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NUR 326 > Bone Mass > Flashcards

Bone Mass Flashcards

1
Q

do men or women have a lower peak density?

A

Women

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2
Q

What is the peak age range for bone mass?

A

30-40

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3
Q

T/F younger ages are more at risk for fractures

A

False, older

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4
Q

T/F postmenopausal women have a greater bone mass loss

A

True

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5
Q

osteopenia

A

thinning of trabecular matrix of bone before osteoporosis

T score -1-2.5

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6
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone mineral density -2.5 below peak bone mass

Increased bone fragility more susceptible for fractures

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7
Q

What scan is used to diagnose osteoporosis

A

DEXA
T score

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8
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis

A

Increased age
History of fractures, adult
Postmenopausal women
Family History
Asian, Caucasian
Low weight– thin frame
Smoking, alcohol
Lack of weight-bearing exercise
Decreased calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone
Increase caffeine

Long-term corticosteroid therapy
Immunosuppressive drugs
Eating disorders
Gastric bypass surgery

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9
Q

FRAX tool

A

prediction to assess risk of a fracture

Provides treatment guidelines

Calculates ten year risk score

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10
Q

Patho of osteoporosis

A

bone resorption – osteoclasts
bone formation – osteoblasts

Inability to make new bone
Increased resorption
Or both

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11
Q

T/F there are many early signs and symptoms of osteoporosis

A

False

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12
Q

Later S/SX osteoporosis

A

fracture
Pain
Decreased height
Stooped posture – kyphosis

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13
Q

common Types of fractures

A

Most common – vertebrae
Hip – upper end of femur
Wrist

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14
Q

Is there a high likelihood of death after a fall?

A

Yes, for older women

Hospitalized over 65 years

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15
Q

risk factors for hip fracture

A

Over 65
Female
Osteoporosis
Frequent falls

Femoral neck injury

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16
Q

s/sx hip fracture

A

Sudden onset hip pain before or after fall

Inability to walk
Severe groin pain
Affected leg, externally, rotated, and shorter

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17
Q

What are complications of hip fractures?

A

infection – UTI/pneumonia
VTE

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18
Q

Prevention of hip fractures

A

calcium/vitamin D, supplements

Elemental Calcium – 1200–2000 Daily
Vitamin D – 800–1000 daily
Exercise 30 minutes three times a week

19
Q

Fracture

A

Any break in continuity of bone that occurs when more stress is placed on bone then it can absorb

20
Q

causes of fractures

A

Trauma
Fatigue, prolonged stress

Weak bone – spontaneous break – high risk in elderly

21
Q

Description of fracture

A

name of bone
Location
Orientation of fracture
Alignment – displaced/not
Condition of overlying tissue – open/closed

22
Q

T/F a closed fracture breaks through the skin

A

False

23
Q

s/sx fracture

A

PED

PAIN
EDEMA – supportive
Deformity – loss of function, abnormal mobility

24
Q

complications of fractures

A

Delayed healing
Bone growth impairment
Compartment syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome

25
Q

delayed union

A

Pain and tender increased

Risk factor – smoking, malnutrition – decreased perfusion

26
Q

Malunion

A

In proper alignment, not fully healed

27
Q

No union

A

no healing 4–6 months post fracture

Causes – poor circulation, blood supply, repetitive stress

28
Q

compartment syndrome causes

A

Due to crush type injuries
Cast – too tight, swelling tissue
Long bone injuries
Severe thermal burns
Animal bites

29
Q

compartment syndrome

A

Increased pressure within limited anatomic space

30
Q

what is the tourniquet affect?

A

Edema at fracture site puts intense pressure on soft tissue
Decreases perfusion
Leads to hypoxia of muscles and nerves

31
Q

s/sx compartment syndrome

A

Extreme pain, rapid onset

32
Q

can compartment syndrome be relieved with a fasciotomy

A

Yes

33
Q

fat embolism syndrome

A

Fat molecules in lung with long bone fracture
24 – 48 after injury

Fat molecules from bone marrow/trauma tissue released in bloodstream and enter lungs

34
Q

triad of symptoms for fat embolism syndrome

A

Hypoxemia
Altered LOC
Petechiae/rash

35
Q

Will the embolism dissolve on its own?

A

yes

36
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Acute/chronic pyogenic infection of bone

(Pus)

37
Q

T/F osteomyelitis does not require immediate treatment

A

False

38
Q

what is the usual cause of osteomyelitis?

A

Bacteria – staph Aureas on skin

39
Q

risk factors for osteomyelitis

A

Recent trauma, bite wound
Diabetes – poor circulation, decreased immune response
Hemodialysis
IV. Drug use.
Splenectomy
PVD – poor circulation

40
Q

routes of contamination

A

Open wound – open fracture, gunshot, puncture, surgery, insertion of metal plate/screws

Indirect- hematogenesis, blood-borne bacteremia

41
Q

Who is more at risk for indirect contamination?

A

Kids less than 16 years old

42
Q

Patho of hematogenous route

A

Arterial blood flow brings bacteria into bone

Infection results in inflammation, bone destruction, pus, edema

pressure increases

Ischemial necrosis

Osteoblasts lay new bone around old

Infection is isolated

43
Q

osteomyelitis s/sx

A

local – Tender, warm, red, wound drainage, restricted movement, spontaneous fractures

Systemic – fever, positive blood culture, leukocytosis

NUR 326 (32 decks)

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