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anatomy and physiology 1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Special senses include

A

Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Equilibrium

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2
Q

Special sense receptors

A

Large, complex sensory organs (eye and ear)

Localized clusters of receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)

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3
Q

70 Percent of all sensory receptors are in

A

Eyes

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4
Q

How many nerve fibers in each eye?

A

Over 1 million nerve fibers per eye

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5
Q

Accessory structures in eye

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

Eyelids

Conjunctiva

Lacrimal apparatus

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6
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Eye movement

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7
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Cover sclera and cornea (connects w/)

Membrane line eyelids & eyeballs

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8
Q

Palpebra

A

Eyelid

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9
Q

Eyelids meet in

A

Commisure or canthus

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10
Q

Lateral commissure

A

Outer corner of eye

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11
Q

Medial commissure of eye

A

Inner corner of eye

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12
Q

Sclera

A

White part
Covered by conjunctiva

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13
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye

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14
Q

Cornea

A

Clear part of sclera

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15
Q

Pupil

A

Dark part of eye
Photons of light pass

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16
Q

Meets at medial and lateral commisures

A

Eyelids

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17
Q

Eyelashes

A

Prevent injury, keep debris out

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18
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Produce oily secretion that lubricates eye

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19
Q

Mebum

A

Oily secretion that lubricates eye

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20
Q

Ciliary glands located

A

Between eyelashes

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21
Q

What secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it moist

A

Conjunctiva

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22
Q

Parts of Lacrimal apparatus

A

Lacrimal gland

Ducts

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23
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Lacrimal fluid

On lateral end of each eye

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24
Q

Explain how tears drain

A
  1. Drain across eye into Lacrimal canaliculi
  2. Lacrimal sac
  3. Nasolacrimal duct
  4. Empties into Nasal cavity
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25
Q

What is inside tears?

A

Dilute salt solution
Mucus
Antibodies
Lysozyme (enzyme destroys bacteria)

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26
Q

Function of tears

A

Cleanse
Protect
Moisten
Lubricate eye

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27
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Attach to outer surface of the eye

Make gross eye movement

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28
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Superior, inferior oblique

2 Lateral, superior, inferior rectuses

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29
Q

Trochlea

A

Anchored superior oblique

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30
Q

Lateral rectus action

A

Moves eye laterally

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31
Q

Controlling cranial nerve of lateral rectus

A

VI
Abducens

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32
Q

Medial rectus action

A

Moves eye medially

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33
Q

Medial rectus controlled by

A

III (oculomotor)

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34
Q

Superior rectus action

A

Elevates eye
Turns it medially

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35
Q

Superior rectus controlled by

A

III oculomotor

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36
Q

Inferior rectus action

A

Depresses eye

Turns it medially

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37
Q

Inferior rectus controlled by

A

III oculomotor

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38
Q

Inferior oblique action

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

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39
Q

Inferior oblique controlling cranial nerve

A

III oculomotor

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40
Q

Superior oblique action

A

Depresses eye & turns laterally

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41
Q

Controlling cranial nerve superior oblique

A

IV (trochlear)

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42
Q

Tunics of eyeball

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory

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43
Q

Humors

A

Fluids that fill inside of eyeball

Give shape

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44
Q

Lens divides eye into

A

Two chambers
Anterior posterior chambers

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45
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Outside layer
Sclera

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46
Q

Vascular layer

A

Middle layer

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47
Q

Sensory layer

A

Inside layer
Photoreceptors and pigment layer

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48
Q

Outermost fibrous layer of eye

A

Sclera

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49
Q

Middle layer or eye

A

Choroid
Vascular

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50
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer
Sensory
rods
Cones
Photoreceptors

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51
Q

Focused light directed to

A

Fovea Centralis

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52
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

Higher concentration of photoreceptors

More cones

Higher visual acuity

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53
Q

Parts of fibrous layer

A

Sclera+ cornea

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54
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent,
Central anterior portion

Lets light pass through

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55
Q

What repairs itself easily?

A

Cornea

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56
Q

Only human tissue that can be transplanted w/o fear of rejection

A

Cornea (lack of blood vessels)

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57
Q

Choroid

A

Blood rich
Nutritive layer

Pigment that prevents light from scattering

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58
Q

Choroid modified anteriorly into two smooth muscle structures known as

A

Ciliary body
Iris

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59
Q

Ciliary body

A

Attached to lens by suspensory ligament called ciliary zonule

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60
Q

Iris

A

Regulates amount of light entering eye

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61
Q

Function of pigmented layer of iris

A

Gives eye color

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62
Q

Pupil

A

Rounded opening in iris

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63
Q

Point where light enters into eye from cornea

A

Pupil

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64
Q

Light passes from cornea to

A

Lens and after to retina

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65
Q

Layers of retina

A

Pigmented layer
Inner Neural layer

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66
Q

Inner neural layer

A

Has rods and cones

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67
Q

Outer pigmented layer

A

Absorbs light and prevents it from scattering

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68
Q

Sensory layer

A

Signals pass from photoreceptors via a
Two neuron chain

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69
Q

Two neuron chain made of

A

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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70
Q

Signals leave retina towards brain through

A

Optic nerve

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71
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot
Optic nerve leaves eyeball

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72
Q

Cannot see images focused on

A

Optic disc

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73
Q

Phototransduction

A

Specialized outer segment of photoreceptors

Capture light and converts into electrical signals

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74
Q

Photoreceptors (rods)

A

Pick up photons peripheral vision

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75
Q

Cones

A

visualize visible light. Different colors

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76
Q

Axons of ganglion cells make

A

optic nerve

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77
Q

Three major types of neurons that make retina

A

Rods (photoreceptors)

Cones (visible light)

Bipolar cells

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78
Q

Central artery and vein of retina

A

Rich blood supply to and from eye

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79
Q

Rods found in

A

Edges of retina

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80
Q

What allows vision in dim light?

A

Rods

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81
Q

What allows peripheral vision

A

Rods

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82
Q

Perception is in grey tones

A

Rods

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83
Q

Where are cones densest ?

A

Center of retina

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84
Q

Fovea Centralis location

A

Lateral to blind spot

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85
Q

Area of retina w/ only cones

A

Fovea Centralis

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86
Q

Highest visual acuity

A

Fovea Centralis

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87
Q

No ______ are at the optic disc or blind spot

A

Photoreceptor cells

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88
Q

Allow for detailed color vision

A

Cones

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89
Q

Point where optic nerve enters and exits eye

A

Optic disc

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90
Q

Photopsin 1

A

Red pigments

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91
Q

Photopsin 2

A

Green

92
Q

Photopsin 3

A

Blue or violet pigments

93
Q

Lens

A

Flexible,
Biconvex crystal-like structure

94
Q

Lens held in place by

A

Held by suspensory ligament attached to ciliary body

95
Q

Lens sits posterior to

A

Iris
Cornea
Pupil

96
Q

Lens flexibility helps it

A

Focus and accommodate light passing through lens

97
Q

Explain how focus happens

A

Ciliary muscle pulls on lens to let focus

98
Q

Ciliary zonule

A

Suspensory ligaments

99
Q

Aqueous segment

A

Anterior segment of lens
Has aqueous humor

100
Q

Vitreous segment

A

Posterior segment of lens

Gel like vitreous humor

101
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery fluid between lens and cornea, sim. to plasma

102
Q

What helps maintain intraocular pressure?

A

Aqueous humor

103
Q

Function of aqueous humor

A

Maintain intraocular pressure

Nutrients for lens and cornea

104
Q

How is aqueous humor reabsorbed?

A

Scleral venous sinus
Canal of schlemm

105
Q

Vitreous humor function

A

Prevents eye from collapsing

Maintain intraocular pressure

106
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Illuminates inside of eyeball and fundus

107
Q

Fundus

A

Posterior wall of eye

108
Q

What can ophthalmoscopes detect?

A

Diabetes, arteriosclerosis,
Degeneration of optic nerve and retina

109
Q

Dark area of eye

A

Macula

Houses fovea centralis

110
Q

For optimal vision, light must be

A

Focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision (fovea centralis)

111
Q

What bends or refracts light?

A

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor

112
Q

Eye is set for _____ vision over 20 ft away

A

Distant

113
Q

Accomodation

A

Lens must change shape to focus on objects less than 20 ft away

114
Q

When looking at light from distant source lens is

A

Flatter

115
Q

When looking at light from closer source lens is

A

More curved

116
Q

Image formed on retina is a

A

Real image

117
Q

Real images are:

A

Reversed from left to right

Upside down

Smaller than the object

118
Q

Visual fields and visual pathways to the brain

A

Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tracts
Optic radiation

119
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundle of axons that exit back of eye carrying impulses through retina

120
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Location where optic nerves cross

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

121
Q

Signals passed through ____ to the optic nerve

A

Transduction

122
Q

Optic tracts synapse with

A

Synapse w/ neurons in thalamus

123
Q

Optic tracts contain

A

Fibers from lateral side of eye on same lateral side

Fibers from medial side come from the opposite eye

124
Q

Optic radiation

A

Axons from thalamus run to the occipital lobe

125
Q

Optic radiation synapse with

A

Cortical cells and vision interpretation (sight) happens

126
Q

Summary of the pathway from retina to point of visual interpretation

A
  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic chiasma
  3. Optic tract
  4. Thalamus
  5. Optic radiation
  6. Visual cortex in occipital lobe of brain
127
Q

Left visual field ends up on

A

Right cortex and vice versa

128
Q

Binocular vision results and provides

A

Depth perception (3D vision)

129
Q

Each eye sees a

A

Slightly different view

130
Q

Field of view _____ for each eye

A

Overlaps

131
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal eye vision

Eye focuses images correctly on retina

132
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

133
Q

Myopia results from

A

Too long eyeball

134
Q

How do distant objects appear with myopia

A

Blurry

135
Q

What happens in myopia

A

Light from objects fails to reach retina

Focused in front of it

136
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

137
Q

In hyperopia near objects are

A

Blurry, distant objects are clear

138
Q

Describe focus in hyperopia

A

Distant objects focused behind retina

139
Q

Hyperopia results from

A

Too short eyeball
or
“Lazy lens”

140
Q

Astigmatism

A

Images are blurry

Unequal curvature of cornea or lens

141
Q

Astigmatism results from

A

Light focusing as lines not points on the retina because of unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

142
Q

Concave lens correct which eye

A

Myopic

Move focus point further back

143
Q

Convex lens move focal point ______ fix ______ eye

A

Forward

Hyperopic

144
Q

Cylindrically ground lenses fix

A

Astigmatism

145
Q

Convergence

A

Reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we focus on a close object

146
Q

Photopupillary reflex

A

Bright light causes pupils to constrict

147
Q

Accomodation pupillary reflex

A

Viewing close objects causes pupils to constrict

148
Q

Ear houses 2 senses

A

Hearing
Equilibrium

149
Q

Receptors in ear are called

A

Mechanoreceptors

150
Q

Three areas of ear

A

External
Middle
Internal

151
Q

Auricle aka

A

Pinna

152
Q

Auricle or pinna is

A

Outer ear
Visible portion

Directs sound waves to canal

153
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Pinna (auricle)

External acoustic meatus

154
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

Auditory canal

Narrow chamber in temporal bone

Lined with ceruminous glands

155
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax
Traps foreign objects

Repels insects

156
Q

External acoustic meatus ends at

A

Tympanic membrane

157
Q

Tympanic membrane is aka

A

Eardrum

158
Q

Middle ear cavity

A

Tympanic cavity

159
Q

Air filled, mucosa lined cavity within temporal bone

A

Tympanic cavity

160
Q

Tympanic cavity is only involved in

A

Sense of hearing

161
Q

Tympanic cavity location

A

Between tympanic membrane (laterally)

Medially by bony wall w/ two openings

Oval window

Round window

162
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

links middle ear cavity with throat

Equalizes pressure in middle ear cavity so eardrum can vibrate

163
Q

Ossicles (bones) inside tympanic cavity

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

164
Q

Function of ossicles in middle ear

A

Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membranes to fluids in the inner ear

165
Q

Describe how vibrations travel in middle ear

A

Hammer>anvil>stirrup> oval window of inner ear

166
Q

Hammer attached to

A

Tympanic membrane

167
Q

Inner ear includes sense organs for

A

Hearing and balance

168
Q

Bony labyrinth consists of

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals

169
Q

Bony labyrinth is filled with

A

Perilymph

170
Q

Membranous labyrinth is suspended in _______

A

Perilymph

171
Q

Membranous labyrinth contains

A

Endolymph

172
Q

Parts of inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth

173
Q

Spiral organ of corti located within

A

Cochlear duct

174
Q

Spiral organ of corti

A

Has receptors=hair cells on basilar membrane

Gel, like tectorial membrane that can bend hair cells

175
Q

Cochlear nerve attached to the hair cells transmits nerve impulses to

A

Auditory cortex on temporal lobe

176
Q

Pathway of vibrations from sound waves

A
  1. Auricle (pinna)
  2. External acoustic meatus
  3. Tympanic membrane
  4. Ossicles amplify sounds
  5. Oval window
  6. Basilar membrane in spiral organ of corti
  7. Hair cells of tectorial membrane bent when basilar membrane moves against it
  8. Action potential starts in cochlear nerve (cranial nerve 8)
  9. Impulse travels to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
177
Q

High pitched sounds disturb

A

Short, stiff fibers of basilar membrane

Receptor cells close to oval window are stimulated

178
Q

Low pitched sounds disturb

A

Long, floppy fibers of basilar membrane

-specific hair cells further along cochlea are affected

179
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

Equilibrium receptors of inner ear

180
Q

Vestibular apparatus has two functional parts

A

Static and dynamic equilibrium

181
Q

Maculae

A

Receptor in vestibule

Report on position of head

Help keep head erect

182
Q

How do maculae send information

A

Via vestibular nerve (part of cranial nerve 8) to cerebellum of brain

183
Q

Anatomy of maculae

A

Hair cells embedded in otolithic membrane

Otoliths float in gel around hair cells

184
Q

What causes otoliths to roll and bend hair cells

A

Movements

185
Q

Otoliths

A

Tiny stones

186
Q

Oto-

A

Ear

187
Q

-Lith

A

Stone

188
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

Responds to angular or rotational movements of head

189
Q

Crista ampullaris location

A

In ampulla (expanded portion) of each semicircular canal

190
Q

Tuft of hair cells in Crista ampullaris covered w/

A

Cupula (gelatinous cap)

191
Q

If the head moves, the cupula,

A

Drags against the endolymph

192
Q

If cupula drags against endolymph,

A

Hair cells are stimulated,

Impulse travels the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum

193
Q

Deafness

A

Any degree of hearing loss

194
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Sound vibrations hindered through external and middle ear

195
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Damage to nervous system structures involved in hearing

196
Q

Menieres syndrome

A

Affects inner ear

Progressive deafness

Often vertigo

197
Q

Chemical senses

A

Smell
Taste

198
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Stimulated by chemicals

199
Q

Taste has _ types of receptors

A

5

200
Q

Smell can differentiate a

A

Wider range of chemicals

201
Q

Taste and smell compliment each other; respond to

A

Many of same stimuli

202
Q

Olfactory receptors are in

A

Roof of nasal cavity

203
Q

Olfactory receptor cells are a type of

A

Neuron

204
Q

Olfactory hairs

A

Long cilia on olfactory receptor cells

Detect chemicals

205
Q

Olfactory receptors can only detect chemicals that are

A

Dissolved in mucus

206
Q

Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory

A

Filaments to cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)

207
Q

Smells are interpreted in

A

The olfactory cortex

208
Q

Taste buds house

A

Receptor organs

209
Q

Locations of taste buds

A

Most of tongue
Soft palate
Superior part of pharynx
Cheeks

210
Q

Tongue covered w/ projections called

A

Papillae

211
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Bumps on tongue
Button like

212
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Ribbed lines on side of tongue

213
Q

Vallate papillae

A

Posterior aspect of tongue
Straight line
Concentric nodules

Highest # of taste buds

Largest of taste buds

214
Q

Gustatory cells

A

Taste receptors
Have gustatory hairs

215
Q

Gustatory hairs

A

Long microvilli

Protrude through taste pore

216
Q

How are gustatory hairs stimulated

A

Chemicals dissolved in saliva

217
Q

Gustatory cells synapse with

A

Sensory nerve fibers and through basal cells into connective tissue layer

218
Q

Impulses carried to gustatory complex by several cranial nerves because

A

Taste buds found in different areas

219
Q

Taste buds are frequently replaced by

A

Basal cells

220
Q

Nerves that carry gustatory impulses

A

Facial nerve (7)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
Vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

221
Q

Neuronal cells capable of regeneration

A

Taste buds
Olfactory cells

222
Q

Sweet receptors

A

Most on top of tongue

Respond to sugars, saccharine,
Some aminoacids

223
Q

Sour receptors respond to

A

H+ ions or acids

Sides

224
Q

Bitter receptors respond to

A

Alkaloids

225
Q

Salty receptors respond to

A

Metal ions

226
Q

Umami receptors respond to

A

Amino acid glutamate
Or beefy taste of meat

anatomy and physiology 1 (26 decks)

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