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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > 11 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

11 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system made of

A

Heart and blood vessels
Closed system

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2
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Transport O2
Nutrients
Cell wastes
Hormones to and from

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3
Q

Size and weight of heart

A

Size of fist
Weighs less than a pound

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4
Q

Location of heart

A

Thoracic cavity, between lungs, in inferior mediastinum

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5
Q

Apex (pointed tip) is directed toward

A

Left hip and rests on diaphragm
Between junction of 4th and 5th ribs

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6
Q

Base of heart points toward

A

Right shoulder
At level of 3rd coastal cartilage

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7
Q

Pericardium parts

A

Fibrous pericardium-loose and superficial

Serous membrane

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8
Q

Parts of serous heart membrane

A

Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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9
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outside layer
Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Next to heart; aka epicardium

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11
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between layers of pericardium. Filled with serous fluid

Fluid helps reduce friction during beating

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12
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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13
Q

Epicardium

A

Outside layer; the visceral pericardium

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle (only in heart)

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15
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer aka endothelium

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16
Q

Four chamber of heart

A

Atria (right and left)
Ventricles (right and left)

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17
Q

Atria

A

TOP (attic)

1.Receiving blood chambers (from system or lungs)

2.Assist with filling ventricles
3. Blood enters under low pressure

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18
Q

Ventricles

A
  1. Discharging chambers
  2. Thick-walled pumps of heart. (Thicker on left)
  3. During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation
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19
Q

Superior vena cava drains

A

Structures above diaphragm low on O2

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20
Q

Inferior vena cava drains

A

Structures below diaphragm low on O2

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Under right atrial chamber where used blood pools.

Blood must pass through to get to right ventricle

Try to make sure it fits righy

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22
Q

Which ventricle has thicker myocardium?

A

Left ventricle.
Left ventricle does more work

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23
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Separates two atria longitudinally (right and left)

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24
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Separates two ventricles longitudinally (right and left)

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25
Q

Function of right atrium

A

Receive blood from vena cava

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26
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

Discharge deoxygenated blood into lungs

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27
Q

Left atrium function

A

Oxygen rich blood flows through pulmonary veins into left atrium

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28
Q

Left ventricle function

A

Discharging chamber
Pumps oxygenated blood to body

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29
Q

Heart functions as double pump because

A

Arteries carry blood away from heart

Veins carry blood toward the heart

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30
Q

Pulmonary circuit pump

A

Right side
Pumps into lungs

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31
Q

Systemic circuit pump

A

Left side
Pumps into entire system

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32
Q

Explain pulmonary circulation

A
  1. Blood flows from right side of heart, to lungs, to left side of heart
  2. Blood pumped out of right side, through pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries, takes oxygen poor blood to lungs
  3. Oxygen rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs via pulmonary veins
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33
Q

Systemic circuit

A
  1. Oxygen rich blood returned to left side of heart. Pumped out into the aorta
  2. Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all body tissues .
  3. Oxygen poor blood returns to right atrium via systemic veins

Systemic veins empty blood into superior or inferior vena cava

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34
Q

Heart valves flow

A

Only let blood flow in one direction to prevent backflow

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35
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Between atria and ventricles

Bicuspid (mitrial) and tricuspid

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36
Q

Left AV valve

A

Bicuspid (mitrial)

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37
Q

Right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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38
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Between ventricle and artery

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

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39
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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40
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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41
Q

Valves open and close in response to

A

Pressure changes in the heart

Responsible for pumping of blood

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42
Q

Semilunar valve movement

A

Closed during heart relaxation

Open during ventricular contraction

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43
Q

AV valve movement

A

Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills chambers.

Closed during ventricular contraction

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44
Q

What anchors AV valves?

A

Anchors cusps in place by chordae tendinae to the walls of ventricles

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45
Q

Made by series of cusps

A

AV valves

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46
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not

A

Nourish myocardium

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47
Q

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system made of

A

Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus

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48
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Branch from aorta to supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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49
Q

Cardiac veins

A

Drain myocardium of blood

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50
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Large vein on the posterior of heart
Receives blood from cardiac veins

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51
Q

Blood empties from heart muscle into the right atrium via

A

The coronary sinus
Blood re-enters circulation this way

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52
Q

Intrinsic conduction system

A

Cardiac contractions happen independently from nerve impulses

Regular & continous contractions

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53
Q

BPM of atrial cells

A

60

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54
Q

BPM of ventricular cells

A

20 to 40

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55
Q

Unifying control system of the heart

A

Intrinsic conduction system

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56
Q

Nodal system

A

Intrinsic conduction system

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57
Q

Which systems regulate heart activity?

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic: fight or flight )
(Parasympathetic: slow down heart rate)
Intrinsic conduction system

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58
Q

What does the nodal system do?

A
  1. Sets, heart rhythm
  2. Heart muscle depolarization in one direction (atria to ventricles).
  3. Enforces heart rate of 75 BPM
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59
Q

Noodle system is made of

A

Special nervous tissue independent of nervous system

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60
Q

Components of intrinsic conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle
  4. Purkinje fibers

SAAP

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61
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

In right atrium
Serves as heart’s pacemaker

Starts each heartbeat

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62
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  1. At junction of atria and ventricles

3.Causes atria to contract

3.Impulse delayed briefly

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63
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, bundle of His and bundle branches are in

A

Interventricular septum

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64
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Spread within the ventricle wall muscles
Supply myocardium with contraction impulses

After impulse travels through these blood is ejected from the heart

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65
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heart rate over 100 BPM

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66
Q

Bradychardia

A

Slow heart rate, less than 60 BPM

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67
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One complete heartbeat

Both atria and ventricles contract and relax

Normally around 0.8 seconds for a complete cycle

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68
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

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69
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

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70
Q

Average heart rate

A

75 BPM

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71
Q

Ventricular filling aka

A

Atrial diastole

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72
Q

Atrial diastole

A

1.Heart is relaxed
2. Low heart pressure
3. Open AV valves
4. Blood flows into atria and ventricles
5. Semilunar valves are closed

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73
Q

Atrial systole

A

Ventricles remain in diastole (relaxed)

  1. Atrial contract
  2. Blood forced into ventricles to complete ventricular filling
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74
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A
  1. Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins
  2. Intraventricular pressure rises
    3.AV valves close
  3. For a moment, ventricles are completely closed chambers
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75
Q

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

A
  1. Ventricles continue contracting
  2. Intraventricular pressure now surpasses pressure in major arteries leaving heart. (Blood forced from ventricles into arteries)
  3. Semilunar valves open (because of increased pressure)

4.Blood ejected from ventricles

  1. Atria relaxed and filling with blood
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76
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

1.Ventricular diastole begins
2. Pressure falls below that in major arteries
3. Semilunar valves close
4. For another moment, ventricles are completely closed chambers
5. When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open

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77
Q

Lub

A

Longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves

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78
Q

Dup

A

Short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

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79
Q

Cardiac cycle steps

A
  1. Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
  2. Atrial systole
    3.Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation
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80
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped by each side ventricle of the heart in one minute

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81
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (heartbeat)

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82
Q

Normal stroke volume

A

70 ml pumped out left ventricle with each heartbeat

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83
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

CO=HR(heart rate)(75 beats/min)xSV(stroke volume) (70 ml/beat)

CONVERT TO LITERS (L/min)

84
Q

What percentage of blood in ventricles is pumped with each heartbeat

A

60%

85
Q

What is the critical Factor controlling stroke volume

A

How much cardiac muscle is stretched

86
Q

Starling’s law of the heart

A

The more cardiac muscle is stretched,
The stronger the contraction

More blood volume=stronger contraction

87
Q

Important factor influencing the stretch of the heart muscle

A

Venous return

High blood return, more stretching

88
Q

Factors modifying basic heart rate

A
  1. Neural (ANS) controls
  2. Hormones and ions
  3. Physical factors
89
Q
  1. Neural ANS controls
A

Sympathetic speeds heart rate

Parasympathetic slows heartrate

90
Q

Hormones and ions role in heartbeat regulation

A

1.Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate

2.Excess or lack of calcium, Na, and K ions also modify heart activity

91
Q

Physical factors

A

Age, gender, excercise, body temp influence heart rate

92
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries and arterioles

93
Q

Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

A

Capillary beds

94
Q

Vessels that return blood toward the heart

A

Venules and veins

95
Q

Tunics of blood vessels except capillaries

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
    3.Tunica externa
96
Q

Tunics in capillaries

A

Tunica intima

97
Q

Tunica intima

A

Friction reducing lining
Endothelium

In contact with blood

98
Q

Tunica media

A

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

99
Q

Tunica externa

A

Protective outermost covering

Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Supports and protects the vessel

100
Q

Artery is thicker than vein because

A

Tunica media is much thicker because they help help blood to many tissues

101
Q

Artery vs vein physical differences

A

Thicker tunica media in artery

Veins have valves

102
Q

Veins and arteries communicate through

A

Capillaries

103
Q

Aterioles

A

Branches of larger arteries, get thinner, form network with venules

104
Q

Venules

A

Branches of veins

105
Q

Capillary beds

A

Network of thin vessels where arteries meet veins

Capillaries are one cell layer thick

106
Q

Capillaries let

A

Gases and substances pass through (waste products, nutrients)

107
Q

To withstand changes in pressure, arteries have

A

Stronger, stretchier tunica media

108
Q

Why do veins have a thinner tunica media?

A

They operate under low pressure

109
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

110
Q

Lumen of veins is larger than

A

That of arteries

111
Q

Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins towards

A

Heart

112
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell layer thick
Exchanges between blood and tissue

113
Q

Capillary bed parts

A

Vascular shunt

True capillaries

114
Q

Microcirculation

A

Blood flow through capillary beds

115
Q

True capillaries

A

Branch off a terminal arteriole

Empty into post capillary venule

116
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

Guards entrance to capillary beds

117
Q

When sphincters are closed blood flows through

A

Vascular shunt.

From terminal arteriole to post capillary venule

118
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body
Leaves from left ventricle of the heart

119
Q

Ascending Aorta

A

Leaves left ventricle

120
Q

Aortic arch

A

Arches to left

121
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

Travels downward through thorax

122
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Passes through diaphragm into abdominopelvic cavity

123
Q

Arterial branches of the ascending aorta

A

Right and left coronary arteries serve the heart O2 rich blood

124
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the

A

Right common carotid artery (supplies head)

Right subclavian artery (behind clavicle)

125
Q

Left common carotid artery splits into the

A

Left internal and external carotid arteries

126
Q

Left subclavian artery branches into the

A

Vertebral artery

In axilla,
Subclavian artery becomes axillary artery-> brachial artery-> radial and ulnar arteries

127
Q

Arterial branches of thoracic aorta

A

Intercoastal arteries supply muscles of thorax wall

Other branches supply lungs
Esophagus
Diaphragm

128
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

Lungs

129
Q

Esophageal arteries

A

Esophagus

130
Q

Diaphragm

A

Phrenic arteries

131
Q

First branch of abdominal aorta

A

Celiac trunk

132
Q

Three branches of celiac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery (liver)

133
Q

Superior mesentric artery

A

Supplies most small intestine

Supplies first half of large intestine

134
Q

Left and right renal arteries

A

Supply kidneys

135
Q

Left and right gonadal arteries

A

Ovarian and testicular arteries

136
Q

Lumbar arteries

A

Serve muscles of abdomen and trunk

137
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Serves second half of large intestine

138
Q

Left and right common iliac arteries

A

Final branches of aorta

139
Q

Internal iliac arteries serve the

A

Pelvic organs

140
Q

External iliac arteries

A

Enter thigh-> femoral artery -> popliteal artery -> anterior and posterior tibial arteries

141
Q

Which veins drain into the superior vena cava?

A
  1. Radial and ulnar veins-> brachial vein -> axillary vein
  2. Cephalic vein
  3. Basilic vein drains
  4. Basilic and cephalic veins are
  5. Subclavian vein
  6. Vertebral vein
  7. Internal jugular vein
142
Q

Basilic and cephalic veins join at

A

joined at median cubital vein (elbow area)

143
Q

Basilic vein drains

A

medial aspect of arm and empties into brachial vein

144
Q

Cephalic vein drains

A

drains lateral aspect of arm and empties into axillary vein

145
Q

Subclavian vein receives

A

Blood from arm via axillary vein

Blood from skin and muscles via external jugular vein

146
Q

Vertebral vein drains

A

Posterior part of head

147
Q

Internal jugular vein drains

A

Dural sinuses of the brain

148
Q

Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive blood from

A

Subclavian veins

Vertebral veins

Internal jugular veins

149
Q

Brachiocephalic veins join to form the

A

Superior vena cava -> Right atrium of heart

150
Q

Azygos vein drains the

A

Thorax

151
Q

Anterior and posterior tibial and fibial veins drain the

A

Legs

152
Q

Posterior tibial vein turns into

A

Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein

153
Q

Great saphenous veins

A

Longest veins of the body

Receive superficial drainage of the legs

154
Q

Each common iliac vein is formed by

A

Union of internal and external iliac veins

155
Q

Right Gonadal vein drains into

A

Right ovary in females
Right testicle in males

156
Q

Left gonadal vein empties into

A

Left renal vein

157
Q

Left and right renal veins drain

A

The kidneys

158
Q

Hepatic portal vein drains

A

The digestive organs.

Travels through liver before it enters systemic circulation

159
Q

Left and right hepatic veins drain the

A

Liver

160
Q

Arteries that supply most of the cerebrum

A

Anterior & middle cerebral arteries

161
Q

Internal carotid arteries divide into

A

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

162
Q

Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to form

A

Basilar artery

163
Q

Basilar artery serves

A

Brain stem and cerebellum

164
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries form from the

A

Division of the basilar artery

165
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

Posterior cerebrum

166
Q

What unites anterior and posterior blood supplies?

A

Small communicating arterial branches

167
Q

Circle of Willis or cerebral arterial circle

A

Complete circle of connecting blood vessels

168
Q

Hepatic portal circulation is made by

A

Veins draining into digestive organs

Which then empty into hepatic portal vein

169
Q

Hepatic portal vein drains

A

Digestive organs
Spleen
Pancreas

170
Q

Carries blood to liver where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation

A

Hepatic portal vein

171
Q

What is absorbed in the first capillary bed?

A

Nutrients and toxins

172
Q

What happens in the second capillary bed?

A

Nutrients and toxins leave

173
Q

Arterial pulse

A

Expansion and recoil of blood vessel wall that occurs as the heart beats

Average healthy pulse at rest 70 to 76

174
Q

Force that causes blood to continue flow

A

Blood pressure

Force against inner walls of vessels

175
Q

What happens when ventricles contract?

A

Blood forced into elastic arteries close to heart (Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary trunk, aorta)

Blood flows in descending pressure gradient

176
Q

What happens to pressure in blood vessels as distance from heart increases?

A

Pressure decreases

177
Q

Explain pressure in different kinds of blood vessels

A

Pressure is highest in arteries

Lower in capillaries

Lowest in veins

178
Q

Pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

179
Q

Pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

180
Q

Indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure most often in brachial artery

A

Auscultatory method

181
Q

Blood pressure formula

A

BP= CO (cardiac output) x PR (peripheral resistance)

182
Q

Peripheral resistance PR

A

Friction of blood as it passed through vessels

183
Q

Cardiac output CO

A

Amount of blood pumped out left ventricle per minute

184
Q

Neural factors on blood pressure

A

Parasympathetic nervous system has little to no effect on BP

Sympathetic nervous system

Promotes Vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), which increases blood pressure

185
Q

Kidneys regulate blood pressure by

A

Altering blood volume

186
Q

If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys

A

Release water in the urine

187
Q

If blood pressure is too low, what do kidneys do?

A

Release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a Vasoconstrictor

188
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone which?

A

Enhances sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys

189
Q

Effect of temperature on blood pressure

A

Heat vasodilates

Cold vasoconstricts

190
Q

effect of chemicals on blood pressure

A

Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure

191
Q

How does diet affect blood pressure?

A

Low salt
Low saturated fats
Low cholesterol
Prevents hypertension

192
Q

Causes of increased arterial blood pressure

A

Decreased blood volume
Exercise
Postural changes
Increased blood viscosity
chemicals

193
Q

Normal Systolic pressure ranges

A

110 to 140

194
Q

Normal diastolic pressure ranges

A

70 to 80 mmHg

195
Q

How to identify hypotension?

A

1.Systolic below 100
2.Associated with illness
3.Warning sign of circulatory shock

196
Q

How to identify hypertension?

A

Sustained arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher

Warns of increased peripheral resistance

Can damage body and blood vessels

197
Q

Exchange through capillary walls happens because

A

Concentration gradients

Oxygen and nutrients leave blood and move into tissues

CO2 and other wastes exit tissue cells and enter blood

198
Q

Routes that substances take entering or leaving blood

A
  1. Direct diffusion through membranes
    2 Diffusion through intercellular clefts
  2. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
  3. Transport via vesicles
199
Q

Gaps between cells in capillary walls

A

Intercellular clefts

200
Q

Fluid movement in and out of capillary depends on

A

Difference between two pressures

201
Q

Role of blood pressure at capillary beds

A

Forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries

202
Q

Role of osmotic pressure in capillaries

A

Draws fluid into capillaries

203
Q

Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the

A

Arterial end of capillary bed

204
Q

Fluid moves out of the capillary at the beginning of the bed and

A

Is reclaimed at the opposite venule end

205
Q

When do vessels have a net fluid movement out?

A

When blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

206
Q

When do vessels have a net fluid movement in?

A

When blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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