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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Form of body. How it’s built

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Functions. How they work

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3
Q

Physiology depends on

A

Structure

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4
Q

What do anatomists do?

A

See how the body is built.
Observation and dissection

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5
Q

Physiologists

A

See how they work through experiments

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6
Q

More common to find _____ discoveries

A

Physiological discoveries

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7
Q

Organelles

A

Aggregates of macromolecules.
Organs of cells.
Do something

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8
Q

Cells

A

Basic units of structure and function for living things

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells that work together

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10
Q

Organs

A

Group of tissues that do something

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11
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs that do things together. Digestive is an example

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12
Q

Organism

A

Group of organ systems that work together

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13
Q

10 Characteristics of life

A

Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion

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14
Q

Movement

A

Change a position in body

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15
Q

Responsiveness

A

Reacts to changes

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16
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size WITHOUT CHANGING SHAPE

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17
Q

REPRODUCTION

A

Make new organisms or cells

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18
Q

Respiration

A

Use O2
Remove CO2

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19
Q

Digestion

A

Break food in simpler forms

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20
Q

Characteristics of life are shared by ___ organisms

A

All

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21
Q

Metabolism made by

A

10 Characteristics of life together

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

Physics and chem of Getting
Releasing
Using
Energy

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23
Q

Absorbtion

A

Substances move in and out of membranes and into fluids

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24
Q

Circulation

A

Movement within body fluids

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25
Q

Assimilation

A

Changing nutrients into chemically different forms

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26
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

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27
Q

How do you maintain life?

A

Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

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28
Q

What does water do?

A

-most abundant
-used in metabolic processes
-environment for metabolic processes
-transportation medium
-regulates body temp
-makes intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments

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29
Q

Food

A

Nutrients
Energy
Raw materials
For growing and repairing
Regulating chemical reactions

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30
Q

Oxygen

A

Releases energy from food
Important to mitochondria

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31
Q

Heat

A

Product of metabolic reactions that *controls reaction rate *

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32
Q

Temperature

A

Degree of heat

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33
Q

Pressure

A

Force applied to something

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34
Q

Atmospheric

A

Breathing

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35
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Moves blood through blood vessels

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36
Q

The ____ and ____ of the charactisrics of life are important

A

Amount & quality
How much and how good they are

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37
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance
Stable internal environment

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38
Q

How is homeostasis regulated?

A

Control systems:
Receptors
Set point
Effectors

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39
Q

Receptors

A

Identify changes
Many types

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40
Q

Set point

A

Normal value

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41
Q

Effectors

A

Respond to change. Muscle glands
Fix problem
Make environment stable again

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42
Q

The body is constantly trying to maintain

A

Homeostasis

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43
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms control temperature similar to

A

AC systems

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44
Q

Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

A

Body temperature & BP

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45
Q

Can body levels differ from

A

Person to person

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46
Q

Baroreceptors regulate

A

BP

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47
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms

A

-moves in opposite direction from the change

Reduces the amount of change from set point
Includes most control mechanisms in body

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48
Q

Most common type of control mechanism

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

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49
Q

How do negative feedback mechanisms move?

A

Opposite direction from the change

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50
Q

What do negative feedback mechanisms do?

A

Reduce the amount of change from set point. Closer to set point

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51
Q

Normal body temperature

A

98.6 F
37C

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52
Q

Control system of temperature regulatory mechanisms

A

Brain

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53
Q

Effectors of body temp

A

Blood vessels dilating
Increasing skin blood flow. Reduces friction

Sweat glands

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54
Q

Receptors in body temperature mechanism

A

Thermoreceptors

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55
Q

What do blood vessels do when you get cold?

A

They constrict make you shiver

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56
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms

A

Getting away from set point

Change from set point gets bigger

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57
Q

What kind of conditions do positive feedback mechanisms produce in the body?

A

Unstable

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58
Q

Examples of positive feedback mechanisms

A

Blood clotting and birth
Only main 2 areas it’s associated with

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59
Q

How is the body organized?

A
  1. Body cavities
  2. Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
  3. Organ systems
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60
Q

Axial portion of body

A

(head, neck, trunk)

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61
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower limbs

62
Q

Axial portion contains

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity

63
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Brain

64
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Spinal cord

65
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Heart, lungs, mediastinum

66
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space in chest that holds heart

67
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Diaphragm

68
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Víscera of digestion (guts)
Spleen

69
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Large intestine, bladder internal reproductive organs

70
Q

Diaphragm

A

Broad, thin muscle that separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Separates chest cavity from abdominopelvic cavity

71
Q

Smaller cavities within head

A

Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities

72
Q

Orbital cavities

A

Eyes

73
Q

Which membranes are double layered?

A

The thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes

74
Q

Parietal portion attaches to

A

Wall cavity

75
Q

Visceral portion covers the

A

Internal organ

76
Q

Parietal

A

Relating to the walls of a part or cavity. Outer surface of body part

77
Q

Visceral

A

Large organs

78
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Thin membranes related to lungs

79
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Thin membrane that covers walls

80
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers lungs

81
Q

Serous fluid

A

Fluids that look like serum. Pale and yellow, usually harmless. Watery part of liquids in body

82
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardial membranes

83
Q

Pericardial

A

Related to membrane that surrounds heart

84
Q

What separated pleural membranes?

A

Serous fluid

85
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Membrane that surrounds outside or heart area

86
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Membrane that surrounds heart. Covers heart

87
Q

What separates pericardial membranes?

A

Serous fluid

88
Q

Peritoneal membranes

A

Line the abdominopelvic cavity

89
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

90
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers organs

91
Q

Which organ system covers your body?

A

Integumentary system

92
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands.

Covers body

93
Q

What does integumentary system do?

A

Protects inside tissues
Regulates body temp
Senses changes
Synthesizes certain products

94
Q

What does the integumentary system synthesize?

A

Sweat
Sebum (oil)

95
Q

Which systems help you move?

A

Skeletal and muscular

96
Q

What is the skeletal system made of?

A

Bones and ligaments

97
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

Supports body
Protects
Provides frameworks
Stores inorganic salts
Houses blood forming tissues

98
Q

Muscular system

A

Muscles that provide body movement, posture and body heat

99
Q

What does it mean to provide framework

A

Give shape and structure to body

100
Q

Which organ systems give integration and coordination?

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

101
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sense organs

Integrates incoming info and tells body what to do .

Sends impulses to muscles and glands

102
Q

Endocrine system

A

Integrates metabolic functions

103
Q

Parts of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary,
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pineal
Thymus gland
pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
(Other organs that secrete hormones)

104
Q

Which systems are transport systems?

A

Cardiovascular
Lymphatic

105
Q

Cardiovascular system parts

A

Heart
Blood vessels

106
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Distributes:
-Oxygen
-Nutrients
-Hormones

Removes wastes

107
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

108
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Drains excess tissue fluid
Includes cells of immunity

109
Q

Which organ systems are responsible for absorbtion and excretion?

A

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system

110
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Accessory organs

111
Q

Accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

112
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Receive
Break down and absorb nutrients

113
Q

Respiratory system function

A

Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood and air

114
Q

Respiratory system parts

A

Lungs and passageways

115
Q

Urinary system parts

A

Kidneys,
Ureters,
Bladder,
Urethra

116
Q

Urinary system function

A

Removes wastes from blood
Helps maintain water and electrolyte balance

117
Q

Reproductive system function

A

Make new organisms

118
Q

Male reproductive system parts

A

Testes
Accessory organs
Vessels that produce and conduct sperm to the female reproductive tract

119
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
Produces eggs and houses offspring

120
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body erect
Face forward
Upper limbs at sides with palms facing forward

121
Q

Terms of relative position

A

Location of body part with respect to another

122
Q

Superior

A

Above another part

123
Q

Inferior

A

Below another part

124
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Towards front

125
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Towards back

126
Q

Median

A

Closer to midline

127
Q

Lateral

A

Towards side

128
Q

Bilateral

A

Paired structures with one on each side
(Kidneys)

129
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On same side
Right arm right leg

130
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides right leg, left arm

131
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the midline or trunk than another structure in the body

Closer to point of origin

132
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the trunk or referenced body part

133
Q

Superficial

A

Near surface

134
Q

Peripheral

A

Outward or near the surface

135
Q

Deep

A

More internal

136
Q

Sagittal section

A

Divides body into right and left portions.

137
Q

Median or midsagittal section

A

Passes through midline and body is divided in equal parts

138
Q

Section lateral to midline

A

Parasagittal

139
Q

Transverse section (horizontal)

A

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

140
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

141
Q

Parasagittal planes divides ____ into right and left sectiona

A

Unevenly

142
Q

Body regions of abdominal area

A

Epigastric,
Right&left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Left lateral &right lateral (lumbar)
Pubic
Left inguinal and right inguinal (iliac)

143
Q

Quadrants of abdominal area

A

Right, left upper
Right, left lower

144
Q

Slow acting control system. Acts by means of hormones

A

Endocrine

145
Q

Hormones circulate in the body to reach

A

Target cells

146
Q

Endocrine system influences

A

Growth, development, reproduction, metabolism

147
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Cleanse blood
House immunity cells

148
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Electrical Signals sent by nervous system. Coordinate actions of target organs

149
Q

Which body cavity contains mediastinum

A

Thoracic

150
Q

Subdivisions of dorsal body cavity

A

Cranial and spinal

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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