Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Form of body. How it’s built
2
Q
Physiology
A
Functions. How they work
3
Q
Physiology depends on
A
Structure
4
Q
What do anatomists do?
A
See how the body is built.
Observation and dissection
5
Q
Physiologists
A
See how they work through experiments
6
Q
More common to find _____ discoveries
A
Physiological discoveries
7
Q
Organelles
A
Aggregates of macromolecules.
Organs of cells.
Do something
8
Q
Cells
A
Basic units of structure and function for living things
9
Q
Tissues
A
Group of cells that work together
10
Q
Organs
A
Group of tissues that do something
11
Q
Organ systems
A
Groups of organs that do things together. Digestive is an example
12
Q
Organism
A
Group of organ systems that work together
13
Q
10 Characteristics of life
A
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion
14
Q
Movement
A
Change a position in body
15
Q
Responsiveness
A
Reacts to changes
16
Q
Growth
A
Increase in size WITHOUT CHANGING SHAPE
17
Q
REPRODUCTION
A
Make new organisms or cells
18
Q
Respiration
A
Use O2
Remove CO2
19
Q
Digestion
A
Break food in simpler forms
20
Q
Characteristics of life are shared by ___ organisms
A
All
21
Q
Metabolism made by
A
10 Characteristics of life together
22
Q
Metabolism
A
Physics and chem of Getting
Releasing
Using
Energy
23
Q
Absorbtion
A
Substances move in and out of membranes and into fluids
24
Q
Circulation
A
Movement within body fluids
25
Assimilation
Changing nutrients into chemically different forms
26
Excretion
Removal of metabolic wastes
27
How do you maintain life?
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
28
What does water do?
-most abundant
-used in metabolic processes
-environment for metabolic processes
-transportation medium
-regulates body temp
-makes intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments
29
Food
Nutrients
Energy
Raw materials
For growing and repairing
Regulating chemical reactions
30
Oxygen
Releases energy from food
Important to mitochondria
31
Heat
Product of metabolic reactions that *controls reaction rate *
32
Temperature
Degree of heat
33
Pressure
Force applied to something
34
Atmospheric
Breathing
35
Hydrostatic pressure
Moves blood through blood vessels
36
The ____ and ____ of the charactisrics of life are important
Amount & quality
How much and how good they are
37
Homeostasis
Balance
Stable internal environment
38
How is homeostasis regulated?
Control systems:
Receptors
Set point
Effectors
39
Receptors
Identify changes
Many types
40
Set point
Normal value
41
Effectors
Respond to change. Muscle glands
Fix problem
Make environment stable again
42
The body is constantly trying to maintain
Homeostasis
43
Homeostatic mechanisms control temperature similar to
AC systems
44
Examples of homeostatic mechanisms
Body temperature & BP
45
Can body levels differ from
Person to person
46
Baroreceptors regulate
BP
47
Negative feedback mechanisms
-moves in opposite direction from the change
Reduces the amount of change from set point
Includes most control mechanisms in body
48
Most common type of control mechanism
Negative feedback mechanisms
49
How do negative feedback mechanisms move?
Opposite direction from the change
50
What do negative feedback mechanisms do?
Reduce the amount of change from set point. Closer to set point
51
Normal body temperature
98.6 F
37C
52
Control system of temperature regulatory mechanisms
Brain
53
Effectors of body temp
Blood vessels dilating
Increasing skin blood flow. Reduces friction
Sweat glands
54
Receptors in body temperature mechanism
Thermoreceptors
55
What do blood vessels do when you get cold?
They constrict make you shiver
56
Positive feedback mechanisms
Getting away from set point
Change from set point gets bigger
57
What kind of conditions do positive feedback mechanisms produce in the body?
Unstable
58
Examples of positive feedback mechanisms
Blood clotting and birth
Only main 2 areas it's associated with
59
How is the body organized?
1. Body cavities
2. Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
3. Organ systems
60
Axial portion of body
(head, neck, trunk)
61
Appendicular
Upper and lower limbs
62
Axial portion contains
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
63
Cranial cavity
Brain
64
Vertebral cavity
Spinal cord
65
Thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, mediastinum
66
Mediastinum
Space in chest that holds heart
67
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Diaphragm
68
Abdominal cavity
Víscera of digestion (guts)
Spleen
69
Pelvic cavity
Large intestine, bladder internal reproductive organs
70
Diaphragm
Broad, thin muscle that separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Separates chest cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
71
Smaller cavities within head
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
72
Orbital cavities
Eyes
73
Which membranes are double layered?
The thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
74
Parietal portion attaches to
Wall cavity
75
Visceral portion covers the
Internal organ
76
Parietal
Relating to the walls of a part or cavity. Outer surface of body part
77
Visceral
Large organs
78
Pleural membranes
Thin membranes related to lungs
79
Parietal pleura
Thin membrane that covers walls
80
Visceral pleura
Covers lungs
81
Serous fluid
Fluids that look like serum. Pale and yellow, usually harmless. Watery part of liquids in body
82
What surrounds the heart?
Pericardial membranes
83
Pericardial
Related to membrane that surrounds heart
84
What separated pleural membranes?
Serous fluid
85
Parietal pericardium
Membrane that surrounds outside or heart area
86
Visceral pericardium
Membrane that surrounds heart. Covers heart
87
What separates pericardial membranes?
Serous fluid
88
Peritoneal membranes
Line the abdominopelvic cavity
89
Parietal peritoneum
Lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity
90
Visceral peritoneum
Covers organs
91
Which organ system covers your body?
Integumentary system
92
Integumentary system
Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands.
Covers body
93
What does integumentary system do?
Protects inside tissues
Regulates body temp
Senses changes
Synthesizes certain products
94
What does the integumentary system synthesize?
Sweat
Sebum (oil)
95
Which systems help you move?
Skeletal and muscular
96
What is the skeletal system made of?
Bones and ligaments
97
What does the skeletal system do?
Supports body
Protects
Provides frameworks
Stores inorganic salts
Houses blood forming tissues
98
Muscular system
Muscles that provide body movement, posture and body heat
99
What does it mean to provide framework
Give shape and structure to body
100
Which organ systems give integration and coordination?
Nervous system
Endocrine system
101
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sense organs
Integrates incoming info and tells body what to do .
Sends impulses to muscles and glands
102
Endocrine system
Integrates metabolic functions
103
Parts of endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary,
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pineal
Thymus gland
pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
(Other organs that secrete hormones)
104
Which systems are transport systems?
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
105
Cardiovascular system parts
Heart
Blood vessels
106
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Distributes:
-Oxygen
-Nutrients
-Hormones
Removes wastes
107
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
108
What does the lymphatic system do?
Drains excess tissue fluid
Includes cells of immunity
109
Which organ systems are responsible for absorbtion and excretion?
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
110
Digestive system
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Accessory organs
111
Accessory organs
teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
112
Function of digestive system
Receive
Break down and absorb nutrients
113
Respiratory system function
Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood and air
114
Respiratory system parts
Lungs and passageways
115
Urinary system parts
Kidneys,
Ureters,
Bladder,
Urethra
116
Urinary system function
Removes wastes from blood
Helps maintain water and electrolyte balance
117
Reproductive system function
Make new organisms
118
Male reproductive system parts
Testes
Accessory organs
Vessels that produce and conduct sperm to the female reproductive tract
119
Female reproductive system
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
Produces eggs and houses offspring
120
Anatomical position
Body erect
Face forward
Upper limbs at sides with palms facing forward
121
Terms of relative position
Location of body part with respect to another
122
Superior
Above another part
123
Inferior
Below another part
124
Anterior (ventral)
Towards front
125
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards back
126
Median
Closer to midline
127
Lateral
Towards side
128
Bilateral
Paired structures with one on each side
(Kidneys)
129
Ipsilateral
On same side
Right arm right leg
130
Contralateral
On opposite sides right leg, left arm
131
Proximal
Closer to the midline or trunk than another structure in the body
Closer to point of origin
132
Distal
Further away from the trunk or referenced body part
133
Superficial
Near surface
134
Peripheral
Outward or near the surface
135
Deep
More internal
136
Sagittal section
Divides body into right and left portions.
137
Median or midsagittal section
Passes through midline and body is divided in equal parts
138
Section lateral to midline
Parasagittal
139
Transverse section (horizontal)
Divides body into superior and inferior portions
140
Frontal (coronal)
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
141
Parasagittal planes divides ____ into right and left sectiona
Unevenly
142
Body regions of abdominal area
Epigastric,
Right&left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Left lateral &right lateral (lumbar)
Pubic
Left inguinal and right inguinal (iliac)
143
Quadrants of abdominal area
Right, left upper
Right, left lower
144
Slow acting control system. Acts by means of hormones
Endocrine
145
Hormones circulate in the body to reach
Target cells
146
Endocrine system influences
Growth, development, reproduction, metabolism
147
What does the lymphatic system do?
Cleanse blood
House immunity cells
148
Nerve impulses
Electrical Signals sent by nervous system. Coordinate actions of target organs
149
Which body cavity contains mediastinum
Thoracic
150
Subdivisions of dorsal body cavity
Cranial and spinal
