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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > 7-8 Study Guide > Flashcards

7-8 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor output
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2
Q

Sensory input

A

Get info/receive stimuli

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3
Q

Integration

A

Process and decide whether to react

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Activate response

Reaction of muscles or glands

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5
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

Cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

Subdivisions of PNS

A

Sensory (nerves)
motor (nerves)

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8
Q

Afferent system

A

Sense organs

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9
Q

Efferent system

A

Motor system

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10
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary nerve

Skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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12
Q

Autonomic system divided into

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest
Conserves energy
Regulates body functions

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14
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight
Thoracolumbar

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15
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber

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16
Q

Perineurium

A

Wraps groups of nerve fibers into a fascicle

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17
Q

Epineurium

A

Binds groups of fasicles

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18
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells

Resemble neurons

Unable to conduct nerve impulses

Never lose dividing ability

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19
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies in CNS

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20
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of cell bodies in PNS (outside of CNS)

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21
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in CNS

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22
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in PNS

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23
Q

White matter

A

Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

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24
Q

Gray matter

A

unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

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25
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

Afferent
Efferent
Interneurons

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26
Q

Efferent/motor

A

Impulses from CNS to Muscles or glands

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27
Q

Interneurons

A

Association neurons
Cell bodies in CNS
Connect sensory and motor neurons

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28
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

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29
Q

Receptors include:

A

Cutaneous sense organs in skin

Proprioceptors in muscles and tendons

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30
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)
Interneurons (association neurons)

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32
Q

Structural classification of neurons

A

of processes

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

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33
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Short, single process leaving cell body

Sensory found in PNS

Impulses toward and away from body

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34
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One axon + one dendrite

Special sense organs, like nose and eyes

Rare in adults

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35
Q

Multipolar

A

Many extensions from cell body

Motor and interneurons

Most common structural type

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36
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape

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37
Q

PNS glial cells

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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38
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in PNS

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39
Q

Satellite cells

A

Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

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40
Q

Astrocytes found in

A

CNS

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41
Q

Astrocytes

A

Abundant, start shaped,

  1. Brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries
  2. Control chemical environment:
  3. Permeability, exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons.
  4. Protect from harmful substances in blood
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42
Q

Most abundant and versatile neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

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43
Q

Microglia found in

A

CNS

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44
Q

Microglia

A

1.Spider-like phagocytes
2. Monitor health of nearby neurons
3. Dispose of debris

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45
Q

Phagocytes that defend CNS cells

A

Microglia

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46
Q

Ependymal cells found in

A

CNS

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47
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line cavities of brain and spinal cord

Cilia help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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48
Q

Oligodendrocytes found in

A

CNS

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49
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wrap around nerve fibers in CNS

Make myelin sheath

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50
Q

Line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities

A

Ependymal cells

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51
Q

Have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

A

Oligodendrocytes

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52
Q

Satellite cells

A

Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

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53
Q

Main regions of cerebral hemisphere

A

Cortex

White matter

Basal nuclei

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54
Q

Cortex

A

1.Superficial grey matter

2.Localizes and interprets sensory inputs

  1. Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
  2. Intellectual and emotional processing
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55
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Deep pockets of grey matter

Control skeletal muscle movements

Modify instructions of primary motor cortex

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56
Q

Regions of brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation- a functional system

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57
Q

Midbrain

A

1.VA (visual, auditory)
2. Subcortical motor
3. 3-4

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58
Q

Pons

A

1.Info from cerebrum to cerebellum
2. Breathing
3. 5-7

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59
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

1.Crossover pyramids
2. 8-12
3. Senses from skin & proprioceptors
4. Vessel diameter, vomiting, heart rate

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60
Q

Reticular formation-a functional system

A

1.Alertness/ repetitive stimuli

2.skeletal/visceral muscle

3.Diffuse mass of Gray matter along brain stem

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61
Q

Cerebellum

A
  1. Motor cortex
  2. Balance, coordination, speech, timing
  3. Has outer cortex (grey)
    White matter
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62
Q

Visual area

A

Occipital lobe

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63
Q

Auditory area

A

Temporal lobe

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64
Q

Olfactory area

A

Temporal lobe

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65
Q

Primary somatic sensory area location

A

Parietal lobe post central sulcus

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66
Q

Primary somatic sensory area

A

Impulses from body’s sensory receptors, pain temp, light touch (not special senses)

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67
Q

Left side of primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from

A

Right side and vice versa

68
Q

Primary motor area location

A

Anterior to central sulcus

69
Q

Primary motor area

A

consciously move skeletal muscles

Motor neurons form pyramidal (corticospinal) tract which descends to spinal cord

70
Q

Broca’s area

A

Ability to speak
Left hemisphere

71
Q

Anterior association area

A

Frontal lobe
Thinking reasoning
Process sensory inf

72
Q

Posterior association area

A

Posterior Cortex
Thinking reasoning
Process sensory info

73
Q

Speech area

A

For sounding out words
In temp. & parietal lobe

74
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

Fiber tracts deep to grey matter

75
Q

Corpus callosum connects

A

Hemispheres

76
Q

Tracts like corpus are known as

A

Commisures

77
Q

Association fiber tracts

A

Connect areas within a hemisphere

78
Q

Projection fiber tracts connect the cerebrum with

A

Lower CNS centers

79
Q

Cerebrum

A

Big part of brain

80
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus,
Hypothalamus,
Epithalamus

81
Q

Most inferior part of brain stem that merges into spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

82
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activating System

Role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness

Filter incoming sensory information

83
Q

Extends from mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly

84
Q

Cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal) connects third and fourth ventricles

85
Q

Two, bulging fiber tracts cerebral peduncles convey ascending and descending impulses

86
Q

Rounded protrusions, corpora quadrigemina are visual and auditory reflex centers

87
Q

Meninges

A

Protection

Dura mater (periosteal and meningeal)

Arachnoid layer

Pia mater

88
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost

Leathery

Double layered external covering

89
Q

Periosteal Dura mater

A

Connects to skull
Via inner surface

90
Q

Meningeal dura mater

A

Outer covering of brain

91
Q

Dura mater Folds inward in several areas

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli

92
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

1.attach to pia mater

2.Web-like extensions in subarachnoid space. Subarachnoid filled with CSF

93
Q

Pia mater

A

Internal layer, clings to brain and spinal cord

94
Q

Arachnoid granulations protrude through dura mater and

A

absorb CSF into venous blood

95
Q

CSF

A

Similar to blood plasma in composition

Watery cushion that protects brain and spinal cord

Made in Choroid plexuses

96
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Capillaries in ventricles of brain

In epithalamus

97
Q

CSF circulates in

A

Arachnoid space, ventricles, central canal of spinal cord

Lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles

98
Q

Explain CSF circulation

A
  1. CSF made by Choroid plexus of each ventricle
  2. CSF flows through ventricles and subarachnoid space. Some CSF flows through central canal of spinal cord
  3. CSF flows through subarachnoid space
  4. CSF absorbed into dural sinuses via arachnoid villi
99
Q

Spinal cord structure extends from

A

Foramen magnum of the skull,
1st or second lumbar vertabra

100
Q

Cauda equina is a

A

Collection of spinal nerves at the inferior ends of spinal cord

101
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

2 way conduction pathway to and from brain

102
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

103
Q

Internal grey matter of spinal cord is mostly

A

Cell bodies

104
Q

Dorsal horns house

A

Interneurons

105
Q

Interneurons

A

Receive information from sensory neurons in dorsal root

106
Q

Cell bodies are housed in

A

Dorsal root ganglion

107
Q

Anterior (ventral) horns house motor neurons of

A

Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

108
Q

Send information out ventral root

A

Motor neurons of somatic nervous system

109
Q

Grey Matter surrounds the

A

Central canal filled with CSF

110
Q

White matter of spinal cord made of

A

Myelinated fiber tracts

111
Q

White matter of spinal cord has 3 regions

A

dorsal, lateral, ventral columns

112
Q

Only pair of _____ ______ extends to thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Vagus nerves

113
Q

Most cranial nerves are

A

Mixed nerves

114
Q

Which nerves are sensory only?

A

Optic
Olfactory
Vestibulocochlear

115
Q

CN1

A

Olfactory:

116
Q

CN2

117
Q

CN3

A

Oculomotor

118
Q

CN4

119
Q

CN5

A

Trigeminal

120
Q

CN6

121
Q

CN7

122
Q

CN8

A

Vestibulocochlear

123
Q

CN9

A

Glossopharyngeal

124
Q

CN10

A

Vagus

Pharynx, larynx, swallowing and phonation

125
Q

CN 11

A

Accessory
Activate SCM& trapezius

126
Q

CN12

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue movements
Impulses from tongue

127
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

128
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

129
Q

Parasympathetic aka as

A

Craniosacral division

130
Q

Preganlionic neurons

A

Brain and spinal cord

131
Q

Post ganglionic

A

Extend to organs that are served

132
Q

Preganlionic neurons synapse with

A

Terminal ganglia

133
Q

Synapse

A

Functional junction between nerves where nerve impulse is transmitted

134
Q

Transmission down neuron is

A

Electrical

135
Q

Transmission to next neuron is

136
Q

Propagation of action potential

A
  1. If enough Na enters cell, action potential starts and is propagated over the entire axon
  2. All or none impulse is propagated or not
  3. Fibers w/ myelin sheaths conduct impulses more quickly
137
Q

Initiation and generation of action potential

A
  1. Stimulus changes permeability of membrane to Na+
  2. Na+ diffuses into the neuron
  3. Inward rush of Na+ depolarizes cell (inside becomes more positive)
  4. If stim and Na+ is strong enough, local depolarization lets neuron conduct action potential
138
Q

Synapse transmission

139
Q

Synapse transmission

A

1.AP reaches axon terminal, Ca2+ channels open

  1. Ca2+ gets NT to release from axon terminal through vesicles
  2. NT goes into synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors of next neuron
  3. If enough NT released, graded potential is generated. Nerve impulse happens beyond synapse. Kick starts Na+ entry into receiving cell
  4. Enzyme removes NT
140
Q

Special senses include

A

Smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium

141
Q

Special sense receptors

A

Large sensory organs, eye and ear

Localized clusters of receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)

142
Q

____% of sensory receptors are in the eyes

143
Q

How many nerve fibers in each eye?

A

Over 1 million

144
Q

Accessory structures of eye

A

-Extrinsic eye muscles
-Eyelids
-Conjuctiva
-Lacrimal apparatus

145
Q

Canthus or commisures

A

Ends of eyes

146
Q

Conjunctiva

A

-Covers sclera
-Lines lids and eyeball
-Connects w/ transparent cornea
-secretes mucus to lubricate eye and keep it moist

147
Q

Lacrimal canaliculus

A

Tube where tears go. Goes into nose

148
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

Opening between eyelids

149
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Fleshy inner part of inner corner

150
Q

Eyelids

A

Meet at medial and lateral commisures (canthus)

151
Q

Eyelashes

A

Tarsal glands produce oily secretion that lubricates the eye

152
Q

Location of ciliary glands

A

Between eyelashes

153
Q

Lacrimal apparatus made of

A

Lacrimal gland+ ducts

154
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces Lacrimal fluid (tears)
On lateral end of each eye

155
Q

Ducts

A

1.Tears drain across eye into Lacrimal canaliculi,

  1. Then Lacrimal sac
  2. Nasolacrimal duct, empties into nasal cavity
156
Q

Tears contain

A

Dilute salt solution
Mucus
Antibodies
Lysosome (destroys bacteria)

157
Q

Function of tears

A

Cleanse, protect, lubricate the eye

158
Q

Iris

A

Regulates amount of light entering eye

159
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Sclera+ cornea

160
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent,
Central anterior portion

Lets light pass through

161
Q

Palpebra

162
Q

Pupil

A

Dark part of eye
Photons of light pass

163
Q

Mebum

A

Oily secretion that lubricates eye

164
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
Long eyeball,
Light doesn’t reach retina

165
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sighted short eyeball

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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