The Urinary System15 Flashcards
1
Q
Kidneys dispose of waste products like
A
Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs
Excess ions
2
Q
Regulatory functions of kidneys
A
- Make renin to maintain blood pressure
- Make erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
- Activate vitamin D
3
Q
Organs in urinary systems
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
4
Q
Which kidney is slightly lower?
A
Right
It’s because the liver sits in that space
5
Q
Ureters
A
Carry urine to bladder for storage
6
Q
Kidneys are at level of which vertabrae?
A
T12-L3
7
Q
_____ are against dorsal body wall in retroperitoneal position (behind parietal peritoneum)
A
Kidneys
8
Q
Length and width of adult kidney
A
12 cm long (5 in)
6 cm wide (2.5 in)
9
Q
Renal hilum
A
Indentation where several structures enter and leave kidneys
10
Q
____ gland sits atop each kidney
A
Adrenal
11
Q
Layers of the kidneys
A
- Fibrous capsule
- Perirenal fat capsule
- Renal Fascia
12
Q
Fibrous capsule of kidney
A
Encloses each kidney
13
Q
Perirenal fat capsule
A
Surrounds kidney, cushions against blows
14
Q
Renal Fascia
A
Most superficial layer
Anchors kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
15
Q
Renal cortex
A
Outer region
Between capsule and medulla
16
Q
Renal medulla
A
Deeper regions
17
Q
Renal/medullary pyramids
A
Triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
18
Q
Renal columns
A
Extensions of cortex-like materials that separate the pyramids
19
Q
Renal pelvis
A
Flat, funnel-shaped tube
Medial region
20
Q
Calcyces function
A
Collect urine
Send to renal pelvis then ureters then bladder
21
Q
Form cup shaped drains that enclose renal pyramids
A
Calcyces
22
Q
Made by calyces joining together
A
Renal pelvis
23
Q
One quarter of total blood supply passes through kidneys each ____
A
Minute
24
Q
Provides kidney with arterial blood supply
A
Renal artery
25
Division of renal artery
1.Renal artery
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar arteries
4.arcuate arteries
5. Cortical radiate arteries
26
Venous blood flow
1.Cortical radiate veins
2.arcruate veins
3. Interlobar veins
4. Renal vein
27
There are no _____ veins in the kidneys
Segmental
28
Renal vein blood returns into
Inferior vena cava
29
Filtration happens at site of
Glomerulus (capillaries)
30
Structural and functional units of the kidneys
Nephron
31
How many nephrons in one kidney
Over 1 million
32
Nephron made of 2 main structures which are
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
33
Glomerulus housed in
Renal corpuscle
34
A knot of capillaries made of podocytes
Glomerulus
35
Podocytes
Make up inner (visceral) layer of glomerular capsule
36
Foot processes cling to
Glomerulus
37
____ slits make a porous membrane ideal for filtration
Filtration
38
Renal corpuscle parts
1. Glomerulus
2. Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
39
Glomerular Bowman's capsule
Cup-shaped structure that surrounds glomerulus
40
First part of renal tube
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
41
Renal tubule Extends from
glomerular capsule and ends when it empties into collecting duct
42
Subdivisions of renal tubule
1.Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2.Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3.distal covered tubule (DCT)
43
Proximal because it's closest to the
Glomerulus
44
Cortical nephrons
Located entirely in cortex
Include most nephrons
45
Juxtamedullary nephrons found at
Found that the cortex-medulla junction
46
Juxtamedullary nephrons are called that because
Nephron loops dip deep into medulla
47
Collecting ducts collect urine from which types of nephrons?
Both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
48
Collecting ducts go through which structures
Renal pyramids
Calyces
Renal pelvis then ureters, then bladder
49
Two capillary beds associated with each nephron
Glomerulus
Peritubular capillary bed
50
Glomerulus is fed and drained by
Arterioles
51
Afferent arteriole
Arises from cortical radiate artery and feeds glomerulus
52
Efferent arteriole
Receives blood that has passed through glomerulus
53
How does the glomerulus work?
High pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into glomerular capsule
54
Peritubular capillary beds arise from
Efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
55
Low-pressure porous capillaries
Peritubular capillary beds
56
Which capillary beds are adapted for absorption instead of filtration?
Peritubular capillary beds
57
Function of peritubular capillary beds
Cling close to renal tubule to receive solutes and water from tubule cells
58
Peritubular capillary beds drain into
Interlobar veins
59
Urine formation is a result of which 3 processes
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
60
Glomerular filtration
Water and solutes forced through capillary walls and pores of glomerular capsule into renal tubule
61
Tubular reabsorption
Water, glucose, aminoacids and needed ions are transported into tubule cells and capillary blood
62
Tubular secretion
H,K, creatinine and drugs removed from peritubular blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate
63
Is a filter
Glomerulus
64
Proteins and blood are too ____ to pass through the _____ membrane
Too large to pass through the filtration membrane
65
Once in glomerular capsule, fluid is called
Filtrate
66
Filtrate leaves via
Renal tubule
67
Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is
Normal
68
If arterial blood pressure is too low filtrate formation stops because
Glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate
69
Peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells such as
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
70
Tubular reabsorption passive or active
Some is reabsorption is passive, most is active
71
Most reabsorption occurs in
Proximal convoluted tubule
72
Reabsorption in reverse
Tubular secretion
73
Some Materials move from the blood in peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate
Tubular secretion
74
Which materials move back into the renal tubules during tubular secretion
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
75
How many liters of urine are produced in 24 hours?
1.0 to 1.8
76
Differences between urine and filtrate
1. Filtrate has everything blood plasma has except proteins
2. Urine has nitrogenous wastes and not needed substances
77
What remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients , and necessary ions through reabsorption
Urine
78
Urochrome
Makes urine yellow
Due to destruction of hemoglobin
79
Sterile at time of formation
Urine
80
Urine smell
Slightly aromatic, smells of ammonia with time
81
pH of urine
6
82
Specific gravity of urine
1.001 to 1.035
83
Solutes normally found in urine
1.Na & K ions
2.Urea, Uric acid and creatinine
3. Ammonia
4. Bicarbonate ions
84
Abnormal solutes in urine
1.Glucose
2.Blood proteins
3. RBCs
4.Hemoglobin
5.WBCs (pus)
6. Bile
85
Glucose in urine
Nonpathological : excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological: diabetes mellitus
86
Proteinuria
Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy
Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension
87
Pyuria
Urinary tract infection
88
Hematuria
Bleeding in urinary tract due to trauma, kidney stones, infection
89
Hemoglobinuria
Transfusion reaction
Hemolytic anemia
90
Bilirubinuria
Liver disease (hepatitis)
91
Ureters size
Slender tubules
25-30 cm (10-12 inches)
92
What attaches kidneys to urinary bladder
Ureters
93
What is continuous with the renal pelvis?
Ureters
94
What enters the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder?
Ureters
95
What runs behind the peritoneum?
Ureters
96
Peristalsis aids gravity in ____ transport
Urine
97
Smooth, collapsible muscular sac situated posterior to pubic symphysis.
Urinary bladder
Stores urine temporarily
98
Trigone
Triangular region of urinary bladder base, based on 3 openings
99
Openings of trigone
Two openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices)
One opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifice)
100
____ surrounds the neck of urinary bladder
Prostate
101
Detrustor muscle
3 layers of smooth muscle in wall of urinary bladder
102
Mucosa of urinary bladder is made of
Transitional epithelium
103
Transitional epithelium lets urinary bladder do what?
Can expand significantly without raising internal pressure
104
What are the walls like in an empty urinary bladder?
Thick and folded
105
Size and capacity of moderately full bladder
5 inches
Holds around 500 ml
106
How much water can a full bladder hold?
1 L approximately
107
Thin walled tube that carries urine from bladder to the outside
Urethra
108
Function of urethra in men and women
In men, carries sperm and urine
In women, carries urine
109
Internal urethral sphincter
Involuntary and made of smooth muscle
110
External urethral sphincter
Voluntary and made of skeletal muscle
111
Sphincters that control urine release
Internal and external urethral sphincters
112
Length of female urethra
3-4 cm (1.5 inches)
113
Length of male urethra
20 cm (8 inches)
114
Location of urethra in women
Anterior to the vaginal opening
115
Location of urethra in males
Travels through prostate and penis
116
Parts of male urethra
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
117
Micturition
Voiding or emptying of urinary bladder
118
Bladder collects urine to ____ Mls it then gets told to stretch
200
119
Stretch receptors transmit impulses to the ____ receptors of the spinal cord
sacral region of the spinal cord
120
Impulses travel to bladder via which nerves? To cause bladder contractions
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
121
What causes you to want to pee?
Stronger contractions, urine forced past involuntary internal sphincter.
122
What lets you resist the urge to pee?
The external sphincter because it's voluntarily controlled
123
Blood composition depends on 3 factors
1.Diet
2. Cellular metabolism
3. Urine output
124
Kidneys have 4 roles maintaining blood composition
1. Excreting nitrogen containing waste
2. Maintaining water balance of blood
3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of blood
4. Ensuring proper blood pH
125
Normal amount of water in young adult females
50%
126
Normal amount of water in young adult males
60%
127
Normal amount of water in babies
75%
128
Normal amount of water in the elderly
45%
129
Water occupies 3 main fluid compartments
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
130
ICF intracellular fluid
1.Fluid inside cells
2.Accounts for 2/3 of body fluid
131
ECF
Fluids outside cells
Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid.
132
Plasma accounts for ___ L of total body water
3
133
Plasma
Links external and internal environments
134
Electrolyte examples
Na, K, Ca ions
135
Charged particles that conduct electrical current in aqueous solution
Electrolytes
136
Driving force for water intake
Thirst mechanism
137
Sources for water intake
Ingested foods and fluids
Water made from metabolic processes
138
To remain properly hydrated, water I and O must be
Equal
139
Amount of water produced by metabolic processes
10%
140
Osmoreceptors found in
Hypothalamus
141
Osmoreceptors
Become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration
142
When the thirst mechanism is activated, the thirst center in the ____ is activated
Hypothalamus
143
A dry mouth can also promote the _____ mechanism
Thirst
144
Two things that activate thirst mechanism
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Dry mouth
145
Sources of water output
Lungs (insensible since we can't see water leaving)
Perspiration
Feces
Urine
146
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
Prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption
147
ADH targets which part of the kidneys?
Collecting ducts
148
What causes water to move from one fluid compartment to another?
Small changes in electrolyte concentration
149
Function of aldosterone
Regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on kidney
150
For each sodium ion reabsorbed a chloride ion
Follows, and potassium is secreted into the filtrate
151
What happens when sodium is reabsorbed?
Water follows it passively into the blood
Water follows salt
152
Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism
When cells from juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, enzyme renin is released into blood
153
What mediates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
JG apparatus
154
What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
155
Renin
Catalyzes reactions that produce angiotensin II
156
Angiotensin II causes what?
Vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
157
What does the renin-angiotensin mechanism result in?
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
158
To maintain homeostasis, blood pH must stay between
7.35 and 7.45
159
Alkalosis pH
Above 7.45
160
Acidosis pH
Below 7.35
161
Physiological acidosis
pH between 7.0 and 7.35
162
What plays greatest role in maintaining acid-base balance of blood?
Kidneys
163
Other acid-base controlling systems
Blood buffers
Respiration
164
Carbonic acid is a ___ acid
Weak
165
Weak base examples
Bicarbonate ions and ammonia
166
What do molecules do when pH drops?
Bind to H+ ions
167
What do molecules do when pH rises?
Release H+
168
Three major chemical buffer systems
1. Bicarbonate buffer system
2. Phosphate buffer system
3. Protein buffer system
169
Bicarbonate buffer system made of
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Bicarbonate NaHCO3
170
Explain the bicarbonate buffer system
1.Carbonic acid is weak,
Bicarbonate ions react with strong acids to make them weak acids
2. Carbonic acid reacts with strong bases(NaOH) to form weak base and water
171
How does the respiratory mechanism regulate blood pH
Resp. Rate can rise or fall to increase or decrease amount of CO2 .
High breathing rate increases pH and decreases CO2
172
Renal mechanisms: what happens when blood pH rises ?
More basic
Bicarbonate ions excreted. H retained by kidney tubules
173
Renal mechanisms: when blood pH falls?
More acidic
Bicarbonate is reabsorbed. H is secreted
174
Urine pH range
4.5-8
