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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic muscle types found in body

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Which muscle cells are elongated?

A

Skeletal and smooth

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3
Q

Muscle cell is AKA

A

Muscle fiber

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4
Q

What causes the contraction and shortening of muscle?

A

Movement of microfilaments

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5
Q

Myo-

A

Muscle

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6
Q

Mys-

A

Muscle

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7
Q

Sarco-

A

Flesh

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8
Q

Only consciously controlled muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Most skeletal muscles are attached by ___ to bones

A

Tendons

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10
Q

Large, cigar shaped, stritrated, multinucleate

A

Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Speed of contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Slow to fast

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12
Q

Speed of contraction of cardiac muscle

A

Slow

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13
Q

Speed of contraction of smooth muscle

A

Very slow

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14
Q

What controls cardiac muscle contractions?

A

Involuntary, pacemaker, nervous system, hormones

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15
Q

What controls smooth muscle contractions?

A

Involuntary, nervous system, hormones, chemicals, stretch

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16
Q

Rhythmic contractions (skeletal)?

A

No

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17
Q

Rhythmic contractions (cardiac)?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Rhythmic contractions (smooth)?

A

Yes, in some

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19
Q

Endomysium

A

Encloses single muscle fiber

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Wraps around bundle of muscle fibers

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21
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibers

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22
Q

Epimysium

A

Covers entire skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Fascia

A

Outside of epimysium

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24
Q

Epimysium blends into connective tissue attachments which are

A

Tendons
Aponeuroses

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25
Q

Tendon

A

Cord-like
Mostly collagen
Cross joints
Tough and small

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26
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Sheet like
Attach muscles indirectly to bone, cartilage or connective tissue coverings

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27
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No striations
Found in hollow organs
Uninucliate

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28
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striations
Only walls of heart.
Uninucliate
Intercalated discs

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29
Q

Additional roles of skeletal muscle

A

Maintain muscle and body position
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

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30
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Surround muscle fibers

Special plasma membrane

Myofibrils

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31
Q

Myofibrils

A

Long organelles in muscle cell

Has light and dark bands

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32
Q

I Bands

A

Light bands
only thin filaments
Z disc is midline interruption

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33
Q

A Bands

A

Dark bands

Entire length of thick filaments

H zone is a lighter central area

M Line is in center of H zone

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34
Q

Actin

A

Thin myofilament

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35
Q

Myosin

A

Thick myofilament

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36
Q

Structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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37
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

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38
Q

Parts of sarcomere

A

Myosin and actin

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39
Q

Which filaments have ATPase?

A

Myosin filaments aka thick filaments

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40
Q

Myosin heads

A

Projections
Cross bridges
Link thick and thin filaments during contraction

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41
Q

Actin is anchored to

A

Z DISC

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42
Q

Which zone in the A band lacks actin filaments at rest?

A

H zone

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43
Q

What happens to H zones during contraction?

A

They disappear because actin and myosin overlap

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44
Q

____area between two neighboring Z discs

A

Sarcomere

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45
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Special smooth ER
Surrounds myofibril
Stores and releases calcium

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46
Q

Functional properties of skeletal muscles

A

Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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47
Q

Irritability

A

Receiving and responding to stimuli

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48
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to forcibly shorten

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49
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to stretch

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50
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to resume resting length after stretching

51
Q

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a _____ ____ to contract

A

Motor neuron

Nerve cell

52
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron + all muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

53
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Associates axon terminal of motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle

54
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical

Released when nerve impulse gets to axon terminal

55
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter

Stimulates skeletal muscle

56
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between nerve and muscle

Filled with interstitial fluid

Nerve and muscle don’t make eye contact

57
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron step 1

A
  1. Calcium channels open, calcium ions enter axon terminal
58
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron step 2

A
  1. Acetylcholine is released because calcium ions entering causes the synaptic vesicles to release ACh
59
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron step 3

A
  1. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell
60
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron step 4

A
  1. If enough ACh is released, sarcolemma becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions.
61
Q

What happens after sarcolemma is more permeable to Na+ ?

A
  1. Potassium diffuses out
  2. More Na+ enters than potassium ions leave
  3. Establishes imbalance where interior has more positive ions (depolarization) opening more Na+ channels
62
Q

Depolarization

A

Shift in electric charge distribution

Inside has more positive ions

63
Q

step 5: depolarization opens more Na channels that let sodium ions enter the cell

A

Action potential is created

Action potential is unstoppable once created

Conducts electrical impulses from one end of the cell to the other

64
Q

AChE

A

Acetylcholinesterase

65
Q

Step 6: AChE breaks down ACh into acetic acid and choline

A

AChE ends muscle contraction

Single nerve impulse produces only one contraction

66
Q

Cells return to resting state when

A
  1. K+ diffuses out of cell
  2. NaK pump moves Na and K ions back to original position
    (Higher Na+ outside)
67
Q

Action potentials

A

Nerve impulses

68
Q

What causes filaments to slide step 1.

A

Ca2+ binds regulatory proteins on thin filaments and exposes myosin binding sites allowing myosin heads on thick filaments to attach

69
Q

What causes filaments to slide step 2.

A

Each cross bridge pivots
Making thin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere

70
Q

What causes filaments to slide step 3

A

Contraction occurs and cell shortens

71
Q

What causes filaments to slide step 4.

A

During a contraction, cross bridge attaches and detaches several times

72
Q

What causes filaments to slide step 5.

A

ATP provides the energy for sliding process which continues as long as calcium ions are present

73
Q

In relaxed muscle fiber, regulatory proteins making actin myofilaments prevent

A

myosin binding

74
Q

When AP (action potential) excited muscle fiber _____ ions are released from intracellular storage areas. (Sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum).

A

Ca2+

75
Q

Flood of Calcium acts as final trigger for

A

Contraction

76
Q

As calcium binds to regulators on actin, proteins undergo change in their

A

Shape and position

77
Q

Change in actin proteins exposes

A

Myosin binding sites on actin

78
Q

Myosin heads can attach to

A

Myosin binding sites.

Heads immediately seek out binding sites

79
Q

Free myosin heads are

A

Cocked like oars ready to be pulled for rowing

80
Q

Myosin attachment to actin causes myosin heads to pivot towards

A

Center of sarcomere in a rowing motion

81
Q

When heads “row” towards center, thin filaments are

A

Slightly pulled towards center of sarcomere

82
Q

_____ provides energy needed to release and recock each myosin head so that it is ready to attach to a binding site farther along the thin filament

A

ATP

83
Q

Graded responses

A

Different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

84
Q

Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give

A

Differing responses

85
Q

Within whole skeletal muscle not all fibers may be stimulated during the same

A

Interval

86
Q

Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” meaning it will

A

Contract to it’s fullest when stimulated adequately

87
Q

How are graded responses produced

A

Changing frequency of stim

Changing number of muscle cells being stimmed at once

88
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Single, brief, jerky contraction

Not normal muscle function

Stress, caffeine, excercise

89
Q

Muscle twitch common in

A

Eyelids
Calves
Thumb

90
Q

Nervous tics are aka

A

Muscle twitches

91
Q

Summed contractions

A

One contraction immediately followed by another

92
Q

Most types of muscle activities, impulses delivered at ____ rate

A

Rapid

93
Q

When stimulations become more frequent, muscle contractions get ____& ____

A

Stronger and smoother

Causing muscle to exhibit unfused (incomplete) tetanus

94
Q

Complete tetanus

A

Achieved when muscle stimmed so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen

95
Q

How are contractions in complete tetanus (fused)

A

Smooth and sustained

96
Q

Muscle force depends on

A

of fibers stimulated

97
Q

Contraction of more fibers results in

A

Greater muscle tension

98
Q

When all motor units are active and stimulated, the muscle contraction is

A

As strong as it can get

99
Q

Only energy source that can be used to directly power muscle contraction

A

ATP

100
Q

What is stored in muscle fibers in small amounts that is quickly used up?

A

ATP

101
Q

Pathways to make ATP

A
  1. Direct ADP phosphorylation
  2. Aerobic pathway
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
102
Q

Fastest way to regenerate ATP

A

Direct phosphorylation by creatine phosphate (CP)

103
Q

Explain CP direct phosphorylation

A
  1. Muscle cells store CP
  2. After ATP is depleted, ADP remains
  3. CP transfers phosphate to ADP
104
Q

CP supplies exhausted in less than ___ seconds

A

15

105
Q

ATP produced per CP molecule

A

1

106
Q

Supplies ATP at rest and during light/moderate excercise

A

Aerobic respiration

107
Q

Explain aerobic respiration

A

1.Oxidative phosphorylation happens in mitochondria

  1. Glucose broken down to CO2 and water releasing 32 ATP approx
  2. Slower. Requires continuous O2 and nutrients
108
Q

Explain anaerobic glycolysis

A
  1. Gluc. broken to pyruvic acid to make about 2 ATP
  2. Pyruvic into lactic acid, causes muscle soreness
109
Q

Which ATP process is fast but inefficient ?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

110
Q

Which ATP process requires huge amounts of glucose

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

111
Q

When does muscle fatigue occur?

A

Strenuous and prolonged muscle activity

112
Q

Suspected factors that contribute to muscle fatigue

A

1.Ca2+, K+ muscle imbalances

  1. O2 deficits & lactic acid accumulation
  2. Decrease in ATP supply
113
Q

O2 deficit repaid by

A

Rapid, deep breathing

114
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

1.Myofilaments slide past each other during contractions

2.Muscle shortens and movement occurs

115
Q

Examples of isotonic contractions

A

Bending knee; lifting weights, smiling

116
Q

Isometric contractions

A

Muscle filaments try to slide, but muscle is against immovable object

Tension increases, muscles don’t shorten

117
Q

Example of isometric contractions

A

Pushing palms together in front of you

118
Q

Muscle tone

A

Continuous partial contractions

Muscle remains firm, healthy and constantly ready for action

119
Q

Result of different motor units stimulated in a systematic way

A

Muscle tone

120
Q

What does excercise do to the body?

A

Increases muscle size, strength and endurance

121
Q

Aerobic (endurance) effect

A

Stronger, more flexible muscles w/ greater resistance to fatigue

122
Q

What do aerobics improve?

A

metabolism, digestion, coordination

123
Q

Isometric excercise (resistance) (weight lifting)

A

Increases muscle size and strength

Muscle fibers enlarge

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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