflux
Immobility
Incontinence
Decrease cognition
Bad hygiene

29
Q

pathogenesis of pyelonephritis

A

ascending pattern

Starts at: contaminated perineum
Urethra
Bladder – cystitis
Ureter
Kidney

30
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidneys

31
Q

Etiology of pyelonephritis

A

Ascending infection with E. coli
Bloodstream infection

32
Q

risk factor for pyelonephritis

A

Pregnancy

33
Q

s/sx of pyelonephritis

A

Opaque and foul smelling urine
Sudden onset – fever, chills, CVA tenderness
lower UTI – dysuria
N/V
Anorexia

34
Q

pathogenesis of pyelonephritis

A

Inflammatory response
Kidney tissue damage

35
Q

Urosepsis

A

Severe systemic response to UTI

36
Q

Who is at high risk of urosepsis?

A

Elderly
Diabetics
Immuno suppressed

37
Q

Prognosis of urosepsis

A

High mortality

38
Q

Kidney cancer

A

Renal cell carcinoma

39
Q

Risk factors for kidney cancer

A

1) smoking

obesity
Increased age, males
Genetics

40
Q

Prognosis of kidney cancer

A

If metastasized – high mortality

41
Q

s/sx late kidney cancer

A

CVA tenderness
Hematuria
Palpable, abdominal mass

42
Q

Are there any signs of kidney cancer early on?

A

No

43
Q

metastases of kidney cancer

A

Travels to lung or bone
Can cause dyspnea, cough, bone pain

44
Q

chemo for kidney cancer

A

Bio treatments
surgery required to remove effective kidney

45
Q

Bladder cancer

A

4th most common cancer in men
Urothelial carcinoma

46
Q

Risk factors for bladder cancer

A

1) smoking

Males
Occupations, with exposure to toxins – paint, rubber
Low fluid intake

47
Q

Early signs of bladder cancer

A

Hematuria – pink/reddish

48
Q

later signs of bladder cancer

A

Frequency, urgency, dysuria

49
Q

chemo for bladder cancer

A

Depends on stage
Stage one – intravesical chemo
Advanced stages – systemic chemo

50
Q

Intravesical therapy

A

Live BCG vaccine

NUR 326 (32 decks)

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