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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Fast control system

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Slow control system

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Hormones control

A

1.Reproduction
2.Growth and development
3.Mobilization of body defenses
4. Maintenance of homeostasis
5. Regulation of metabolism

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4
Q

Cells secrete hormones into

A

Extracellular fluids

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5
Q

How do hormones move?

A

Through blood to target sites

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6
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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7
Q

Types of hormones

A

1.Aminoacid based
2.Steroids
3.Prostaglandins

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8
Q

Types of aminoacids based hormones

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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9
Q

What are steroids made from?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

What are prostaglandins made from?

A

Highly active lipids that act as local hormones

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11
Q

What do target cells need to be receptive to hormones?

A

Specific Protein receptors

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12
Q

How does hormone binding affect the cell?

A

Hormone binding affects cellular activity

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13
Q

Common hormone actions

A
  1. Plasma membrane permeability
  2. Activating or deactivating enzymes
  3. Starting or stopping cell division
  4. Promoting or inhibiting secretion of a product
  5. Turn transcription on or off
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14
Q

Action mechanisms of hormones

A
  1. Direct gene activation
  2. Second messenger system
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15
Q

Direct gene activation used by

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Second messenger system used by

A

Protein and peptide hormones

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17
Q

Pathway of direct gene activation

A
  1. Steroids go through plasma membrane of their target
  2. Hormone enters nucleus

3.Hormone binds to receptor

  1. Hormone-receptor complex binds to sites on cell DNA
  2. Certain genes activate and transcribe messenger RNA
  3. New proteins are synthesized
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18
Q

Second messenger system pathway

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane receptor
  2. Activated receptor sets off series that activates an enzyme
  3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces cAMP (second messenger molecule)
  4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response in the target cell
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19
Q

Which feedback mechanism maintains hormone levels ?

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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20
Q

What triggers the release of more hormone?

A

Stimulus or abnormal low hormone level in blood

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21
Q

When does hormone release stop?

A

Once an appropriate level in the blood is reached

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22
Q

3 Categories of stimuli that activate endocrine glands

A

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

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23
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

1.Most common category of stimulus
2.works by:
Endocrine organs activated by other hormones

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24
Q

Example of hormonal stimuli

A

hormones of hypothalamus stimulate anterior pituitary to secrete it’s hormones

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25
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changing blood levels of certain substances promote hormone release

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26
Q

Humoral

A

Various body fluids, including blood and bile

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27
Q

“Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels “ example of which hormone release system?

A

Humoral

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28
Q

“Insulin produced in response to changing blood glucose levels” is an example of which hormone release system

A

Humoral stimuli

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29
Q

Neural stimuli

A

1.Nerve fibers cause hormone release

  1. Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
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30
Q

“Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine” is an example of

A

Neural stimuli hormone release system

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31
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenaline and non-adrenaline

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32
Q

Which glands have purely endocrine functions?

A

1.Anterior pituitary
2.Thyroid
3.adrenals
4. Parathyroids

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33
Q

Which glands are ductless glands?

A

Endocrine

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34
Q

Hormones are released directly into

A

Blood or lymph

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35
Q

Which glands are mixed glands ? (endocrine and exocrine functions)

A

Pancreas and gonads

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36
Q

Which is the master endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary gland

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37
Q

Anterior pituitary made of

A

Glandular tissue

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38
Q

Posterior pituitary made of

A

Nervous tissue

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39
Q

Which bone houses the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid bone specifically: sella turcica

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40
Q

Pea sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

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41
Q

What kind of hormones does hypothalamus make?

A

Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones

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42
Q

Examples of 2 hormones made by hypothalamus

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

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43
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones are released into

A

Portal circulation which connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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44
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are carried to

A

Posterior pituitary via neurosecretory cells for storage

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45
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

DOES NOT MAKE HORMONES, stores them & releases them

Releases oxytocin and ADH

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46
Q

Oxytocin

A

Contractions of uterus

Sexual relations

Breastfeeding

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47
Q

What causes the let-down reflex

A

Milk ejection

Caused by oxytocin

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48
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A
  1. Inhibits urine production/ Promotes water reabsorption by kidneys
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49
Q

What happens when urine volume decreases ?

A

Blood pressure increases

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50
Q

Why is ADH aka vasopressin?

A

Makes arterioles constrict, leading to increased BP. Only in large amounts

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51
Q

What inhibits ADH secretion?

A

Alcohol

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52
Q

Why is inhibiting ADH secretion bad

A

Pee a lot
Can cause dehydration

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53
Q

Which hormones have nonendocrine targets?

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin

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54
Q

Which are tropic hormones?

A

1.Follicle-stimulating hormones
2. Luteinizing hormone
3.Thyrotropic hormone
4.Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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55
Q

Which are the six anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone
    4.Luteinizing hormone
  4. Thyrotropic hormone
  5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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56
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Target other endocrine glands

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57
Q

4 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. Are proteins/peptides
  2. Act through second-messenger systems
  3. Regulated by hormonal stimuli
  4. Regulated mostly by negative feedback
58
Q

Which is the general metabolic hormone?

A

Growth hormone

59
Q

Growth hormone responsible for

A
  1. Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
  2. Determines final body size
    3.amino acids built into proteins
  3. Fats broken down for energy
60
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulate & maintain milk production in women

Unknown role in men

61
Q

Gonadotropic hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

62
Q

FSH

A

Follicle development in ovaries

Sperm development in testes

63
Q

LH

A

Lutenizing hormone
1. Ovulation in females
2. Testosterone production in males

64
Q

Thyrotropic hormone aka thyroid stimulating hormone TH or TSH

A

Growth and activity of thyroid gland

65
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

66
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Roof of third ventricle of brain

67
Q

Pineal gland

A

1.secretes melatonin.
Sleep wake cycle

  1. Coordinates fertility hormones in humans. Inhibits reproductive system until mature
68
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

Base of throat,
Inferior to Adam’s apple

69
Q

Parts of thyroid gland

A

Two lobes and connecting isthmus

Follicles

70
Q

Follicles

A

Hollow structures that store colloidal material

71
Q

Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones which are

A

Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin

72
Q

Thyroid cartilage is commonly known as

A

Adam’s apple

73
Q

Which is the major metabolic hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

74
Q

Function of thyroid hormone

A

Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy

75
Q

Which hormone is needed for tissue growth and development?

A

Thyroid hormone

76
Q

Which are the components of thyroid hormone?

A

1.Triiodothyronine (T3)- conversion of T4 at target tissues

Thyroxine (T4)- secreted by thyroid follicles

77
Q

Iodine containing hormones

A

Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine

78
Q

Which cells are responsible for producing the thyroid hormones?

A

Follicular cells

79
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

80
Q

Which is the antagonist to the parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

81
Q

Calcitonin is produced by?

A

Parafollicular cells found between follicles

82
Q

Parathyroid glands location

A

Tiny masses on posterior face of thyroid

Secrete parathyroid hormone

83
Q

Function of PTH

A

1.Most important regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis

  1. Stimulates osteoclasts, removes calcium from bone
  2. Stimulates kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
84
Q

Which is the hypercalcemic hormone?

A

PTH
Increases blood calcium levels

85
Q

Thymus location

A

Located in upper thorax, posterior to sternum

86
Q

Who has the largest thymus?

A

Infants and children

Decreases in size throughout adulthood

87
Q

Thymus function

A

Makes thymosin

88
Q

Thymosin function

A

Matures some types of white blood cells

Develops immune system

89
Q

Adrenal glands location

A

Sit on top of kidneys

90
Q

Regions of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

91
Q

Adrenal cortex layers: outermost

A

Secretes Mineralocorticoids

92
Q

Adrenal cortex layers: middle

A

Glucorticoids

93
Q

Adrenal cortex layers: innermost

A

Sex hormones

94
Q

Adrenal cortex function

A

Has 3 layers that make corticosteroids

95
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner neural tissue region

Makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

96
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

A

1.Mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions

  1. Water and electrolyte balance
  2. Target organ is kidney
97
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A
  1. Humoral factors (fewer sodium or too many potassium ions in blood)
  2. Hormonal stimulation (ACTH)
  3. Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop of blood pressure
98
Q

What inhibits aldosterone production?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), hormone produced by the heart when BP is too high

99
Q

Glucocorticoids function

A

1.Promote normal cell metabolism
2.Help resist long term stressors by raising glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone)

  1. Anti-inflammatory properties
  2. Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
100
Q

Cortisone and cortisol are types of

A

Glucocorticoids

101
Q

Which is the hyperglycemic hormone

A

Glucocorticoids

102
Q

What is released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH ?

A

Glucocorticoids

103
Q

Small amounts of ___ hormones are made throughout life

A

Sex hormones

104
Q

Most of the sex hormones produced are

A

Androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens are produced as well

105
Q

Catecholamines produced by adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

106
Q

Effect on epinephrine and norepinephrine on body

A

1.Increase heart rate
2.increasw BP
3. Increases Blood glucose
4. Dilated small passageways of lungs

107
Q

Pancreas location

A

Abdomen, close to stomach

108
Q

Pancreas has both___ & ____ functions

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

Mixed gland

109
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

Pancreatic islets

Make hormones:
1.Insulin
2.Glucagon

Hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

110
Q

What produces insulin?

A

Beta cells of islets of langerhans

111
Q

Glucagon produced by

A

Alpha cells of islets of langerhans

112
Q

Antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
113
Q

Function of exocrine cells of pancreas

A

Reduce enzymes of digestion and bicarbonate

114
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases Blood glucose levels (Alpha)

115
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose levels

116
Q

What increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism (hypoglycemic)

A

Insulin

117
Q

What is released when blood glucose levels are low?

A

Glucagon

118
Q

How does glucagon function

A

Stimulates liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels

119
Q

Normal blood glucose levels

A

90mg/100 ml

120
Q

Gonads make

A

Sex cells and sex hormones

121
Q

Location of ovaries

A

Pelvic cavity

122
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Make eggs

123
Q

Groups of steroid hormones produced by ovaries

A

Estrogens
Progesterone

124
Q

Testes

A

1.Male gonads suspended outside of pelvic cavity
2. Make sperm and androgens like testosterone

  1. 3 degrees lower than body temperature
125
Q

Estrogens

A

1.Development of secondary female characteristics, widening of hips

  1. Mature female reproductive organs
126
Q

With progesterone, estrogens also

A

1.Promote breast development

  1. Regulate menstrual cycle
127
Q

Progesterone function

A
  1. Brings menstrual cycle with the help of estrogen
  2. Helps embryo implant in uterus
  3. Helps prepare breasts for lactation
128
Q

Testes function

A

Make androgens

Testosterone is most important androgen

129
Q

Testosterone function

A
  1. Adult male, secondary sex characteristics: deep voice, hair, muscle
  2. Growth and maturation of male reproductive system
  3. Sperm cell production
130
Q

Other hormone producing tissues and hormones

A

Non endocrine
1. Stomach
2. Small intestine
3.Kidneys
4.Heart

131
Q

Stomach makes

A

Growin and gastrin

132
Q

Small intestine makes

A

Cholecystokinin
cho·le·cys·to·ki·nin

133
Q

Kidney hormones

A

erythropoietin

Renin

134
Q

Heart produces

A

ANP
Atrial natriuretic peptide

135
Q

Placenta

A

Makes hormones that maintain pregnancy
Some hormones part of labor

136
Q

Relaxin

A

Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis for childbirth

137
Q

Human placental lactogen hPL

A

Prepares breasts for lactation made by placenta

138
Q

What makes hCG? As well as estrogen, progesterone and other hormones

A

Placenta hCG=human chorionic gonadotropin

139
Q

Describe the efficiency of the endocrine system

A

In the absence of disease, efficiency of endocrine system remains high until old age

140
Q

Decreased function of female ovaries at menopause leads to symptoms such as

A
  1. Osteoporosis,
    Increased chance of heart disease and possible mood changes
141
Q

What happens to the efficiency of the endocrine glands with age?

A

Efficiency of all endocrine glands decreases with age

Increased risk of diabetes mellitus

Immune system depression

lower metabolic rate

cancer rates in some areas

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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