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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > 7a > Flashcards

7a Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input

A

Getting info

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2
Q

What do sensory do?

A

Monitor stimuli in and out of body

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3
Q

Integration

A

Nervous system processes input and sees if you need to do anything

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Response or effect that activates muscles or glands

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5
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

Afferent

A

Sense organs

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8
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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9
Q

Parts of efferent system

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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10
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary
Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary
Cardiac and smooth muscle

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12
Q

Parts of autonomic system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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13
Q

Function of CNS

A

Integration:command center
Interprets info

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14
Q

What is the PNS made of?

A

Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carry messages to and from spine

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Carry messages to and from brain

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17
Q

Function of PNS

A

Communicates sense organs, brain, spinal cord and glands or muscles

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18
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

A

Fibers carry info to CNS

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19
Q

Afferent somatic sensory fibers

A

Carry info from skin, skeletal muscles & joints

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20
Q

Visceral sensory fibers (afferent)

A

Carry info from visceral organs

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21
Q

Motor (efferent) division

A

Nerve fibers carry impulses away from CNS to affector organs

(Muscles and glands)

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22
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells in CNS

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23
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Support
Insulate
Protect neurons

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24
Q

Which cells never lose the ability to divide?

A

Glia aka neuroglia aka glial cells

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25
Q

What do glial cells look like?

A

Neurons

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26
Q

How are glial cells different from neurons

A

Never lose ability to divide
Can’t conduct nerve impulses

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27
Q

Types of nervous tissue cells

A

1.Glia
2. Neurons

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

1.Type of glial

2.Star shaped

3.Anchor neurons to capillaries

  1. Controls permeability, exchanges blood
  2. Protects from harmful chemicals
  3. Controls chemical environment
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29
Q

Most abundant glial cells

A

Astrocytes

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30
Q

Microglia

A
  1. Spidery phagocytes
  2. Check health of neurons
  3. Get rid of debris
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31
Q

Ependymal cells

A

1.Line cavities
2. Cilia help move cerebrospinal fluid
3. Found in ventricles

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32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

1.Make myelin sheath
2.wrap around nerve fibers
3. Insulates axons

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33
Q

Oligodendrocytes part of

A

CNS

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34
Q

Ependymal cells part of

A

CNS

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35
Q

Microglia part of

A

CNS

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36
Q

Astrocytes part of

A

CNS

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37
Q

Schwann cells part of

A

PNS

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38
Q

Satellite cells part of

A

PNS

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39
Q

Schwann cells

A

Make myelin sheath in PNS nerve fibers

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40
Q

Satellite cells

A

Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

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41
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells to transmit messages

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42
Q

Regions on neurons

A

Cell body
Processes

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43
Q

Cell body of neurons

A

Nucleus and metabolic center of cell

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44
Q

Processes of neurons

A

Fibers that extend from cell body

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45
Q

Characteristic of neuron cell body

A

1.Nucleus w/ large nucleolus

2.Nissl Bodies

  1. Neurofibrils
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46
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Special rough ER

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47
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Keep cell shape intermediate filaments

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48
Q

Types of processes

A

1.Dendrites
2.Axons
3. Synapse

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49
Q

Dendrites

A

Messages toward cell body (bring messages)

One neuron may have hundreds

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50
Q

Axons

A

Take messages away

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51
Q

How many axons do neurons have?

A

One

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52
Q

Where is axon located?

A

At axon hillock

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53
Q

Where do axons end?

A

At axon terminals

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54
Q

What do axon terminals contain?

A

Vesicles w/ neurotransmitters

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55
Q

What separates axon terminals?

A

Gap

56
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between axon terminals and next neuron

57
Q

Synapse

A

Functional junction between nerves where nerve impulse is transmitted

58
Q

Myelin

A

White fatty material

Covers axons

Protects, insulates and speeds transmission

59
Q

Wrap axons in jelly roll fashion (PNS) to form myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

60
Q

Neurilemma

A

Part of Schwann cell outside of myelin sheath

61
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath along axon

62
Q

Produce myelin sheath around axons of CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

63
Q

Which myelin sheath cells lack a neurilemma?

A

Oligodendrocytes

64
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies in CNS

65
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies outside of CNS in the PNS

66
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

67
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS

68
Q

White matter

A

Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

69
Q

Gray matter

A

Mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

70
Q

Sensory afferent neurons

A

Take info from sense receptors to CNS

71
Q

Afferent receptors include

A

1.Cutaneous sense organs
2.Proprioceptors (muscles, tendons)

72
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Send info about position & movement of tendons and muscles to CNS

73
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Pain and temp receptors in skin

74
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Touch receptors

75
Q

Lamellar corpuscles

A

Deep pressure receptors

76
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Proprioceptor

Get stimuli from within body

Respond to position and movement

77
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Proprioceptor

Get stimuli from within body

Respond to position and movement

78
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Take orders from CNS to viscera, muscles, glands

79
Q

Interneurons aka

A

Association neurons

80
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons

Cell bodies in the CNS

Reflexes

81
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Many extensions
Most common structural type

82
Q

Motor and interneurons are all

A

Multipolar

83
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One axon
One dendrite

84
Q

Where are bipolar neurons located?

A

Special sense organs
(Nose, eye)

Rare in adults

85
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Short, single process

86
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

PNS ganglia

87
Q

What do unipolar neurons do?

A

Conduct impulses toward and away from the body

88
Q

Irritability

A

Respond to stimulus and turn into impulse

89
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability to transmit impulse to other neurons ,
Muscles or glands

90
Q

Electric condition of resting neuron membrane

A

Polarized
Membrane mostly impermaneable to Na+ and K+

91
Q

Polarized

A

Inactive

92
Q

In a resting neuron membrane, ion distribution

A

Less positive ions inside than outside

93
Q

Major positive ion inside the cell

A

K+

94
Q

Major positive ion outside the cell

A

Na+

95
Q

When does the cell remain inactive?

A

When inside of membrane is more negative (less positive ions) than outside

96
Q

What changes permeability of neuron’s membrane to Na ions ?

A

A stimulus

97
Q

Step 2 of action potential and generation

A

Na channels open and Na+ enters neuron

98
Q

Step 1 of action potential and generation

A

A stimulus changes permeability of membrane

99
Q

Step 3 of action potential and generation

A

Influx of Na+ changes polarity

100
Q

Depolarization

A

Caused by influx of Na+

No longer inactive

101
Q

Step 4 of action potential and generation

A

Localized depolarization exists where inside is more positive than outside

102
Q

Localized depolarization

A

Graded potential

103
Q

Step 5 of action potential and generation

A

If depolarization is great enough, neuron is activated to conduct impulse

104
Q

Propagation of the action Potential

A

If enough Na enters cell, impulse is started and is propagated over the entire axon

105
Q

All or none response

A

Impulse is either propagated or not

106
Q

Fibers with ______ ________ conduct impulses more quickly

A

Myelin sheaths

107
Q

How is action potential propagated?

A

1st membrane patch makes adjacent membrane more permeable.

108
Q

Repolarization

A

Opposite of depolarization

109
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

Becomes impermeable to Na and permeable to K

K+ is removed

Inside has - charge, outside has + charge

110
Q

In which direction does repolarization occur?

A

Same direction as depolarization

111
Q

What restores initial conditions of Na and K ?

A

Na K pump, uses ATP

112
Q

___ ______ ions are ejected from the cell by the Na K pump

A

3 sodium

113
Q

___ _______ ions are returned to the cell by the Na K pump

A

Two potassium

114
Q

Neuron can’t conduct another impulse until

A

Repolarization is complete

115
Q

Step 1 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

Action potential reaches the axon terminal,

Electric charge opens calcium channels

116
Q

Step 2 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

Calcium kick-starts next part

Makes tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitter chemical to fuse w/ axonal membrane.

117
Q

Step 3 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

Release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

118
Q

Step 4 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

Neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft diffuse and bind to receptors on membrane of next neuron

119
Q

Neurons not in direct contact, instead form

A

Synapses

120
Q

Step 5 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

If enough neurotransmitter is released, graded potential is generated. Eventually, nerve impulse will occur beyond the synapse

Kick-starts entrance of Na+ into receiving cell

121
Q

Step 6 of transmission of signal at synapses

A

Electrical changed during neurotransmitter binding are brief

NT removed from synapse

Ion channels closed, NT broken down and released

122
Q

What removes NT from synapse ?

A

Reuptake
Enzymatic activity

123
Q

Transmission down neuron is

A

Electrical

124
Q

Transmission to next neuron is

A

Chemical

125
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses

126
Q

Reflexes occur over which neural pathways?

A

Reflex arcs

127
Q

Types of reflexes

A

Somatic
Autonomic

128
Q

5 elements of reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center (spinal cord)
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
129
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Stim skeletal muscles
Involuntary
Pulling hand away from fire

130
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A
  1. Smooth muscle,
    Heart,
    Glands.
  2. Regulation of smooth muscle, heart, BP, glands, digestive system
131
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Reacts to stim

132
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carries message to integration center

133
Q

Integration center (CNS)

A

Processed info and directs motor output

134
Q

Motor neuron

A

Carries message to effector

135
Q

Effector organ

A

Muscle or gland that’s stimulated

136
Q

Two neuron reflex arcs

A

Simplest type
Patellar (knee jerk) reflex

137
Q

3 neuron reflex arcs

A

Has all 5 parts of a reflex arc

Flexor: withdrawal (hot surfaces)

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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