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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chap 10 Blood > Flashcards

Chap 10 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones
Body heat

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2
Q

Which is the only fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood

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3
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Formed elements (living cells)
  2. Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
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4
Q

What happens to erythrocytes when blood is separated?

A

Sink to bottom

Makes 45% of blood

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

45% of blood erythrocytes sink, percentage known as hematocrit

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6
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma

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7
Q

What does buffy coat contain?

A

Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood)
Made when blood is separated

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8
Q

What happens to plasma when blood is separated?

A

Plasma rises to top (55% of blood)

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9
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Sticky, opaque
Thicker than water

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10
Q

Oxygen rich blood is

A

Scarlet red

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11
Q

Oxygen poor blood is

A

Dull red or purple

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12
Q

Taste of blood

A

Metallic, salty

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13
Q

pH of blood

A

Slightly alkaline, between 7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Blood temperature

A

38 C or 100.4 F

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15
Q

Blood volume

A

5-6 liters in (6 quarts) in a healthy adult

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16
Q

Blood makes up ___% of the body weight

A

8

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17
Q

Percentage of water in plasma

A

90%

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18
Q

Color of plasma

A

Yellow, straw colored

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19
Q

What does plasma include?

A

1.Nutrients
2.Salts
respiratory gases
4. Hormones
5.Plasma proteins
6. Waste products

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20
Q

Most abundant solutes in plasma are

A

Plasma proteins

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21
Q

Plasma proteins are made by

A

The liver

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22
Q

Plasma proteins include

A

Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies

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23
Q

Albumin

A

Important blood buffer contributes to osmotic pressure

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24
Q

Clotting proteins

A

Help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

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25
Q

Antibodies

A

Help protect the body from pathogens

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26
Q

What helps distribute body heat?

A

Plasma

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27
Q

How does blood composition change ?

A

Varies as cells exchange substances with the blood

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28
Q

What happens when protein levels drop?

A

Liver makes more proteins when protein levels drop

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29
Q

What happens when blood pH becomes too acidic or too alkaline?

A

Respiratory and urinary systems restore blood pH

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30
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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31
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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32
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)

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33
Q

Platelets

A

-Cell fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells)

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34
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen

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35
Q

Unique characteristics of erythrocytes

A
  1. No Nucleus (anucleate)
  2. Few organelles (no mitochondria)
  3. Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
  4. Shaped like biconcave discs (helps blood flow)
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36
Q

Normal erythrocyte count

A

5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter

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37
Q

Hb

A

Hemoglobin
Transports, oxygen and CO2
Give blood its red color

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38
Q

Iron bearing protein

A

Hemoglobin

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39
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

Bind oxygen

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40
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin bind?

A

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules

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41
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules in an erythrocyte?

A

250 million hemoglobin molecules

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42
Q

Grams of hemoglobin per milliliter in normal blood

A

12 - 18 g of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood

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43
Q

Homeostatic imbalances of RBCs

A

Anemia
Sickle cell anemia

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44
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in oxygen carrying ability

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45
Q

Anemia is caused by

A

Lower than normal number of RBCs

Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin in RBCs

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46
Q

Sickle cell anemia cause

A

Abnormally shaped hemoglobin

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47
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excessive or abnormal RBCs.
Increase in red blood cells, slows down blood flow and increases blood viscosity

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48
Q

Cause of polycythemia

A

Bone marrow cancer
Life at higher altitudes

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49
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Bone marrow cancer

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50
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

Life at higher altitudes

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51
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Sudden hemorrhage
Decrease RBCs

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52
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs lyse because of bacterial infections

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53
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Lack of vitamin b12

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54
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Destruction of bone marrow by cancer or radiation

Medications

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55
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Lack of iron in diet

Leads to slow prolonged bleeding

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56
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin sickleing of the cells

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57
Q

Leukocytes function

A

Defense against disease

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58
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

Complete cells: nucleus and organelles

Diapedesis

Positive chemotaxis

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59
Q

Diapedesis

A

Ability to move in and out of blood vessels

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60
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

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61
Q

Describe the motion of leukocytes

A

Move by amoeboid motion

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62
Q

Concentration of leukocytes

A

4800 to 10,800 WBC’s per millimeters, cubed of blood

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63
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC count above 11000 cells per mm³ of blood

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64
Q

Leukocytosis indicates

A

Infection

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65
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low WBC count

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66
Q

Causes of leukopenia

A

Certain drugs
Corticosteroids
Anti-Cancer agents

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67
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancerous bone marrow

Numerous immature WBC are produced

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68
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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69
Q

Granulocytes

A

Stained granules in cytoplasm

Lobed nuclei

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70
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils,
Eosinophils,
Basophils

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71
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

Spherical, oval or kidney shaped nuclei

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72
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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73
Q

Most to least abundant WBCs

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

74
Q

Acronym to remember most at least abundant WBCs

A

Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas

75
Q

Neutrophils physical appearance

A

1-Multilobed nucleus
2-Stained pink cytoplasm, has fine granules

76
Q

Most numerous WBC

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

Function of neutrophils at active sites of infection

A

Act as phagocytes

Numbers increase during infection

78
Q

Concentration of neutrophils in blood

A

3,000 to 7000 per mm³ of blood

(40-70% of WBCs)

79
Q

Eosinophils nucleus stains color

80
Q

Eosinophils color of cytoplasmic granules

81
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

1.Kill parasitic worms
2.Allergy attacks

82
Q

Concentration of Eosinophils in blood

A

100 to 400 Eosinophils per mm³ of blood (1-4% of WBCs)

83
Q

Rarest of WBCs

84
Q

Basophils function

A

1.Contain heparin (anticoagulant)

85
Q

Color of basophils

A

Large histamine containing granules that stain dark blue

86
Q

Concentration of basophils

A

20 to 50 basophils per mm³ of blood (0-1% of WBCs)

87
Q

Lymphocytes physical characteristics

A
  1. Large, dark purple nucleus
  2. Slightly larger than RBCs
88
Q

Lymphocytes location

A

Lymphatic tissues

89
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Immune response

90
Q

Concentration of lymphocytes

A

1500-3000 lymphocytes per mm³ of blood (20-45% of WBCs)

91
Q

Largest of white blood cells

92
Q

Physical description of monocytes

A

U or kidney shaped Nucleus

93
Q

Function of monocytes

A

1.Act as macrophages when migrate into tissues

2.Fight chronic infection

94
Q

Concentration of monocytes

A

100-700 monocytes per mm³ of blood (4-8% of WBCs)

95
Q

Platelet function

A

Needed for clotting process

96
Q

Platelet concentration

A

300,000 per mm³ of blood

97
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process of blood cell formation

98
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

99
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow

100
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Stem cells that make blood cells

101
Q

Descendants of hemocytoblasts

A

Lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells

102
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Produce lymphocytes

103
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Produce all other formed elements

104
Q

Consequences of RBCs being anucleate

A

RBCs cannot divide, grow or synthesize proteins

105
Q

Duration of RBCs

A

100 to 120 days

106
Q

How are worn out red blood cells eliminated

A

Worn out red blood cells are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

107
Q

Lost cells are replaced by

A

Hemocytoblast division in red blood marrow

108
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Controls red blood cell production

Produced by kidneys

109
Q

When do kidneys produce erythropoietin?

A

Reduced oxygen levels in blood

110
Q

Homeostasis in the blood is maintained by

A

Negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

111
Q

Homeostatic mechanism of red blood cells

A
  1. Low blood O2 carrying ability
  2. Kidneys and liver release erythropoietin
  3. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  4. Increased RBC count by enhanced erythropoesis
    5.O2 carrying ability of blood increases
112
Q

Causes of low oxygen carrying ability

A

Decreased RBC count

Decreased amount of hemoglobin

Decreased availability of oxygen

113
Q

What controls white blood cell and platelet production?

114
Q

Function of colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

A

Prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes

115
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates production of platelets from megakarocytes

116
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping bleeding that results from break in the blood vessel

117
Q

Phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
118
Q

Vascular spasms

A

Immediate response to injury

Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm

Blood vessel narrows decreasing blood loss

119
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  1. Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
  2. Platelets become sticky and cling to fibers
  3. Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
  4. Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
120
Q

White thrombus

A

Platelet plug

121
Q

Coagulation

A

1.injured tissues release a tissue factor (TF)

  1. PF3 (phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, & calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
  2. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

4.Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble fibrin

  1. Fibrin makes meshwork for clot
  2. Within the hour, serum is squeezed from clot as it retracts.
122
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins

123
Q

Blood clots within

A

3-6 minutes

124
Q

Clot remains as ….

A

endothelium regenerates

125
Q

When is clot broken down?

A

After tissue repair

126
Q

Types of undesirable clotting

A

Thrombus
Embolus

127
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot in unbroken blood vessel

Deadly in areas such as the lungs

128
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

Can clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

129
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Insufficient number of circulating platelets

130
Q

Cause of thrombocytopenia

A

Any condition that suppresses bone marrow

131
Q

True or false:
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

132
Q

Petechiae

A

Small purplish blotches on the skin

133
Q

Hemophilia

A

1.Hereditary bleeding disorder
2. Normal clotting factors are missing
3. Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding

134
Q

Loss of 15-30% of blood causes

135
Q

Loss of over 30% of blood causes

A

Shock
Can be fatal

136
Q

Causes for giving blood transfusions

A

Substantial blood loss
Severe anemia
Thrombocytopenia

137
Q

Antigens

A

Genetically determined proteins

138
Q

Antigens function

A

Substances that body recognizes as foreign and that immune system may attack

139
Q

What kind of proteins are most antigens?

A

Foreign proteins

140
Q

What happens to our own “self” antigens

A

We tolerate them

141
Q

Antibodies

A

Recognizers that bind foreign antigens

142
Q

How is blood typed?

A

Using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump and lyse

143
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of blood

144
Q

Amount of common red blood cell antigens

A

Over 30 common red blood cell antigens

145
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by

A

ABO and Rh blood group antigens

146
Q

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of which two antigens

A

Type A
Type B

147
Q

Presence of both antigens A and B is type

148
Q

Presence of antigen A is called

149
Q

Presence of antigen B is called

150
Q

Lack of both antigens A and B is called

151
Q

Which blood types can type AB receive?

A

Type A, B, AB, O

152
Q

Which type is the universal recipient?

153
Q

Which blood types can type B receive?

154
Q

Which blood types can type A receive?

155
Q

Which blood types can type O receive?

156
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

157
Q

Rh blood group was named for

A

8 Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

158
Q

Most Americans are Rh positive meaning

A

They carry the Rh antigen

159
Q

If an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood

A

Immune system becomes sensitized & begins producing antibodies

(Hemolysis doesn’t happen because it takes time to produce antibodies)

  1. In Second and subsequent transfusions, antibodies attack donors Rh+ RBCs & hemolysis occurs
160
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of RBCs

161
Q

Danger during pregnancy occurs when

A

Mother is Rh-

Father is Rh+

Child inherits Rh+ factor

162
Q

What does RhoGAM shot do?

A

Prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood

163
Q

When does the mismatch of Rh negative mother carrying Rh positive baby cause problems?

A

First pregnancy proceeds without problems

Immune system sensitized after first pregnancy

In second pregnancy, immune system produces antibodies to attack Rh positive blood

164
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood

165
Q

How do you determine blood type?

A

Blood samples mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum

Look for agglutination or lack of agglutination

Typing for ABO and Rh is done in the same way

166
Q

Cross matching

A

Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by recipient’s serum and vice versa

167
Q

Early sites of blood cell formation

A

Fetal liver and spleen

168
Q

When does bone marrow take over hematopoiesis?

169
Q

Congenital blood defects include

A

Various hemolytic anemias

Hemophilia

170
Q

Fetal cyanosis cause

A

Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood

Destruction of fetal blood cells

171
Q

Fetal hemoglobin differs from

A

Hemoglobin produced after birth
Fetal hemoglobin has stronger bond to oxygen higher affinity for oxygen

172
Q

When does physiologic jaundice occur?

A

Liver can’t get rid of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

173
Q

Leukemia is most common in

A

Very young and very old

174
Q

Older adults are also at risk for

A

Anemia and clotting disorders

175
Q

When does significant agglutination happen in a transfusion

A

Antibodies of recipient bind to antigens on the surface of the donated red blood cells

176
Q

sodium,
potassium,
urea,
chloride,
bicarbonate, and creatinine

A

Plasma electrolytes

177
Q

TF
PF3
Calcium ions
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Vitamin K

A

Clot enhancers

178
Q

Coumadin
Aspirin
Heparin

A

Clot inhibitors

179
Q

Neither enhancer nor inhibitor

180
Q

What blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma

181
Q

What type of anemia is associated with the atrophy of the stomach mucosa in the elderly?

A

Pernicious anemia

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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