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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphoid tissues and organs

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2
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. Transports escaped fluids from cardiovascular system back to blood
    2.Body defense and resistance to disease
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3
Q

Lymph is made of

A

Excess tissue fluid

Plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What happens if excess fluids are not picked up?

A

Edema occurs as tissues accumulate in tissues

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5
Q

Lymphatics

A

Lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What do lymphatics do?

A

Pick up and return excess fluid to blood

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7
Q

Lymph in lymphatic vessels only flows toward

A

The heart

One way system

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8
Q

Lymph capillaries location

A

Interwoven between tissue and blood capillaries

Connected by filaments

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9
Q

Why do lymph capillaries have flap-like mini valves?

A

To let fluid leak in

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10
Q

How do lymph capillaries work?

A

Higher pressure inside closes mini-valves

Fluid is forced along the vessel

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11
Q

Function of lymphatic collecting vessels

A

1.Collect lymph from lymph capillaries

2.Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes

  1. Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
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12
Q

Right lymphatic duct function

A

Drains lymph from right arm and right side of the head and thorax

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13
Q

Thoracic duct function

A

Drains lymph from rest of body

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14
Q

Similarities between lymphatic vessels and veins of CV system

A

1.Thin walled
2.Larger vessels have valves
3. Low pressure pumpless system

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15
Q

Lymph transport is aided by

A
  1. Milking action of skeletal muscles
  2. Pressure changes in thorax during breathing
  3. Smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics
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16
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph before it is returned to blood

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17
Q

Harmful materials that lymph nodes filter

A

1.Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Cancer cells
4. Cell debris

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18
Q

Which defense cells are inside of the lymph nodes

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Lymphocytes in lymph

A

Respond to foreign substances

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20
Q

Macrophages in lymph

A

Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances in lymph

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21
Q

Appearance of lymph node

A

Kidney shaped

Less than one inch

Buried in connective tissue

Surrounded by capsule, separated in compartments by trabeculae

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22
Q

Cortex (outer part of lymph nodes)

A
  1. Has follicles (collection of lymphocytes)
  2. Germinal centers enlarge when bodies are released by plasma cells
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23
Q

Medulla (inner part of lymph nodes)

A

contains phagocytic macrophages

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24
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph towards lymph node

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25
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph out of lymph nodes

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26
Q

Describe the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels

A
  1. Lymph enters convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside of the node
  3. Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
  4. Because there are fewer efferent than afferent vessels, flow is slowed. (Slow flow helps screen for pathogens)
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27
Q

Other lymphoid organs

A

Spleen (curves around left side of stomach)
Thymus (In thorax)
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches (in intestine)
Appendix

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28
Q

Spleen location

A

Left side of abdomen

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29
Q

Function of spleen

A
  1. Cleans blood
  2. Lymphocyte reproduction and immune surveillance
  3. Destroys worn out blood cells

4.makes fetal blood cells
5. Acts as blood reservoir

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30
Q

Overlies the heart
Functions at peak levels only during youth. Decreases in size after growing

A

Thymus

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31
Q

Tonsils

A

Small masses of lymphoid tissues deep to mucosa surrounding pharynx (throat)

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32
Q

Tonsils function

A
  1. Trap & remove bacteria/ pathogens
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33
Q

Cause of tonsillitis

A

Tonsils congested with bacteria

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34
Q

Peyer’s patches location

A

Found in wall of small intestine

Similar lymphoid follicles are found in the appendix

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35
Q

Peyer’s patches function

A

Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

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36
Q

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissues (MALT) include

A

Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Appendix

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37
Q

Acts as sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

A

MALT

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38
Q

Immunity

A

Specific resistance to disease

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39
Q

______ system is a functional system instead of organ system in anatomical sense

A

Immune system

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40
Q

Innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms

A

1st & 2nd lines of defense

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41
Q

1st line of defense parts

A

1.Skin
2.Mucous membranes
3. Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

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42
Q

2nd line of defense parts

A

1.Phagocytic cells
2.Natural killer cells
3.Antimicrobial proteins
4.inflammatory response
5.Fever
6. Chemicals that kill pathogens

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43
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms

A

Third line of defense

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44
Q

Third line of defense parts

A

1.Lymphocytes
2. Antibodies
3. Macrophages and other antigen presenting cells

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45
Q

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

A

1.Protect against variety of invaders
2.Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

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46
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system

A
  1. Fights invaders that get past the innate system
    2.Specific defense is required for each type of invader
  2. Highly specific resistance to disease is immunity
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47
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against infected or cancerous cells

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48
Q

Inflammatory response

A

1.Prevents spread of harmful agents
2. Disposes pathogens and dead tissue cells
3.Promotes tissue repair
4. Attracts phagocytes

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49
Q

What do acidic skin secretions do?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

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50
Q

How does sebum protect?

A

Sebum is toxic to bacteria

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51
Q

How does mucus protect

A

Mucus traps microorganisms

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52
Q

How do gastric juices protect

A

Acidic gastric juices kill pathogens

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53
Q

How do saliva and tears protect

A

Saliva and tears have lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)

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54
Q

Fever

A

High body temperature stops bacteria replication

Enhances body repair

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55
Q

Release chemicals called perforin and granzymes to degrade Target cell contents

A

NK natural killer cells

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56
Q

Triggered when body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory response

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57
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
    3.Pain
  3. Swelling (edema)
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58
Q

Damaged cells release

A

Histamine
Kinin

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59
Q

Effects of histamine and kinin

A

1.Dilated blood vessels
2. Leaky capillaries
3.Phagocytes and white blood cells move into area (positive chemotaxis)

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60
Q

Process of inflammatory response

A
  1. Neutrophils migrate to inflammation area by rolling along vessel wall (following scent of chemicals from inflammation)
  2. Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls by diapedesis to inflammation sites
  3. Neutrophils gather in precise site of tissue injury (positive chemotaxis) and consume foreign material present
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61
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material through

A

Phagocytosis

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62
Q

Phagocytes

A

Phagocytic vesicle is fused with lysosome,

Enzymes digest cell’s contents

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63
Q

Steps of phagocytosis in a macrophage

A
  1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogens

2.Phagocyte engulfs the particles, forming a phagosome

  1. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle forming a phagolysosome

4.Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogens or debris, leaving a residual body

  1. Exocytosis removes indigestible and residual material
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64
Q

Antimicrobial proteins enhance innate defenses by

A

Attacking microorganisms directly

Hindering reproduction of microorganisms

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65
Q

Most important types of antimicrobial proteins

A

Complement proteins
Interferon

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66
Q

Group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasma

A

Complement

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67
Q

Complement is activated when

A

Complement proteins encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)

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68
Q

Membrane attack complexes (MACs) produce holes or pores in cells

A

Allow water to rush into cells

Cell bursts (lyses)

Complement proteins attach, make pore, let water in, cell bursts

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69
Q

Enhances inflammatory response

A

Activated complement

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70
Q

Interferons

A

Small proteins secreted by virus infected cells

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71
Q

Function of interferons

A

Bind to membrane receptors
Interfere with viruses multiplying ability

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72
Q

Hypothalamus regulates body temperature at

A

37 C
98.6 F

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73
Q

Hypothalamus thermostat can be reset by

A

Pyrogens (secreted white blood cells)

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74
Q

High temperatures inhibits the release of

A

Iron and zinc (needed by bacteria) from the liver and spleen.

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75
Q

Fever increases the speed of

A

Repair processes

76
Q

Antibodies

A

Target and destroy antigens

77
Q

Immune system’s response to a threat

A

Immune response

78
Q

Aspects of adaptive defense

A
  1. Antigen specific
  2. Systemic
  3. Memory
79
Q

Adaptive defense system recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

A

Antigen specific

80
Q

Immunity is not restricted to initial infection site

A

Systemic

81
Q

Adaptive defense system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

A

Memory

82
Q

Two arms of adaptive defense system

A

Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity

83
Q

Antibody mediated immunity

A

Humoral immunity

Provided by antibodies in body fluids

84
Q

Targets virus infected cells, cancer cells and cells of foreign grafts

A

Cell-mediated immunity

85
Q

Substances capable of exciting immune system and provoking immune response

A

Antigen

86
Q

Foreign proteins
Nucleic acids
Large carbohydrates
Some lipids
Pollen grains
Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses)

A

Examples of non-self antigens

87
Q

Presence of our cells in another person’s body can trigger immune response because

A

They are foreign

88
Q

What restricts donors for transplants

A

Self antigens

Our own antigens don’t trigger response unless there is an autoimmune disorder

89
Q

Haptens

A

Incomplete antigens

90
Q

How do haptens work?

A

When they link up with our proteins, immune system may recognize the combination as foreign and attack

91
Q

Haptens are found in

A

Poison ivy
Animal dander
Detergents
Hair dyes
Cosmetics

92
Q

Produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity. Respond to specific antigens

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

93
Q

Constitute cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses; do not make antibodies

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells)

94
Q

Help the Lymphocytes, but don’t respond to specific antigens

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

95
Q

Lymphocytes arise from

A

Hemocytoblasts of bone marrow

96
Q

Whether a Lymphocyte matures into a B or T cells depends on

A

Where it becomes immunocompetent

97
Q

Immunocompetence

A

Responding to a specific antigen because antigen binds to specific receptors on the Lymphocyte’s surface

98
Q

T cells develop immunocompetence in

A

Thymus

99
Q

B cells develop immunocompetence in

A

The bone marrow

100
Q

What happens to T cells that bind self antigens

A

They are destroyed,
Self tolerance is important part of Lymphocyte education

101
Q

Immunocompetent T and B cells migrate to

A

Lymph nodes and spleen,
Here they encounter different antigens

102
Q

Naive cells vs mature cells differentiation

A

Mature cells bind recognized antigens

103
Q

Motion of mature Lymphocytes

A

Circulate continuously throughout the body

104
Q

Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells

A

Antigen presenting cells APCs

105
Q

Major types of cells behaving as APCs

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B Lymphocytes

106
Q

What happens when APCs present antigens

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages activate T cells, which release chemicals

107
Q

What triggers clonal selection

A

Binding between B Lymphocyte and a specific antigen

108
Q

Clonal selection (primary humoral response)

A

Large number of clones produced

109
Q

Descendants

A

B cell clone members

110
Q

Most of the B cell clone members become

A

Plasma cells

111
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies to destroy antigens

Activity lasts 4-5 days

Plasma cells begin to die

112
Q

Some B cells become long lived memory cells meaning

A

Capable of mounting rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings (secondary humoral response)

113
Q

Secondary humoral response

A

B cells become long lived memory cells

114
Q

Active immunity

A

B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies

115
Q

How can you acquire active immunity

A

Naturally through infections

Artificially through vaccines

116
Q

Passive immunity

A

Get antibodies from someone else
Breast milk
Immune serum
Gamma globulin (donated antibodies)

117
Q

Short lived protection

A

2-3 weeks
Immunological memory doesn’t occur

118
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Prepared for clinical for diagnostic services

Produced from descendants

Exhibit specificity from one antigen

119
Q

Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies

A

Cancer treatment

Diagnosis of pregnancy

Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies

120
Q

Gamma globulin part of blood proteins

A

Antibodies

121
Q

Immunoglobulins, Igs

A

Antibodies

122
Q

What is the structure of antibodies

A
  1. 4 polypeptides ( 2 heavy and 2 light) linked by disulfide bonds to form T or Y
123
Q

Variable regions

A

Form antigen binding sites, one on each arm of the T or Y

124
Q

Constant regions

A

Determine type of antibody formed (antibody class)

125
Q

Each polypeptide chain has 2 regions

A

Variable region
Constant region

126
Q

Antibody classes

A

Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles and differ structurally and functionally

127
Q

Five major immunoglobulin classes

A

M
A
D
G
E

128
Q

IgM

A

Can fix complement

129
Q

IgA

A

Found mainly in secretions, such as mucus and tears

130
Q

IgD

A

Helps activate B cells

131
Q

IgG

A

Cross placental barrier and fix complement; most abundant antibody in plasma

132
Q

IgE

A

Involved in allergies

133
Q

Chief antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens

A

Complement fixation

134
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury

135
Q

Precipitation

A

Cross-linking reaction in which antigen antibody complex settles out of solution

136
Q

Main difference between B and T cells

A

B cells secrete antibodies
T cells fight antigens directly

137
Q

Like B cells, immunocompetent T cells are activated to

A

form a clone by binding with a recognized antigen

138
Q

Unable to bind to free antigens

A

T cells

139
Q

Antigens must be presented by a

A

Macrophage, and double recognition must occur

140
Q

APC engulfs and presents the processed antigen in combination with

A

A protein from the APC

141
Q

Antigen presentation

A

Cells must recognize non-self and self

142
Q

Non-self

A

Antigen fragment presented by APC

143
Q

Self

A

Coupling with a specific glycoprotein on the APCs surface at the same time

144
Q

Helper T cells

A

Recognize foreign antigens
Secrete cytokines (activate T & B cells)

145
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill cancerous, infected and damaged cells

146
Q

Cytotoxic ( killer) T cells

A

Insert toxic chemicals (perforin or granzyme)

147
Q

How do killer T (cytotoxic cells work?)

A

1.T cell attaches and inserts a toxic chemical like perforin or granzyme

2.Perforin & granzyme enters foreign cell’s plasma membrane

3.perforin makes pores.Pores now appear in target cell’s membrane

4.Granzymes (protein digesting enzymes) enter and kill the foreign cell

  1. Cytotoxic T cell detaches and seeks other targets
148
Q

Perforin

A

Causes cell lysis

149
Q

Granzymes

A

Protein digesting enzymes

150
Q

Which cells recruit other cells to fight invaders?

A

Helper T cells

151
Q

Directly interact with B cells bound to an antigen , prodding the B cells into clone production

A

Helper T cells

152
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals that act directly to rid the body of antigens

153
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T & B cells

Stop immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity

Few members of each clone are memory cells

154
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

Causes cell killing, attracts granulocytes; activates T cells and macrophages

155
Q

Complement

A

Activate after binding to antibody covered antigens, when active, complement causes lysis of microorganism and enhanced inflammatory response

156
Q

What percent of blood group and tissue must match to attempt a graft?

A

75%

157
Q

Immunosuppressive therapy

A

Therapy after transplant. Helps prevent rejection

158
Q

Most important disorders of the immune system

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Autoimmune diseases
    3.Immunodeficiencies
159
Q

Hypersensitivities,
Abnormal, vigorous immune responses. Immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen

A

Allergies, tissue damage occurs

160
Q

Immediate (acute allergies) cause

A

IgE antibodies and histamine

161
Q

Hives and anaphylaxis are symptoms of

A

Immediate acute hypersensitivity

162
Q

What kind of allergy is anaphylactic shock (Systemic)?

A

Acute allergic response

163
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity

A

Reflects activity of T cells, macrophages, cytokines

164
Q

Symptoms appear 1-3 days after coming in contact with the antigen

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

165
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis (poison ivy, cosmetics) is caused by

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

166
Q

Allergy mechanism

A
  1. Antigen invades body
    2.Plasma cells produce large amounts of class IgE antibodies against allergen
    3.IgE antibodies attach to mast cells in body tissues (and to circulating basophils).

4.More of same allergen invades body

5.Allergen binding to IgE on mast cells triggers release of histamine and other chemicals
6. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, which promotes edema, large amounts of mucus, smooth muscles contract

167
Q

Autoimmune diseases occur when

A

Occurs when body’s self tolerance breaks down

168
Q

Body produces auto antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues

A

Auto immune diseases

169
Q

The body produces autoantibodies and sensitized lymphocytes that attack its own tissues

A

Autoimmune diseases

170
Q

Body produces Auto antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues

A

Autoimmune disease

171
Q

Most autoimmune diseases result from

A

1.Formerly hidden self antigens
2. Changes in structure of self antigens
3.antibodies formed against foreign antigens that resemble self antigens

172
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis
Myasthenia gravis
Multiple sclerosis
Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disorder examples

173
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Destroys joints

174
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles

175
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

White matter of brain and spinal cord is destroyed

176
Q

Graves disease

A

Thyroid gland produces excess thyroxine

177
Q

Destroys pancreatic beta cells, deficient insulin production

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

178
Q

Systemic Lupus erythematous (SLE)

A

Affects kidney, heart, lungs and skin

179
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation

180
Q

Types of immunodeficiencies

A

Congenital or acquired

181
Q

SCID severe combined immunodeficiency disease is a type of

A

Congenital disease

Can be present at birth, children have very little immune function

182
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome,) is caused by

A

Virus that attacks and cripples helper T cells

183
Q

Immunodeficiencies result from

A

Abnormalities in any immune element

184
Q

Production or function of immune cells or complement is

A

Abnormal

185
Q

Proteins secreted by activated B cells

A

Antibodies

186
Q

Formed in response to large number of antigens

A

Antibodies

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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