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anatomy and physiology 1 > The Urinary System15 > Flashcards

The Urinary System15 Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys dispose of waste products like

A

Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs
Excess ions

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2
Q

Regulatory functions of kidneys

A
  1. Make renin to maintain blood pressure
  2. Make erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
  3. Activate vitamin D
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3
Q

Organs in urinary systems

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower?

A

Right
It’s because the liver sits in that space

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5
Q

Ureters

A

Carry urine to bladder for storage

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6
Q

Kidneys are at level of which vertabrae?

A

T12-L3

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7
Q

_____ are against dorsal body wall in retroperitoneal position (behind parietal peritoneum)

A

Kidneys

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8
Q

Length and width of adult kidney

A

12 cm long (5 in)
6 cm wide (2.5 in)

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9
Q

Renal hilum

A

Indentation where several structures enter and leave kidneys

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10
Q

____ gland sits atop each kidney

A

Adrenal

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11
Q

Layers of the kidneys

A
  1. Fibrous capsule
  2. Perirenal fat capsule
  3. Renal Fascia
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12
Q

Fibrous capsule of kidney

A

Encloses each kidney

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13
Q

Perirenal fat capsule

A

Surrounds kidney, cushions against blows

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14
Q

Renal Fascia

A

Most superficial layer
Anchors kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

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15
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer region
Between capsule and medulla

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16
Q

Renal medulla

A

Deeper regions

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17
Q

Renal/medullary pyramids

A

Triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

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18
Q

Renal columns

A

Extensions of cortex-like materials that separate the pyramids

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19
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Flat, funnel-shaped tube

Medial region

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20
Q

Calcyces function

A

Collect urine
Send to renal pelvis then ureters then bladder

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21
Q

Form cup shaped drains that enclose renal pyramids

A

Calcyces

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22
Q

Made by calyces joining together

A

Renal pelvis

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23
Q

One quarter of total blood supply passes through kidneys each ____

A

Minute

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24
Q

Provides kidney with arterial blood supply

A

Renal artery

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25
Q

Division of renal artery

A

1.Renal artery
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar arteries
4.arcuate arteries
5. Cortical radiate arteries

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26
Q

Venous blood flow

A

1.Cortical radiate veins
2.arcruate veins
3. Interlobar veins
4. Renal vein

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27
Q

There are no _____ veins in the kidneys

A

Segmental

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28
Q

Renal vein blood returns into

A

Inferior vena cava

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29
Q

Filtration happens at site of

A

Glomerulus (capillaries)

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30
Q

Structural and functional units of the kidneys

A

Nephron

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31
Q

How many nephrons in one kidney

A

Over 1 million

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32
Q

Nephron made of 2 main structures which are

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

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33
Q

Glomerulus housed in

A

Renal corpuscle

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34
Q

A knot of capillaries made of podocytes

A

Glomerulus

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35
Q

Podocytes

A

Make up inner (visceral) layer of glomerular capsule

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36
Q

Foot processes cling to

A

Glomerulus

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37
Q

____ slits make a porous membrane ideal for filtration

A

Filtration

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38
Q

Renal corpuscle parts

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
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39
Q

Glomerular Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup-shaped structure that surrounds glomerulus

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40
Q

First part of renal tube

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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41
Q

Renal tubule Extends from

A

glomerular capsule and ends when it empties into collecting duct

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42
Q

Subdivisions of renal tubule

A

1.Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2.Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3.distal covered tubule (DCT)

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43
Q

Proximal because it’s closest to the

A

Glomerulus

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44
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Located entirely in cortex
Include most nephrons

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45
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons found at

A

Found that the cortex-medulla junction

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46
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons are called that because

A

Nephron loops dip deep into medulla

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47
Q

Collecting ducts collect urine from which types of nephrons?

A

Both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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48
Q

Collecting ducts go through which structures

A

Renal pyramids
Calyces
Renal pelvis then ureters, then bladder

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49
Q

Two capillary beds associated with each nephron

A

Glomerulus
Peritubular capillary bed

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50
Q

Glomerulus is fed and drained by

A

Arterioles

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51
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Arises from cortical radiate artery and feeds glomerulus

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52
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Receives blood that has passed through glomerulus

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53
Q

How does the glomerulus work?

A

High pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into glomerular capsule

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54
Q

Peritubular capillary beds arise from

A

Efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

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55
Q

Low-pressure porous capillaries

A

Peritubular capillary beds

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56
Q

Which capillary beds are adapted for absorption instead of filtration?

A

Peritubular capillary beds

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57
Q

Function of peritubular capillary beds

A

Cling close to renal tubule to receive solutes and water from tubule cells

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58
Q

Peritubular capillary beds drain into

A

Interlobar veins

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59
Q

Urine formation is a result of which 3 processes

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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60
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Water and solutes forced through capillary walls and pores of glomerular capsule into renal tubule

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61
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Water, glucose, aminoacids and needed ions are transported into tubule cells and capillary blood

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62
Q

Tubular secretion

A

H,K, creatinine and drugs removed from peritubular blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate

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63
Q

Is a filter

A

Glomerulus

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64
Q

Proteins and blood are too ____ to pass through the _____ membrane

A

Too large to pass through the filtration membrane

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65
Q

Once in glomerular capsule, fluid is called

A

Filtrate

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66
Q

Filtrate leaves via

A

Renal tubule

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67
Q

Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is

A

Normal

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68
Q

If arterial blood pressure is too low filtrate formation stops because

A

Glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate

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69
Q

Peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells such as

A

Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions

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70
Q

Tubular reabsorption passive or active

A

Some is reabsorption is passive, most is active

71
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

72
Q

Reabsorption in reverse

A

Tubular secretion

73
Q

Some Materials move from the blood in peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

74
Q

Which materials move back into the renal tubules during tubular secretion

A

Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine

75
Q

How many liters of urine are produced in 24 hours?

A

1.0 to 1.8

76
Q

Differences between urine and filtrate

A
  1. Filtrate has everything blood plasma has except proteins
  2. Urine has nitrogenous wastes and not needed substances
77
Q

What remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients , and necessary ions through reabsorption

A

Urine

78
Q

Urochrome

A

Makes urine yellow
Due to destruction of hemoglobin

79
Q

Sterile at time of formation

A

Urine

80
Q

Urine smell

A

Slightly aromatic, smells of ammonia with time

81
Q

pH of urine

A

6

82
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.001 to 1.035

83
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

1.Na & K ions
2.Urea, Uric acid and creatinine
3. Ammonia
4. Bicarbonate ions

84
Q

Abnormal solutes in urine

A

1.Glucose
2.Blood proteins
3. RBCs
4.Hemoglobin
5.WBCs (pus)
6. Bile

85
Q

Glucose in urine

A

Nonpathological : excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological: diabetes mellitus

86
Q

Proteinuria

A

Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy

Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

87
Q

Pyuria

A

Urinary tract infection

88
Q

Hematuria

A

Bleeding in urinary tract due to trauma, kidney stones, infection

89
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Transfusion reaction
Hemolytic anemia

90
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

Liver disease (hepatitis)

91
Q

Ureters size

A

Slender tubules
25-30 cm (10-12 inches)

92
Q

What attaches kidneys to urinary bladder

A

Ureters

93
Q

What is continuous with the renal pelvis?

A

Ureters

94
Q

What enters the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

95
Q

What runs behind the peritoneum?

A

Ureters

96
Q

Peristalsis aids gravity in ____ transport

A

Urine

97
Q

Smooth, collapsible muscular sac situated posterior to pubic symphysis.

A

Urinary bladder

Stores urine temporarily

98
Q

Trigone

A

Triangular region of urinary bladder base, based on 3 openings

99
Q

Openings of trigone

A

Two openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices)

One opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifice)

100
Q

____ surrounds the neck of urinary bladder

A

Prostate

101
Q

Detrustor muscle

A

3 layers of smooth muscle in wall of urinary bladder

102
Q

Mucosa of urinary bladder is made of

A

Transitional epithelium

103
Q

Transitional epithelium lets urinary bladder do what?

A

Can expand significantly without raising internal pressure

104
Q

What are the walls like in an empty urinary bladder?

A

Thick and folded

105
Q

Size and capacity of moderately full bladder

A

5 inches
Holds around 500 ml

106
Q

How much water can a full bladder hold?

A

1 L approximately

107
Q

Thin walled tube that carries urine from bladder to the outside

A

Urethra

108
Q

Function of urethra in men and women

A

In men, carries sperm and urine

In women, carries urine

109
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Involuntary and made of smooth muscle

110
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Voluntary and made of skeletal muscle

111
Q

Sphincters that control urine release

A

Internal and external urethral sphincters

112
Q

Length of female urethra

A

3-4 cm (1.5 inches)

113
Q

Length of male urethra

A

20 cm (8 inches)

114
Q

Location of urethra in women

A

Anterior to the vaginal opening

115
Q

Location of urethra in males

A

Travels through prostate and penis

116
Q

Parts of male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

117
Q

Micturition

A

Voiding or emptying of urinary bladder

118
Q

Bladder collects urine to ____ Mls it then gets told to stretch

A

200

119
Q

Stretch receptors transmit impulses to the ____ receptors of the spinal cord

A

sacral region of the spinal cord

120
Q

Impulses travel to bladder via which nerves? To cause bladder contractions

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

121
Q

What causes you to want to pee?

A

Stronger contractions, urine forced past involuntary internal sphincter.

122
Q

What lets you resist the urge to pee?

A

The external sphincter because it’s voluntarily controlled

123
Q

Blood composition depends on 3 factors

A

1.Diet
2. Cellular metabolism
3. Urine output

124
Q

Kidneys have 4 roles maintaining blood composition

A
  1. Excreting nitrogen containing waste
  2. Maintaining water balance of blood
  3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of blood
  4. Ensuring proper blood pH
125
Q

Normal amount of water in young adult females

A

50%

126
Q

Normal amount of water in young adult males

A

60%

127
Q

Normal amount of water in babies

A

75%

128
Q

Normal amount of water in the elderly

A

45%

129
Q

Water occupies 3 main fluid compartments

A

Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

Plasma

130
Q

ICF intracellular fluid

A

1.Fluid inside cells
2.Accounts for 2/3 of body fluid

131
Q

ECF

A

Fluids outside cells

Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid.

132
Q

Plasma accounts for ___ L of total body water

A

3

133
Q

Plasma

A

Links external and internal environments

134
Q

Electrolyte examples

A

Na, K, Ca ions

135
Q

Charged particles that conduct electrical current in aqueous solution

A

Electrolytes

136
Q

Driving force for water intake

A

Thirst mechanism

137
Q

Sources for water intake

A

Ingested foods and fluids
Water made from metabolic processes

138
Q

To remain properly hydrated, water I and O must be

A

Equal

139
Q

Amount of water produced by metabolic processes

A

10%

140
Q

Osmoreceptors found in

A

Hypothalamus

141
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration

142
Q

When the thirst mechanism is activated, the thirst center in the ____ is activated

A

Hypothalamus

143
Q

A dry mouth can also promote the _____ mechanism

A

Thirst

144
Q

Two things that activate thirst mechanism

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Dry mouth

145
Q

Sources of water output

A

Lungs (insensible since we can’t see water leaving)

Perspiration
Feces
Urine

146
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption

147
Q

ADH targets which part of the kidneys?

A

Collecting ducts

148
Q

What causes water to move from one fluid compartment to another?

A

Small changes in electrolyte concentration

149
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on kidney

150
Q

For each sodium ion reabsorbed a chloride ion

A

Follows, and potassium is secreted into the filtrate

151
Q

What happens when sodium is reabsorbed?

A

Water follows it passively into the blood

Water follows salt

152
Q

Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

When cells from juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, enzyme renin is released into blood

153
Q

What mediates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

A

JG apparatus

154
Q

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

155
Q

Renin

A

Catalyzes reactions that produce angiotensin II

156
Q

Angiotensin II causes what?

A

Vasoconstriction and aldosterone release

157
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin mechanism result in?

A

Increased blood volume and blood pressure

158
Q

To maintain homeostasis, blood pH must stay between

A

7.35 and 7.45

159
Q

Alkalosis pH

A

Above 7.45

160
Q

Acidosis pH

A

Below 7.35

161
Q

Physiological acidosis

A

pH between 7.0 and 7.35

162
Q

What plays greatest role in maintaining acid-base balance of blood?

A

Kidneys

163
Q

Other acid-base controlling systems

A

Blood buffers
Respiration

164
Q

Carbonic acid is a ___ acid

A

Weak

165
Q

Weak base examples

A

Bicarbonate ions and ammonia

166
Q

What do molecules do when pH drops?

A

Bind to H+ ions

167
Q

What do molecules do when pH rises?

A

Release H+

168
Q

Three major chemical buffer systems

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
169
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system made of

A

Carbonic acid H2CO3
Bicarbonate NaHCO3

170
Q

Explain the bicarbonate buffer system

A

1.Carbonic acid is weak,
Bicarbonate ions react with strong acids to make them weak acids

  1. Carbonic acid reacts with strong bases(NaOH) to form weak base and water
171
Q

How does the respiratory mechanism regulate blood pH

A

Resp. Rate can rise or fall to increase or decrease amount of CO2 .
High breathing rate increases pH and decreases CO2

172
Q

Renal mechanisms: what happens when blood pH rises ?

A

More basic

Bicarbonate ions excreted. H retained by kidney tubules

173
Q

Renal mechanisms: when blood pH falls?

A

More acidic

Bicarbonate is reabsorbed. H is secreted

174
Q

Urine pH range

A

4.5-8

anatomy and physiology 1 (26 decks)

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