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anatomy and physiology 1 > Chapter 3a > Flashcards

Chapter 3a Flashcards

1
Q

Structural units of living things

A

Cells have structure and function

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2
Q

How many cells does human body have

A

50 to 100 trillion cells

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3
Q

Activity of an organism depends on the collective

A

Activities of it’s cells

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4
Q

Principle of complementarity

A

Biochemical activities guided by their structure. Structure determines function

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5
Q

Continuity of life has a ____ basis

A

Cellular

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6
Q

Cells are ____ % water

A

60

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7
Q

Parts of cells

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid in cell

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9
Q

Regions in nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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10
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes RNA
Ribosomes

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Packaged DNA

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12
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Barrier separates nucleus from outside

Has pores

Enclosed nucleoplasm

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13
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Let things into and out of nucleus

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14
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Make proteins

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15
Q

Nucleus contains one or more dark staining ____

A

Nucleoli

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16
Q

____ is composed of DNA wound around histones (proteins)

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

_____ scattered throughout nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

____ condensed to form dense, rod-like bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

_____ _______Contains organelles

A

Plasma membrane

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20
Q

Fluid mosaic models

A

2 layers of phospholipids
Cholesterol and proteins
Sugar attached to phospholipids

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21
Q

Glycolipids

A

Sugar attached to phospholipids

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22
Q

Hydrophilic heads face

A

Outside of the layer (front and back)

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23
Q

Hydrophobic tails face

A

Inside of membrane

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24
Q

Can most water soluble molecules get through the cell membrane?

A

No, because the inside of the cell membrane is hydrophobic

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25
Q

Roles of proteins within plasma membrane

A

Enzymes
Receptors for hormones and other chemical messages
Transport channels and carriers

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26
Q

Glyproteins

A

Sugars attached to proteins that line the extracellular space

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27
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy, sticky, sugar rich area on the cell’s surface

Allows cell attachment

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28
Q

How are cells bound together?

A

Glycoproteins

Wavy contours

Special membrane junctions

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29
Q

How are cells attached using glycoproteins?

A

Glycoproteins in glycocalyx act as glue

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30
Q

How do contours help attach cells?

A

Contours of adjacent cells fit together

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31
Q

How do membrane junctions help attach cells

A

They are formed depending on their roles

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32
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermaneable
Leak proof sheets
Fuse like zipper

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33
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junction
Can’t be pulled apart by mechanical stress

Not impermaneable

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34
Q

What makes desmosomes

A

Button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes

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35
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions

Connexons in between adjacent membranes

Molecules travel directly through the channels

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36
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders of proteins

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37
Q

Where is cytoplasm located?

A

Outside of nucleus and inside plasma membrane

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38
Q

Site of most cellular activity

A

Cytoplasm

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39
Q

Parts of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions and organelles

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40
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid suspends nutrients and electrolytes

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41
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances,

Stored nutrients or chemicals,
Cell products that float in cytosol

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42
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of cell that performs function for cell

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43
Q

Organelles are usually surrounded by a

A

Membrane

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44
Q

Mitochondrial wall consists of

A

Double membrane with Cristae on inner membrane

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45
Q

Carries out reactions in which oxygen breaks down food into ATP molecules

A

Mitochondria

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46
Q

Cristae

A

Folding inner membrane of mitochondria

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47
Q

Ribosomes made of

A

Proteins and ribosomal RNA

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48
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Cytoplasm
Rough part of endoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Canals
Carry substances within cell
Make proteins

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50
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum located?

A

Continuous with nuclear membrane

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51
Q

Rough ER

A

Makes proteins

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52
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detox
Synthesizes lipids

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53
Q

What gives rough ER it’s appearance?

A

It is studded with ribosomes

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54
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Move proteins within cell

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55
Q

What is abundant in cells that make and export proteins?

A

Rough ER

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56
Q

Examples of proteins made in rough ER

A

Antibodies and
Water soluble hormones

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57
Q

Steps for making and transporting proteins

A
  1. Made by ribosome
  2. Folds in tunnels. Sugars attached
  3. Packaged
  4. Transport vesicles buds off and goes to golgi apparatus
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58
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks

A

Ribosomes

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59
Q

What part of ER Functions in lipid metabolism

A

Smooth ER

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60
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Postal service

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61
Q

Appears as stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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62
Q

Modifies and packages proteins arriving from rough ER via transport vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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63
Q

Types of packages made by golgi apparatus

A

Secretory vesicles
In-house proteins and lipids
Lysosomes

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64
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Pathway 1

Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
excretes proteins into extracellular fluid

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65
Q

In house proteins and lipids

A

Pathway 2

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66
Q

Lysosomes

A

Pathway 3
Bags that have digestive enzymes

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67
Q

Exocytosis

A

Pouring out

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68
Q

Pathway 3 golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a ___

A

Lysosome

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69
Q

What do lysosomes digest?

A

Worn out or unusable cell structures

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70
Q

Where are phagocytes housed?

A

Lysosomes

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71
Q

Phagocytes

A

Dispose of bacteria and cell debris

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72
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde

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73
Q

How do peroxisomes detoxify?

A

Break down free radicals

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74
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive chemicals

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75
Q

What are free radicals converted to?

A

Hydrogen peroxide and water

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76
Q

How so peroxisomes replicate?

A

Pinching in half or budding from endoplasmic reticulum

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77
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

Oxidase enzymes

78
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein structures that gives shape

79
Q

Types of elements that form cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

80
Q

Microfilaments (smallest)

A

Actin in muscle

Bat-like network

81
Q

Machinery for intracellular transport

A

Cytoskeleton

82
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Keratin

83
Q

Microtubules

A

Spindles during cell division

84
Q

What are Centrioles made of?

A

Made of nine triplets of microtubules

85
Q

Shape of centrioles

A

Rod shaped

86
Q

Generates microtubules

A

Centrioles

87
Q

Directs formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrioles

88
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bi layer with proteins and hormones embedded

Most externally facing proteins and lipids have sugar groups

89
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

External cell barrier and acts in transport of substances

90
Q

Maintains electrical condition that is essential for function of excitable cells

A

Function of cell membrane

91
Q

Externally facing proteins act as receptors, transport proteins and help cells communicate within each other

A

Cell membrane function

92
Q

Inclusions

A

Stored nutrients
Secretory products
Pigment granules

93
Q

Cellular region between nucleus and plasma membranes

A

Cytoplasm

94
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Rod-like double membrane structure
Inner membrane folded into Cristae

95
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration
ATP synthesis
Powerhouse of the cell

96
Q

Burning of glucose

A

Aerobic respiration

97
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

Dense particles consisting of two subunits,
Each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

Free or attached to rough ER

98
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis

99
Q

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes

A

Structure of rough ER

100
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Sugar groups attached to proteins.
proteins bound in vesicles for transport to golgi apparatus

External face makes phospholipids

101
Q

Membranous system of tunnels and sacs; free of ribosomes

A

Smooth ER structure

102
Q

Site of lipid, steroid synthesis. Lipid metabolism, drug detoxification

A

Smooth ER function

103
Q

Packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, or incorporation into the plasma membrane

A

Function of golgi apparatus

104
Q

Stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to ER

A

Golgi apparatus structure

105
Q

Enzymes detoxify,
Most important breaks down hydrogen peroxide, catalase . Detoxify free radicals

A

Function of peroxisomes

106
Q

Membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes

A

Structure of peroxisomes

107
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolase (powerful digestive enzymes)

108
Q

Sites of intracellular digestion “stomach of the cell’

A

Function of lysosomes

109
Q

Largest organelle

A

Nucleus

110
Q

Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli and chromatin

A

Structure of nucleus

111
Q

Control center of cell; responsible for transmitting genetic info and info for protein synthesis

A

Function of nucleus

112
Q

Double membrane with large pores. Outer membrane continuous with ER

A

Nuclear envelope structure

113
Q

Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope function

114
Q

Dense spherical (non membrane bounded bodies) composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins

A

Structure of nucleolus

115
Q

Site of ribosome subunit manufacture

A

Function of nucleolus

116
Q

Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins ‘beads on a string ‘

A

Structure of chromatin

117
Q

DNA constitutes the genes, which carry instructions for building proteins

A

Function of chromatin

118
Q

Surface entensions are found in

A

Some cells

119
Q

Cilia

A

Move materials across cell surface

Move mucus

120
Q

Flagella

A

Move cells
Think of sperm cells

121
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny extensions of plasma membrane

Increase surface area for absorbtion

122
Q

Only flagellated cell in body

A

Sperm

123
Q

Cell shape reflects it’s _____ function

A

Specialized

124
Q

How many types of cells in human body

A

Over 200

125
Q

Nerve cells are over 1 ___ in length

A

Yard

126
Q

Some cells are 1/ 12,000 of an inch t/f?

A

True

127
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Connect body parts
Secrete cable like fibers

128
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell
Carries O2
Connection cell

129
Q

Cells that connect body parts

A

Fibroblasts
Red blood cells

130
Q

Do erythrocytes have organelles?

A

No

131
Q

Cells that cover and line organs

A

Epithelial cells

132
Q

Packs together in sheets

A

Epithelial cells

133
Q

What do the intermediate fibers do

A

Resist tearing during rubbing and pulling

134
Q

True or false: epithelial cells can line organs like small intestine and esophagus and heart

A

True

135
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A

Skeletal muscles and smooth muscle cells

136
Q

Allow cells to shorten forcefully

A

Contractile filaments

137
Q

Cells that store nutrients

A

Fat cells

138
Q

Where are lipid droplets stored within fat cells

A

Cytoplasm

139
Q

Cells that fight disease

A

White blood cells

140
Q

Macrophages

A

Type of white blood cell
Phagocytic cell

141
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Absorb harmful cells or damaged cells

142
Q

Digests infectious organisms

A

Macrophage

143
Q

Cell that gather information and control body functions

A

Nerve cell (neuron)

144
Q

Nerve cell

A

Receives and transmits messages to other body structures

145
Q

Cells of reproduction

A

Oocyte (female)
Sperm(male)

146
Q

Largest cell in the body

A

Oocyte

147
Q

Divides to become embryo upon fertilization

A

Oocyte

148
Q

Built for swimming to egg fertilization

A

Sperm

149
Q

Abilities of cells

A

Metabolize
Digest food
Dispose of waste
Reproduce
Grow
Move
Respond to stimulus

150
Q

Body’s main solvent is

A

Water

151
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Nucleoplasm
Cytosol

152
Q

Solution containing gases, nutrients and salts dissolved in water

A

Intracellular fluid

153
Q

Extracellular fluid is AKA

A

Interstitial fluid

154
Q

Fluid on exterior of cell

Contains thousands of ingredients such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts and waste products

A

Extracellular fluid

155
Q

Plasma membrane is selectively _____

A

Permeable

156
Q

Modes of transport through plasma membrane

A

Passive
Active

157
Q

Passive process

A

Substances transported without any input from the cell

158
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP
Amino acids
Sugars
Ions

Uses pumps
Against gradients

159
Q

Diffusion (passive)

A

High concentration to low concentration
Down concentration gradient

Particles distribute evenly within solution

Depends on particle size, charge and temp

160
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Crossing through a protein without needing energy. Water
Uses carrier proteins but no energy

161
Q

Primary Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient
Na and potassium
ATP

162
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Moves against gradient
Uses downhill gradient from other to drive uphill movement.
Think piggybacking

163
Q

When does diffusion happen?

A

Small enough to pass through pores

Lipid soluble

Assisted by membrane carrier

164
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Lipid soluble
Or small enough

165
Q

Osmosis

A

Simple diffusion of water through aquaporins
Moves down concentration gradient

166
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute=water concentrations
No changes

167
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute than cells
Pulls water out of cells
Cells shrink

168
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solutes, more water than cell water moves into cells

169
Q

Water moves towards

A

Area of higher solute concentration

170
Q

Facilitated diffusion is used for

A

Lipid insoluble and large molecules

171
Q

Glucose is transported via

A

Facilitated diffusion

172
Q

Filtration

A

Water and solutes pushed by hydrostatic pressure

Pressure gradient or difference in pressure has to exist

Used by kidneys

173
Q

Filtrate

A

Solute containing fluid

174
Q

When are active transport processed used?

A

Too big
No carrier
Move against gradient
Not lipid soluble

175
Q

Active transport example

A

Na(in) K (out)
Pump
Nerve impulses

176
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Moving through vesicles in bulk
Endo and exocytosis

177
Q

Mechanism used to actively secrete hormones, mucus and other products

A

Exocytosis

178
Q

Docking

A

Proteins in vesicle recognize proteins in membrane and bind

179
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular substances are engulfed in membranous vesicle

Vesicle comes in and fuses with lysosome which digests

In some case vesicle will just be released

180
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating
Bacteria or body cells

181
Q

Pseudopods

A

Cytoplasm surrounds the bacteria or dead body cells from rest of environment

182
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Protective mechanism,
Not a means of getting nutrients

183
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Gets proteins or fats from extracellular fluid

Routine for absorbtion cells like small intestine

Fluids and small solutes

184
Q

What does plasma membrane do during pinocytosis?

A

Forms a pit. Edges fuse around the droplet or fluid

185
Q

Contains digestive enzymes of many varieties; can destroy the entire cell

A

Lysosomes

186
Q

Slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase it’s surface area

A

Microvilli

187
Q

Stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments

A

Inclusions

188
Q

Two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus; the basis of cilia

A

Centrioles

189
Q

Contractile elements of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

190
Q

Site of detoxification of alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and harmful chemicals

A

Peroxisomes

anatomy and physiology 1 (26 decks)

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