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NUR 326 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

stage G0

A

Cells at rest, not active

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2
Q

stage G1

A

cell enter cycle
Prepare for DNA replication
Proto oncogenes activated

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3
Q

stage S

A

Synthesis of structures
Structures move to opposite poles in preparation for division
To nuclear membranes develop around chromosome pairs

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4
Q

Stage G2

A

cells prepared to divide

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5
Q

Stage M

A

mitosis is completed
Two daughter cells created

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6
Q

T/F Cancer cells, utilize checkpoints to see DNA errors and complete apoptosis

A

False

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7
Q

what occurs with immune response in relation to age?

A

As age increases, immune response decreases

Tumor development increases

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8
Q

differentiation

A

Extend that neoplastic sells, resemble, normal cells, structure and function

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9
Q

what occurs with anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation
Total social disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and dysfunction

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10
Q

T/F benign sells tend to be more differentiated

A

True

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11
Q

Factors of differentiation

A

contact inhibition
Cohesiveness
Proliferation control
Communication
Proliferation rate
Self HLA, antigens

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12
Q

which factors of differentiation are unpredictable with cancer cells?

A

Proliferation, control, and rate

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13
Q

do cancer cells avoid detection with antigens?

A

Yes, nonself markers

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14
Q

Benign tumors

A

well differentiated
resembles tissue origin
Slow, progressive
Well demarcated
Encapsulated
No meta-stasis or necrosis

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15
Q

malignant tumors

A

Poorly differentiated, anaplastic
slow to rapid
Invasive and infiltrating
Frequent meta-stasis
Necrotic core

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16
Q

tumor markers

A

Biological substances, measurable

Hormones, antigens, genes etc.
Found in blood, urine, cerebral, spinal fluid, tumor plasma, membranes

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17
Q

can tumor markers be used for screening to diagnose course of cancer?

A

Yes

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18
Q

TNM system

A

Grading of malignant tumors

T – tumor size, location, involvement
N– lymph node
M – meta-stasis to distant organs

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19
Q

Grade one TNM system

A

Cells are well differentiated

20
Q

Grade 2 TNM system

A

Cells are moderately differentiated

21
Q

Grade 3 TNM system

A

Cells are poorly differentiated/in a plastic

22
Q

Classification of symptoms

A

stage one – confined to Organ of origin

stage two – local invasive

Stage three - regionally spread

Stage four spread too distant sites, meta-stasis

23
Q

carcinogenesis

A

Origin of cancer

24
Q

phases of carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Meta-stasis

25
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

Normally functions to restrain cell growth
inactivated with cancer

P 35. Gene – controls cellular apoptosis.

26
Q

oncogenes

A

Mutated Protoncogenes

Growth signal permanently on

27
Q

what occurs with the transition from proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

A

When mutated, constant, unrelenting cell growth and cycle

28
Q

is a primary tumor started at the site of origin?

A

Yes, and stays there

29
Q

what occurs with a secondary tumor?

A

Pieces of tumor, travel to other sites

30
Q

carcinogens

A

Substances that cause development of cancer over many years

31
Q

known carcinogens

A

Tobacco
HPV
HIV
Estrogen

32
Q

promoters

A

Agents that promote development of cancer

Diet – high-fat
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hormones – estrogen

33
Q

viral induced cancer

A

Virus inserts into genes host cell genome

host cell becomes manufacture of virus

Activation of growth promoting pathways or inhibition of tumor suppressor’s

  • HIV, HPV, Hep B/C
34
Q

Meta-stasis

A

cancer cells, secrete, vascular, endothelial, growth, factor

Capability to develop new blood vessels

35
Q

seeding

A

Tumor sheds into body cavities

36
Q

implantation

A

Direct expansion of tumor to other tissue

37
Q

lymphatic meta-stasis

A

Cells, trapped in lymph nodes

38
Q

vascular meta-stasis

A

Drainage, penetrate vessel/veins

39
Q

where is usually the first stop of vascular meta-stasis

A

Liver, due to portal vein system

40
Q

Secondary tumors

A

Need oxygen and nutrients and access the blood

41
Q

what are most common secondary tumors?

A

Lungs
Bone
Liver
Brain

42
Q

angiogenesis

A

Tumor creates own blood supply

43
Q

metastasis from lungs?

A

To bone or brain

44
Q

meta-stasis from colon

A

To liver

45
Q

meta-stasis from breast

A

To bone, brain, liver, lung

46
Q

meta-stasis from prostate

A

To vertebrae

47
Q

Meta-stasis of melanoma

A

to brain

NUR 326 (32 decks)

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