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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 3B > Flashcards

Chapter 3B Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell life cycle

A

Changes cell goes through from until it’s made until it reproduces

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2
Q

Parts of cell division

A

Interphase
Cell division

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3
Q

Interphase (metabolic)

A

Cell grows and metabolizes

Longest phase

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4
Q

Cell division is when

A

The cell reproduces

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5
Q

When is genetic material replicated

A

End of interphase

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6
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

DNA uncoils into nucleotide chains

Bonds complimentary
AT
CG

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7
Q

Parts of cell division

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of nucleus
2 daughter nuclei

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm
Makes 2 daughter cells
Starts at end of mitosis

Starts during late anaphase

Completes during
Telophase

Cleavage furrow (contractile ring)

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10
Q

Is interphase a part of mitosis?

A

No, it happens before mitosis

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11
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin Coils . Chromatids held together by centromere

Centrioles direct assembly of mitotic spindle

Nuclear envelope and nucleoli have broken down

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes in middle
Straight line

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromere splits
Chromatids move apart

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14
Q

Telophase

A

Reverse of prophase

Chromosomes uncoil
Spindles break down
Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
Nucleoli appear in each daughter nuclei

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15
Q

When is cytoplasm not divided?

A

Binucleate/multinucleate

Liver and skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Gene

A

DNA segments carry blueprint for one polypeptide chain

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17
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

(structural)
Building materials

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18
Q

Globular proteins

A

(functional) act as enzymes (biological catalysts)

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19
Q

First part of protein synthesis

A

DNA coded into sequence of bases

Triplet code for an amino acid

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20
Q

AAA

A

Phenylalanine

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21
Q

Where are most ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm or on rough ER

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22
Q

If DNA doesn’t leave during interphase, how does it instruct cells

A

Uses a messenger and decoder RNA

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23
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has one strand
RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA has uracil instead of thymine

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24
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Sends appropriate amino acids to make proteins

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25
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Makes ribosomes

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26
Q

mRNA

A

Carries instructions for building proteins from nucleus to ribosome

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27
Q

Phases of protein synthesis

A

Transcription
Translation

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28
Q

Transcription

A

Making the mRNA. Writing down message in DNA triplets. Makes mRNA code for complimentary triplets

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29
Q

Transcription happens in

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

Translation happens

A

Outside of nucleus

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31
Q

Translation

A

mRNA code is interpreted to know which amino acids to use.
Happens in cytoplasm
Involves all 3 types of RNA

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32
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells with similar structures and functions

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33
Q

Types of tissues

A

Epithelial(epithelium)
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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34
Q

Where can you find epithelial tissues?

A

Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissues (glands) sweat salivary

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35
Q

Functions of epithelial tissues

A

Protect
Absorb
Filter
Secrete

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36
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

-cover and line
-form sheets
-avascular
-regenerate easily

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37
Q

Describe sheets formed by epithelial tissues

A

Has an apical surface (free surface)
Anchored surface and
Basement membrane

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38
Q

How re epithelial tissues classified

A

Number of cell layers
Shape of cells

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39
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer
Very thin
Absorbtion, secretion, filtration
Bad at protecting

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40
Q

Stratefied

A

More than one layer

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41
Q

Squamous

A

Flattened like fish scales

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42
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube shaped
Like dice

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43
Q

Columnar

A

Shaped like columns

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44
Q

Function of simple squamous cells

A

Diffusion and filtration

Secretion in serous membranes

Walls of capillaries

Lines lung air sacs

Forms membranes

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45
Q

Function of stratified squamous cells

A

Protection

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46
Q

Function of simple cuboidal & simple columnar cells

A

Secretion and absorption.
Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

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47
Q

Stratified cuboidal and stratefied columnar cell function

A

Protection. Rare in humans

Found in ducts of large glands

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48
Q

Simple transitional cell function

A

No simple transitional epithelium exists

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49
Q

Stratified transitional cell function

A

Protection
Stretching
Distension of urinary structures

Shape of cells depends on amount of stretching

Return to original form

Ureters bladder

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50
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

Glands and gland ducts
Walls of kidney tubules
Surface of ovaries

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51
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells
Goblet cells secrete mucus between them

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52
Q

Locations of simple columnar epithelium

A

Digestive tract from stomach to anus
Mucous membranes line body cavities opening to exterior

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53
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

All cells on basement membrane

One layer, but some cells are shorter than others.

(Looks like stratification)

functions: absorption or secretion

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54
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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55
Q

Do nuclei line up in pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells?

A

No. That’s why they look uneven

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56
Q

Stratefied squamous epithelium

A

Many flat layers

Protective flat covering where friction is common

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57
Q

Where do you find stratefied squamous epithelium?

A

Skin
Mouth
Esophagus

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58
Q

Stratefied cuboidal epithelium

A

Two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection

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59
Q

Stratefied columnar epithelium

A

Surface cells are columnar

Underneath cells vary in size and shape

Functions in protection

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60
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

One or more cells secrete something in particular

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61
Q

Secretions of glandular epithelia contain

A

Proteins in water based fluid

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62
Q

Secretion is an ____ process

A

Active

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63
Q

Types of glands developed from epithelial sheets

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

64
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones
No ducts,
Diffuse right *into blood vessels *

65
Q

Exocrine

A

Things come out through ducts in the surface
Sweat,
Oil,
Liver
Pancreas

66
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary

67
Q

Pancreas is both_____& _____ in function

A

Endocrine & exocrine

68
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects body parts

Most abundant and widely distributed tissues

69
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Protection
Support
Binding

70
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Blood supply varies(some good blood supply, other no blood supply or poor blood supply)

Extracellular matrix

71
Q

What is an extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving material that surrounds living cells

72
Q

Parts of extracellular matrix

A

1.Ground substance
2.Fibers

73
Q

Ground substance

A

Mostly water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharide molecules

74
Q

Type of Fibers

A

Collagen (white) fibers
Elastic (yellow) fibers
Reticular fibers (type of collagen)

75
Q

Connective tissues from most rigid to most fluid

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Dense connective tissue
  4. Loose connective tissue
  5. Blood
76
Q

Bone is AKA

A

Osseous tissue

77
Q

Bone is made of

A

Osteocytes sitting in lacunae

Hard matrix of calcium salts

Lots of Collagen fibers

Protects and supports body

78
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

79
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities

80
Q

Cartilage

A

Found in only few places
Softer than bone

81
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Major cartilage cell type

82
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

83
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most widespread type of cartilage

Lots of Collagen fibers behind glassy, rubbery matrix

84
Q

Locations of hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea
Ribs to breastbone
Ends of long bones
All the fetal skeleton before birth
Epiphyseal plates in long bones (growth)

85
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Elasticity
Supports external ear

86
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressible
Cushiony discs between vertebrae of spinal column

87
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Mostly made of collagen fiber
Fibroblasts

88
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that make fibers

Makes collagen to connect tissues

89
Q

Where can you find dense connective tissue

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Dermis

90
Q

Tendons

A

Attach skeletal muscles to bone

91
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone at joints. More elastic than tendons

92
Q

Dermis

A

Lower layers of skin

93
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Softer
More cells
Fewer fibers (Except blood)

94
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

95
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue

A

Most widely distributed connective tissue

Soft, pliable,
Cobwebs

96
Q

Function of areolar connective tissue

A

Universal packing tissue for most organs

“glue” that hold organs in place

97
Q

Lamina propria

A

Areolar connective tissue that lines all membranes

Made of elastic and collagen fibers

98
Q

Which type of tissue can soak excess fluid causing edema

A

Areolar connective tissue

99
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Fat cells
Type of areolar tissue

100
Q

Adipose connective tissue functions

A

Insulate body
Protects organs
Fuel storage

101
Q

Location of adipose connective tissue

A

Tissue beneath skin
Protects organs like kidneys

Fat depots like breasts, belly, hips

102
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Makes support (stroma: internal framework of organs)

Interwoven fibers (fibroblasts)

103
Q

Location of reticular connective tissue

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow

104
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Collagen fibers used to give support

105
Q

Blood (vascular tissue)

A

Surrounded by fluid matrix that’s the blood plasma

Transports things for cardiovascular system
Soluble fibers can only be seen during blood clotting

106
Q

Functions of blood (vascular tissue)

A

Carry nutrients
Waste
Respiratory gases

107
Q

Muscle tissue types

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

108
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Contract to make things move

109
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Muscle connected to bone. Pulls on bone and skin

Controlled consciously

Movements or facial expressions

110
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

A

Striations
Multinucleate
Long, cylindrical shape

111
Q

Striations

A

Stripes
Microscopic

112
Q

Where do you find skeletal muscle cells

A

Biceps, triceps, glutes, pectoralis

113
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Involuntary movement
Only heart
Pump blood through vessels

114
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striations
One nucleus
Short, branching cells
Intercalated discs connected by gap junctions

115
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Membranes fuse together and have gap junctions between them to let them share things and lets heart beat in synchronized manner

116
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary control
Walls of hollow organs
Does peristalsis

117
Q

Hollow organs with smooth muscle tissues

A

Stomach
Uterus
Blood vessels

118
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like movements that push contents forward

119
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle cells

A

No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Spindle shaped cells

120
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Receive and send electrochemical impulses

Composed of neurons + nerve support cells

121
Q

Irritability

A

Respond to stimulus and change to impulse

122
Q

Conductivity

A

Send impulses to other neurons, muscles and glands

123
Q

Neuroglia

A

Insulate, protect, support neurons

Support cells

124
Q

Nervous tissue found in

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

125
Q

Axons

A

Sends messages
Long fibers
Part of neuron

126
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive electrochemical impulses and bring them in

Part of neuron

127
Q

Neuron has

A

Neuronal body

Processes:
Dendrites axons

128
Q

Types of tissue repair (wound healing)

A

Regeneration
Fibrosis

129
Q

Regeneration

A

Destroyed tissue is repaired by the same types of cells

130
Q

Fribrosis

A

Dense, fibrous connective scar tissue covers area

131
Q

How does the body choose between regeneration and fibrosis

A
  1. Type of tissue
  2. Severity of injury
132
Q

Incisions

A

Clean cuts

Heal more successfully than ragged tears

133
Q

Fractures are generally fixed by

A

Regeneration

134
Q

MI are generally fixed by

A

Fibrosis

135
Q

Events of tissue repair

A

Inflammation

Granulation

136
Q

What happens during inflammation?

A

Capillaries are very permeable.
(Lets clotting happen)

Clotting happens at area

Clot walls off injured area

137
Q

What happens during granulation?

A

New capillaries grow
Phagocytes get rid of blood clots and fibroblasts

Collagen fibers are rebuilt

138
Q

Tissues that regenerate easily

A

Epithelial (skin and mucous membranes)

Fibrous connective tissue

Bone

139
Q

Tissues that regenerate poorly

A

Skeletal muscle

140
Q

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

A

Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue with brain and spinal cord

141
Q

Neoplasms

A

Abnormal cell masses. Normal controls on cell division aren’t happening

142
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Size of organ or tissue gets bigger

Strongly irritated or stimulated
(Too much stim makes it big)

143
Q

Atrophy

A

Gets smaller
Tissue or organ gets smaller because it’s not used or stimulated (too little stim makes it small)

144
Q

Well vascularized tissues

A

Areolar connective
Bone
Adipose

145
Q

Tissues with limited ____ ____ heal poorly or when they’re

A

Blood supply

Amitotic
Epithelial are highly mitotic

146
Q

Simple cuboidal tissue is found in

A

Glands and ducts
Absorption and secretion

147
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines digestive tract
Secretion and absorption

148
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines

A

Most of digestive tract.
Secretion and absorption
Secreted mucus traps inhaled particles. Cilia moves mucus

149
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium lines

A

Esophagus and mouth
Forms epidermis
Multiple layers that protect underlying tissues from abrasion

150
Q

Microvilli

A

Increases surface area of plasma membrane

151
Q

Steps for protein synthesis

A
  1. Copy DNA
  2. mRNA to ribosome
    3.tRNA gets aminoacids
  3. Polypeptide grows
  4. tRNA released and goes back to cytoplasm
152
Q

Strata

A

Cells arranged in many layers

153
Q

Which organelle makes proteins used in cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes within cytoplasm

154
Q

Parts of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

155
Q

G1

A

Work
Grow
Prepare

156
Q

S

A

Synthesis
Centriole replication
DNA replication

157
Q

G2

A

Prepares for cell reproduction

Cell has grown
DNA has finished replicating

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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