6B Flashcards
Rule 1 of 5 golden rules
All skeletal cross at least
one joint (few exceptions)
Rule 2 Bulk of skeletal muscle lies
proximal to joint crossed
Rule 3 All skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachments
: origin and insertion
Rule 4 Skeletal muscles can only
pull; they never push
Rule 5 During contraction, skeletal muscle insertion moves towards
towards origin
Origin
Attachment to less movable bone
Insertion
Attachment to movable bone
When muscle contracts insertion moves towards
Origin
Body movement occurs when
Muscles contract across joints
Flexion
Decreases angle
Bending hinge joints (knee elbow)
Ball and socket (hip)
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
Straightening
Hyperextension
More than 180
Rotation
Movement around longitudinal axis
Common in ball and socket joints
Example of rotation
Moving atlas around dens of axis
Shaking head no
Cicumduction
Combines, flexion, abduction and adduction extension
Common in ball and socket joints
Proximal end is stationary, distal end moves in a circle
Inversion
Turning foot medially
Eversion
Turning sole of foot laterally
Supination
Forearm laterally, radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation
Forearm rotates medially. Palm faces back .
Radius and ulna cross like X
Opposition
Thumb touched tips of other fingers on the same hand
Groups of muscles that produce opposite actions lie on
Opposite sides of a joint
Prime mover
Muscle w/ major responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist
Muscle that reverses or opposes a prime mover
Synergist
Muscle that aids prime mover in movement
Or
Reduces undesirable movements
Fixator
Specialized synergists that hold bone still or stabilize origin of a prime mover
Except for knee and ankle: Muscle that crosses anterior side produces
Flexion
In knee and ankle muscle that crosses anterior side produces
Extension
Except for knee and ankle: Muscle that crosses posterior side of joint produces
Extension
Muscle that crosses on lateral side produces
Abduction
Muscle on medial side produces
Adduction
Characteristics used to name muscle
Direction, size, location, # of origins,
Location of origins and insertion,
Shape of muscle,
Action of muscle
Rectus
Straight
Maximus
Largest
Temporalis
Temporal bone
Three heads
Triceps
Sterno
On sternum
Deltoid
Triangular
Flexor and extensor
Flexes or extends a bone
Origin of frontalis
Cranial aponeurosis
Insertion of frontalis
Skin of eyebrows
Primary action of frontalis
Raises eyebrows
Orbicularis Oculi origin
Frontal bone and maxilla
Orbicularis Oculi insertion
Tissue around eyes
Orbicularis Oculi primary action
Blinks and closes eyes
Orbicularis oris origin
Mandible and maxilla
Orbicularis oris insertion
Skin and muscle around mouth
Orbicularis oris primary action
Closes and protrudes lips
Temporalis origin
Temporal bone
Temporalis insertion
Mandible
Temporalis primary action
Closes jaw
Zygomaticus origin
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticus insertion
Skin and muscle at corner of lips
Zygomaticus primary action
Raises corner of mouth
Masseter origin
Temporal bone
Masseter insertion
Mandible
Masseter primary action
Close jaw
Buccinator origin
Maxilla and mandible near molars
Buccinator insertion
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator primary action
Compresses cheeks (sucking)
Holds food between teeth during chewing
Sternocleidomastoid origin
Sternum and clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid insertion
Temporal bone (mastoid process)
Sternocleidomastoid primary action
Flexes neck; laterally rotates head
Platysma origin
Connective tissue covering superior chest muscles
Platysma insertion
Tissue around mouth
Platysma primary action
Tenses skin of neck (think shaving)
Pectoralis major origin
Sternum, clavicle, ribs 1-6
Pectoralis major insertion
Proximal humerus
Pectoralis major primary action
Adducts and flexes humerus
Rectus abdominis origin
Pubis
Rectus abdominis insertion
Sternum & 5-7 ribs
Rectus abdominis primary action
Flexes vertebral column
External oblique origin
Lower 8 ribs
External oblique insertion
Iliac crest
External oblique primary action
Flexes and rotates vertebral column
Biceps brachii origin
Scapula of shoulder girdle
Biceps brachii insertion
Proximal radius/radial tuberosity
Biceps brachii primary action
Flex elbow, supinate forearm
Brachialis origin
Distal humerus
Brachialis insertion
Proximal ulna
Brachialis primary action
Flexes elbow
Deltoid primary action
Abducts arm
Iliopsoas origin
Illium and lumbar vertabrae
Iliopsoas insertion
Femur (lesser trochanter)
Iliopsoas primary action
Flexes hip
Adductor muscles origin
Pelvis
Adductor muscles insertion
Proximal femur
Adductor muscles primary action
Adduct and medially rotate the thigh
Sartorius origin
Ilium
Sartorius insertion
Proximal tibia
Sartorius primary action
Flexes thigh on hip
Quadriceps groups muscles
Vastus medialis
Intermedius & lateralis
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps group origin
Vasti: femur
Rectus femoris: pelvis
Quadriceps group insertion
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Quadriceps group primary action
All extend knee,
Rectus femoris also flexes hip on thigh
Tibialis anterior origin
Proximal tibia
Tibialis anterior insertion
First cuneiform (tarsal) and metatarsal of foot
Tibialis anterior primary action
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Extensor digitorum longus origin
Proximal tibia and the fibula
Extensor digitorum longus insertion
Distal toes 2-5
Extensor digitorum longus primary action
Extends toes
Fibularis muscles origin
Fibula
Fibularis muscles insertion
Metatarsals of foot
Fibularis muscles primary action
Plantar flex and evert foot
Common site for intramuscular injections
Vastus lateralis
Occipitalis origin
Occipital and temporal bones
Occipitalis insertion
Cranial aponeurosis
Occipitalis primary action
Fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
Trapezius origin
occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertabrae
Trapezius insertion
Scapular spine and clavicle
Trapezius primary action
Raises, retracts and rotates scapula
Latissimus dorsi origin
Lower spine and iliac crest
Latissimus dorsi insertion
Proximal humerus
Latissimus dorsi primary action
Extends and adducts the humerus
Erector spinae origin
Iliac crest, ribs 3-12 & vertabrae
Erector spinae insertion
Ribs, thoracic and cervical vertabrae
Erector spinae primary action
Extends and laterally flexes spine
Quadratus lumborum origin
Iliac crest, lumbar fascia
Quadratus lumborum insertion
Transverse process of the upper lumbar vertabrae
Quadratus lumborum primary action
Flexes spine laterally; extends spine
Deltoid origin
Scapular spine and clavicle
Deltoid insertion
Humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
Deltoid primary action
Abducts the humerus
Triceps brachii origin
Shoulder girdle and proximal humerus
Triceps brachii insertion
Olecranon process of ulna
Triceps brachii primary action
Extends the elbow
Flexor carpi radialis origin
Distal humerus
Flexor carpi radialis insertion
Second and third metacarpals
Flexor carpi radialis primary action
Flexes wrist and abducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris origin
Distal humerus and posterior ulna
Flexor carpi ulnaris insertion
Carpals of wrist and fifth metacarpal
Flexor carpi ulnaris primary action
Flexes wrist and adducts hand
Flexor digitorum superficialis origin
Distal humerus, ulna, radius
Flexor digitorum superficialis origin
Distal humerus, ulna, radius
Flexor digitorum superficialis insertion
Middle phalanges of 2nd-5th fingers
Flexor digitorum superficialis primary action
Flexes the wrist and fingers
Extensor carpi radialis origin
Humerus
Extensor carpi radialis insertion
Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Extensor carpi radialis primary action
Extends the wrist and abducts hand
Extensor digitorum origin
Distal humerus
Extensor digitorum insertion
Distal phalanges of second to fifth fingers
Extensor digitorum primary action
Extends fingers
Another common site for intramuscular injections
Deltoid
Safe area for injections
Gluteus medius
Gluteus Maximus origin
Sacrum and ilium
Gluteus Maximus insertion
Proximal femur (gluteal tuberosity)
Gluteus Maximus primary action
Extends hip (when forceful extension is required)
Gluteus medius origin
Ilium
Gluteus medius insertion
Proximal femur
Gluteus medius primary action
Abducts thigh; steadies pelvis during walking
Hamstring muscles
Biceps Femoris,
Semitendinosus,
Semimembranosus
Hamstring muscles origin
Ischial tuberosity
Hamstring muscles insertion
Proximal tibia (head of fibula in case of biceps femoris)
Hamstring muscles primary action
Flex knee and extend hip
Gastrocnemius origin
Distal femur
Gastrocnemius insertion
Calcaneus (heel via calcaneal tendon)
Gastrocnemius primary action
Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
Soleus origin
Proximal tibia and fibula
Soleus insertion
Calcaneus
Soleus primary action
Plantar flexes foot
Most flexible joint in body
Shoulder joint
Only connection between arm and axial skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Bony arch formed by clavicle and scapula
Pectoral girdle
What is the attachment point for muscles that provide arm movement to shoulder joint?
Pectoral girdle
Anterior group of shoulder girdle
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor origin
Anterior of ribs 3-5
Pectoralis minor insertion
Coracoid process of scapula
Serratus anterior origin
Ribs 1-8
Serratus anterior muscle insertion
Anterior vertebral border of scapula
4 Muscles of posterior group of pectoral girdle
Levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major,
Trapezius
Levator scapulae origin
Transverse processes of C1-C4
Levator scapulae insertion
Medial border of scapula above spine of scapula
Rhomboid minor origin
Spinous process of C1-T1
Rhomboid minor insertion
Medial border of scapula at level of spine of scapula
Rhomboid major origin
Spinous process of T2-T5
Rhomboid major insertion
Medial border of scapula under spine of scapula
Trapezius origin
External occipital protuberance
Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line
Spin. Proc. Of C7-T12
Trapezius insertion
Line from acromion,
Spine of scapula
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle
How many muscles cross shoulder joint and act on humerus
Anterior and posterior originate off scapula and axial skeleton
9
Prime movers of shoulder joint
Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major & deltoid
Other 6 in shoulder joint
Stabilize joint,
Synergistic
Rotator cuff muscles
Discussed separately
Supraspinatus
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Remaining 2
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Anterior scapular muscles
Cross glenohumeral joint
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Deltoid
Coracobrachialis origin
Coracoid process of scapula
Coracobrachialis insertion
Medial surface of humeral shaft
Parts of biceps brachii
Long head and short head
Origin of short head of coracoid process of biceps brachii
Coracoid proces
Long head of coracoid process of biceps brachii origin
Supraglenoid tubercle of glenoid cavity
Sets of fibers that make deltoid
Anterior fibers
Middle fibers
Posterior fibers
Anterior fibers origin
Anterior border
&
Lateral third of clavicle
Middle fibers origin
Lateral margin
& acromion of scapula
Posterior fibers origin
Posterior border of spine and scapula
Internal oblique origin , insertion, function
O: iliac crest, inguinal ligament
I:Ribs 10-12
F:compresses abdomen
