Chapter 3B Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cell life cycle
A
Changes cell goes through from until it’s made until it reproduces
2
Q
Parts of cell division
A
Interphase
Cell division
3
Q
Interphase (metabolic)
A
Cell grows and metabolizes
Longest phase
4
Q
Cell division is when
A
The cell reproduces
5
Q
When is genetic material replicated
A
End of interphase
6
Q
How does DNA replicate?
A
DNA uncoils into nucleotide chains
Bonds complimentary
AT
CG
7
Q
Parts of cell division
A
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
8
Q
Mitosis
A
Division of nucleus
2 daughter nuclei
9
Q
Cytokinesis
A
Division of cytoplasm
Makes 2 daughter cells
Starts at end of mitosis
Starts during late anaphase
Completes during
Telophase
Cleavage furrow (contractile ring)
10
Q
Is interphase a part of mitosis?
A
No, it happens before mitosis
11
Q
Prophase
A
Chromatin Coils . Chromatids held together by centromere
Centrioles direct assembly of mitotic spindle
Nuclear envelope and nucleoli have broken down
12
Q
Metaphase
A
Chromosomes in middle
Straight line
13
Q
Anaphase
A
Centromere splits
Chromatids move apart
14
Q
Telophase
A
Reverse of prophase
Chromosomes uncoil
Spindles break down
Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
Nucleoli appear in each daughter nuclei
15
Q
When is cytoplasm not divided?
A
Binucleate/multinucleate
Liver and skeletal muscles
16
Q
Gene
A
DNA segments carry blueprint for one polypeptide chain
17
Q
Fibrous proteins
A
(structural)
Building materials
18
Q
Globular proteins
A
(functional) act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
19
Q
First part of protein synthesis
A
DNA coded into sequence of bases
Triplet code for an amino acid
20
Q
AAA
A
Phenylalanine
21
Q
Where are most ribosomes located?
A
Cytoplasm or on rough ER
22
Q
If DNA doesn’t leave during interphase, how does it instruct cells
A
Uses a messenger and decoder RNA
23
Q
Differences between RNA and DNA
A
RNA has one strand
RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA has uracil instead of thymine
24
Q
Transfer RNA
A
Sends appropriate amino acids to make proteins
25
Ribosomal RNA
Makes ribosomes
26
mRNA
Carries instructions for building proteins from nucleus to ribosome
27
Phases of protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
28
Transcription
Making the mRNA. Writing down message in DNA triplets. Makes mRNA code for complimentary triplets
29
Transcription happens in
Nucleus
30
Translation happens
Outside of nucleus
31
Translation
mRNA code is interpreted to know which amino acids to use.
Happens in cytoplasm
Involves all 3 types of RNA
32
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structures and functions
33
Types of tissues
Epithelial(epithelium)
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
34
Where can you find epithelial tissues?
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissues (glands) sweat salivary
35
Functions of epithelial tissues
Protect
Absorb
Filter
Secrete
36
Characteristics of epithelial tissues
-cover and line
-form sheets
-avascular
-regenerate easily
37
Describe sheets formed by epithelial tissues
Has an apical surface (free surface)
Anchored surface and
Basement membrane
38
How re epithelial tissues classified
Number of cell layers
Shape of cells
39
Simple epithelia
One layer
Very thin
Absorbtion, secretion, filtration
Bad at protecting
40
Stratefied
More than one layer
41
Squamous
Flattened like fish scales
42
Cuboidal
Cube shaped
Like dice
43
Columnar
Shaped like columns
44
Function of simple squamous cells
Diffusion and filtration
Secretion in serous membranes
Walls of capillaries
Lines lung air sacs
Forms membranes
45
Function of stratified squamous cells
Protection
46
Function of simple cuboidal & simple columnar cells
Secretion and absorption.
Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
47
Stratified cuboidal and stratefied columnar cell function
Protection. Rare in humans
Found in ducts of large glands
48
Simple transitional cell function
No simple transitional epithelium exists
49
Stratified transitional cell function
Protection
Stretching
Distension of urinary structures
Shape of cells depends on amount of stretching
Return to original form
Ureters bladder
50
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?
Glands and gland ducts
Walls of kidney tubules
Surface of ovaries
51
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall cells
Goblet cells secrete mucus between them
52
Locations of simple columnar epithelium
Digestive tract from stomach to anus
Mucous membranes line body cavities opening to exterior
53
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
All cells on basement membrane
One layer, but some cells are shorter than others.
(Looks like stratification)
functions: absorption or secretion
54
Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
55
Do nuclei line up in pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells?
No. That's why they look uneven
56
Stratefied squamous epithelium
Many flat layers
Protective flat covering where friction is common
57
Where do you find stratefied squamous epithelium?
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
58
Stratefied cuboidal epithelium
Two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection
59
Stratefied columnar epithelium
Surface cells are columnar
Underneath cells vary in size and shape
Functions in protection
60
Glandular epithelia
One or more cells secrete something in particular
61
Secretions of glandular epithelia contain
Proteins in water based fluid
62
Secretion is an ____ process
Active
63
Types of glands developed from epithelial sheets
Endocrine
Exocrine
64
Endocrine
Hormones
No ducts,
Diffuse right *into blood vessels *
65
Exocrine
Things come *out through ducts* in the surface
Sweat,
Oil,
Liver
Pancreas
66
Examples of endocrine glands
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary
67
Pancreas is both_____& _____ in function
Endocrine & exocrine
68
Connective tissue
Connects body parts
Most abundant and widely distributed tissues
69
Functions of connective tissue
Protection
Support
Binding
70
Characteristics of connective tissue
Blood supply varies(some good blood supply, other no blood supply or poor blood supply)
Extracellular matrix
71
What is an extracellular matrix
Nonliving material that surrounds living cells
72
Parts of extracellular matrix
1.Ground substance
2.Fibers
73
Ground substance
Mostly water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharide molecules
74
Type of Fibers
Collagen (white) fibers
Elastic (yellow) fibers
Reticular fibers (type of collagen)
75
Connective tissues from most rigid to most fluid
1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Dense connective tissue
4. Loose connective tissue
5. Blood
76
Bone is AKA
Osseous tissue
77
Bone is made of
Osteocytes sitting in lacunae
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Lots of Collagen fibers
Protects and supports body
78
Osteocytes
Bone cells
79
Lacunae
Cavities
80
Cartilage
Found in only few places
Softer than bone
81
Chondrocyte
Major cartilage cell type
82
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
83
Hyaline cartilage
Most widespread type of cartilage
Lots of Collagen fibers behind glassy, rubbery matrix
84
Locations of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
Ribs to breastbone
Ends of long bones
All the fetal skeleton before birth
Epiphyseal plates in long bones (growth)
85
Elastic cartilage
Elasticity
Supports external ear
86
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Cushiony discs between vertebrae of spinal column
87
Dense connective tissue
Mostly made of collagen fiber
Fibroblasts
88
Fibroblasts
Cells that make fibers
Makes collagen to connect tissues
89
Where can you find dense connective tissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Dermis
90
Tendons
Attach skeletal muscles to bone
91
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone at joints. More elastic than tendons
92
Dermis
Lower layers of skin
93
Loose connective tissue
Softer
More cells
Fewer fibers (Except blood)
94
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
95
Describe areolar connective tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Soft, pliable,
Cobwebs
96
Function of areolar connective tissue
Universal packing tissue for most organs
"glue" that hold organs in place
97
Lamina propria
Areolar connective tissue that lines all membranes
Made of elastic and collagen fibers
98
Which type of tissue can soak excess fluid causing edema
Areolar connective tissue
99
Adipose connective tissue
Fat cells
Type of areolar tissue
100
Adipose connective tissue functions
Insulate body
Protects organs
Fuel storage
101
Location of adipose connective tissue
Tissue beneath skin
Protects organs like kidneys
Fat depots like breasts, belly, hips
102
Reticular connective tissue
Makes support (stroma: internal framework of organs)
Interwoven fibers (fibroblasts)
103
Location of reticular connective tissue
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
104
Reticular fibers
Collagen fibers used to give support
105
Blood (vascular tissue)
Surrounded by fluid matrix that's the blood plasma
Transports things for cardiovascular system
Soluble fibers can only be seen during blood clotting
106
Functions of blood (vascular tissue)
Carry nutrients
Waste
Respiratory gases
107
Muscle tissue types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
108
Muscle tissue function
Contract to make things move
109
Skeletal muscle tissue
Muscle connected to bone. Pulls on bone and skin
Controlled consciously
Movements or facial expressions
110
Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
Striations
Multinucleate
Long, cylindrical shape
111
Striations
Stripes
Microscopic
112
Where do you find skeletal muscle cells
Biceps, triceps, glutes, pectoralis
113
Cardiac muscle tissue
Involuntary movement
Only heart
Pump blood through vessels
114
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
Striations
One nucleus
Short, branching cells
Intercalated discs connected by gap junctions
115
Intercalated discs
Membranes fuse together and have gap junctions between them to let them share things and lets heart beat in synchronized manner
116
Smooth muscle tissue
Involuntary control
Walls of hollow organs
Does peristalsis
117
Hollow organs with smooth muscle tissues
Stomach
Uterus
Blood vessels
118
Peristalsis
Wave-like movements that push contents forward
119
Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Spindle shaped cells
120
Nervous tissue
Receive and send electrochemical impulses
Composed of neurons + nerve support cells
121
Irritability
Respond to stimulus and change to impulse
122
Conductivity
Send impulses to other neurons, muscles and glands
123
Neuroglia
Insulate, protect, support neurons
Support cells
124
Nervous tissue found in
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
125
Axons
Sends messages
Long fibers
Part of neuron
126
Dendrites
Receive electrochemical impulses and bring them in
Part of neuron
127
Neuron has
Neuronal body
Processes:
Dendrites axons
128
Types of tissue repair (wound healing)
Regeneration
Fibrosis
129
Regeneration
Destroyed tissue is repaired by the same types of cells
130
Fribrosis
Dense, fibrous connective scar tissue covers area
131
How does the body choose between regeneration and fibrosis
1. Type of tissue
2. Severity of injury
132
Incisions
Clean cuts
Heal more successfully than ragged tears
133
Fractures are generally fixed by
Regeneration
134
MI are generally fixed by
Fibrosis
135
Events of tissue repair
Inflammation
Granulation
136
What happens during inflammation?
Capillaries are very permeable.
(Lets clotting happen)
Clotting happens at area
Clot walls off injured area
137
What happens during granulation?
New capillaries grow
Phagocytes get rid of blood clots and fibroblasts
Collagen fibers are rebuilt
138
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial (skin and mucous membranes)
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
139
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
140
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue with brain and spinal cord
141
Neoplasms
Abnormal cell masses. Normal controls on cell division aren't happening
142
Hyperplasia
Size of organ or tissue gets bigger
Strongly irritated or stimulated
(Too much stim makes it big)
143
Atrophy
Gets smaller
Tissue or organ gets smaller because it's not used or stimulated (too little stim makes it small)
144
Well vascularized tissues
Areolar connective
Bone
Adipose
145
Tissues with limited ____ ____ heal poorly or when they're
Blood supply
Amitotic
Epithelial are highly mitotic
146
Simple cuboidal tissue is found in
Glands and ducts
Absorption and secretion
147
Simple columnar epithelium
Lines digestive tract
Secretion and absorption
148
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines
Most of digestive tract.
Secretion and absorption
Secreted mucus traps inhaled particles. Cilia moves mucus
149
Stratified squamous epithelium lines
Esophagus and mouth
Forms epidermis
Multiple layers that protect underlying tissues from abrasion
150
Microvilli
Increases surface area of plasma membrane
151
Steps for protein synthesis
1. Copy DNA
2. mRNA to ribosome
3.tRNA gets aminoacids
4. Polypeptide grows
5. tRNA released and goes back to cytoplasm
152
Strata
Cells arranged in many layers
153
Which organelle makes proteins used in cytoplasm
Ribosomes within cytoplasm
154
Parts of interphase
G1
S
G2
155
G1
Work
Grow
Prepare
156
S
Synthesis
Centriole replication
DNA replication
157
G2
Prepares for cell reproduction
Cell has grown
DNA has finished replicating
