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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do body membranes do?

A

1.Cover body surfaces
2.Line body cavities
3. Protective sheets around organs

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2
Q

How are body membranes classified?

A

According to tissue types

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3
Q

Types of Epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes

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4
Q

Which are classified as connective tissue membranes?

A

Synovial membranes

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5
Q

Epithelial membranes are _____ organs

A

Simple

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6
Q

Epithelial membranes are AKA as ____ membranes and ______ membranes

A

Covering and lining

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7
Q

Covering and lining membranes have which two layers?

A

Epithelial
Connective

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8
Q

Describe the cutaneous membrane=skin

A

-Dry
-Outermost

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9
Q

Parts of cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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10
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Keratenized stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the dermis

A

Mostly dense fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Moist cavities
Line cavities that open to exterior
For absorption and secretion

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13
Q

Parts of mucous membranes

A

Epithelium type depends on the site
Loose connective tissue

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14
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue

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15
Q

Mucous membranes examples

A

Line mouth, nose, intestines, urinary bladder and urethra

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16
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior

In pairs (visceral/parietal layer separated by serous fluid)

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17
Q

Parts that make serous membranes?

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar connective tissue

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18
Q

Another name for serous membranes?

A

Serosae

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19
Q

Relationship between parietal serous membrane and visceral serous membrane

A

Think fist in limp balloon

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20
Q

Types of serous membranes

A

Peritoneum
Pleura
Pericardium

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21
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that is around lungs

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23
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane that is around the heart

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24
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Connective tissue membranes. Make fluid filled cushions around joints

Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Bursae and tendon sheath

Secrete lubricating fluid to cushion organs during moving

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25
Bursae
Small, fluid filled sacs between bones and soft tissue. Act as cushions to reduce friction
26
Tendon sheaths
Membrane that surrounds tendon and lets it stretch and not adhere to fascia. Has lubricating fluid. Allows smooth motion during movement
27
Intergumentary system is made of
Skin Skin appendages
28
Skin appendages include
Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails
29
What does the intergumentary system do?
1.Insulates and cushions deeper body organs 2.Protects 3.Body heat retention 4. Helps excrete urea and uric acid 5. Makes vitamin D
30
What does intergumentary system protect against?
Mechanical damage Chemical damage Thermal damage UV radiation Microbes Desiccation
31
Urea and uric acid are found in _____
Sweat
32
How does intergumentary system protect against mechanical damage?
1.Fat cushions blows 2.Physical barrier has keratin (makes cells tougher) 3.pressure and pain receptors alert nervous system to possible damage
33
How does intergumentary system protect against chemical damage?
1. Keratinized cells are relatively impermeable. 2. Have pain receptors that alert nervous system to possible damage.
34
How does the intergumentary system protect against microbe damage?
1. Surface is unbroken and secretes an "acid mantle". 2. Acidic skin secretion inhibit microbes like bacteria 3. Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from further penetrating into deeper body tissues
35
How does the intergumentary system protect against UV radiation?
Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage
36
How does the intergumentary system protect against thermal heat?
Has heat/cold/pain receptors
37
How does the intergumentary system protect against desiccation (drying out)?
Has water-resistant glycolipid and keratin
38
How does the intergumentary system protect against heat loss?
Sweat glands are activated letting blood flush to skin capillary beds to make heat radiate from skin surface.
39
How does intergumentary system aid heat retention?
Not letting blood flush into skin capillary beds
40
How does the intergumentary system help in excretion of urea and uric acid?
Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands
41
How does intergumentary system help make vitamin D?
Modified cholesterol molecules in skin are converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight
42
2 Types of tissue that compose skin
Epidermis Dermis
43
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
-Anchors skin to underlying organs -not *technically* part of intergumentary system -mostly adipose tissue -shock absorber and insulated deeper tissues
44
Characteristics of epidermis (outer layer)
1. Can be hard and tough 2. Keratinized Stratified, squamous epithelium 3.Has keratinocytes (have fibrous protein called keratin 4.Avascular 5. Has 5 layers
45
Strata
5 layers of of skin
46
Layers of epidermis from deepest to most superficial
1.Stratum basale 2.Stratum spinosum 3.Stratum granulosum 4.Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) 5. Stratum corneum
47
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Palms and soles
48
Californians like girls in string bikinis
Acronym for layers of skin
49
Stratum Basale is AKA
Stratum germinativum
50
Stratum Basale
1.Deepest layer of epidermis 2.Next to dermis 3.Cells undergoing mitosis 4.Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
51
What anchors the stratum Basale to the dermis
Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors 2 together
52
Stratum spinosum
Cells become flatter and more keratinized
53
Stratum granulosum
Very thin layer within the epidermis Keratinocytes migrating from stratum spinosum become granular cells when they're in this layer
54
Stratum lucidum
Dead cells from deeper strata Only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet
55
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
56
Melanin is made by
Melanocytes
57
Melanocytes are mostly in the _____ ________ of the epidermis
Stratum Basale
58
Color of melanin
Yellow to brown to black pigments
59
Where does melanin accumulate?
Membrane-bound granules called melanosomes
60
What does amount of melanin produced depend on?
Genetics and exposure to sunlight
61
Epidermal dendritic cells
Alert and activate immune cells to threats (bacterial or viral invasion)
62
Merkel cells
Associated with sensory nerve endings Serve as touch receptors (Merkel discs)
63
Merkel discs
Touch receptors
64
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer Reticular layer
65
Papillary layer
(upper dermal region) 1.Has dermal papillae 2.Indents epidermis above 3.Has many projections 4.On palm and sole surface 5. Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat
66
Types of projections in skin
Capillary loops Other projections house pain and touch receptors
67
Papillae
Increase friction and gripping ability on palm and sole surfaces
68
Fingerprints
Identifying films of sweat
69
Deepest skin layer
Reticular layer -blood vessels -sweat and oil glands -Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
70
Lamellar corpuscles
Deep pressure receptors
71
Other dermal features
Cutaneous sensory receptors Phagocytes Collagen and elastic fibers Blood vessels
72
What contributes to skin color
Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin
73
Carotene
Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
74
Hemoglobin
Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
75
Erythema
Redness due to embarrassment, Inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy
76
Blanching
Pallor Due to emotional stress (fear), anemia, low BP, impaired blood flow
77
Jaundice
Yellow cast Liver disorder
78
Bruises
Black and blue marks Hematomas
79
Cutaneous glands are all _____ glands
Exocrine
80
Types of cutaneous glands
Sebaceous and sweat glands
81
Appendages of the skin include
Cutaneous glands Hair Hair follicles nails
82
Sebaceous glands
All over skin except palms and soles Make oil Activated at puberty Have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
83
Functions of sebum
Keep hair soft and moist Prevents hair from becoming brittle Kills bacteria
84
What happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty
They increase in size because of androgens
85
Sudoriferous glands
Make sweat Widely distributed in skin
86
Types of sudoriferous glands
Eccrine Apocrine
87
Eccrine sweat glands
Open via ducts to pores on skin surface Make acidic sweat Help regulate body temp (sweat when body overheats)
88
What does acidic sweat contain?
Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste
89
Apocrine glands
Ducts empty into hair follicles in armpit and genitals Start working at puberty Sweat released has fatty acids and proteins (Milky or yellowish color) Min role in body temperature reg
90
What is hair made by?
Hair follicle
91
Where is the hair root?
In the follicle
92
Where does hair shaft project from?
Surface of scalp or skin
93
What is hair made of?
Keratinized epithelial cells
94
What gives pigment for hair color?
Melanocytes
95
Where does hair grow
Matrix of hair bulb in stratum Basale
96
Where is the hair root located?
Within hair follicle
97
What is the hair shaft
Exposed portion of hair that can be seen from skin and scalp
98
Sebaceous glands are attached to the hair ____
Follicle
99
What causes hair to stand erect?
Arrector pili muscle
100
What causes goosebumps
Arrector pili muscle
101
Hair anatomy
-Central medulla -Cortex surrounds medulla -Cuticle on outside of cortex
102
Most heavily keratinized region of the hair?
Cuticle on outside of cortex
103
Hair follicle
Has epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath Dermal region gives blood supply to hair bulb (deepest part of follicle) Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when cold or frightened
104
Nails
Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis Stratum basale goes past the nail bed that's responsible for growth No pigment so they're colorless
105
Parts of a nail
-Free edge -Body (visible attached portion -Nail folds (skin folds overlap edges of nail; cuticle is proximal edge) -Root nail is embedded in skin -growth happens from nail matrix
106
Homeostatic imbalances of skin
Athletes foot Boils Cold sores
107
Athletes foot
Caused by tinea pedis Itchy, red peeling between the toes
108
Furuncles and carbuncles
Inflammation of hair follicles Carbuncles (clusters of boils caused by bacteria)
109
Cold sores
Fever blisters Caused by human herpes virus 1 Blisters itch and sting
110
Tinea pedis
Athletes foot
111
Clusters of boils caused by bacteria?
Carbuncles
112
Types of infections and allergies
Contact dermatitis Impetigo Psoriasis
113
Contact dermatitis
Itching, redness and swelling of skin
114
What causes contact dermatitis?
Chemicals that provoke allergic responses Soaps, cosmetics, fragrances, poison ivy
115
Impetigo
Pink, fluid filled raised legions around mouth/nose
116
Causes of impetigo
Bacterial infection Highly contagious
117
Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack or sometimes bleed
Psoriasis
118
What causes psoriasis
Trauma, infection, hormonal changes or stress
119
Burns
Tissue damage and cell death
120
What causes burns?
Heat, electricity, UV radiation, chemicals
121
Associated dangers with burns
Protein denaturation and cell death Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Circulatory shock
122
What do burns result in?
Loss of body fluids Infection from bacteria invasion
123
How is the extent of a burn determined?
Rule of nines
124
Explain the rule of nines
Body is separated into 11 areas Each area is around 9% of the body's surface area EXCEPT PERINEUM
125
What percentage of the body does the perineal area account for?
1%
126
Anterior and posterior head and neck make up ___% of body surface
9
127
Anterior and posterior upper limbs, ___%
18
128
Anterior and posterior trunk ___%
36
129
Perineum __%
1
130
Anterior and posterior lower limbs ___%
36
131
First degree burns
Superficial Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Sunburn
132
Second degree burn is AKA
Partial thickness burn
133
Characteristics of second degree burn
Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red painful and blistered Regrowth of epithelium can still occur
134
Third degree burns is AKA
Full thickness burn
135
Third degree burn characteristics
Destroys epidermis and dermis; painless because nerve damage -requires skin grafts, regeneration not possible -burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black
136
Fourth degree burn is AKA
Full thickness burn
137
Fourth degree burn characteristics
Extends into deeper tissues Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation
138
Deeper tissues examples
Bone, muscle and tendons
139
Criteria for critical burns
30% of body has 2nd degree burns 10% body has third or fourth degree burns Third or fourth degree burns of face, hands, feet or genitals Burns that affect airways Circumferential burns
140
Circumferential burns
Around body or limb
141
Skin cancer
Most common form of cancer in humans Caused by overexposure UV
142
Cancer classified as ___ or ____
Benign or malignant
143
Neoplasm
Tumor
144
Most common types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma
145
Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
146
Where does basal cell carcinoma come from?
Altered cells in stratum Basale that can no longer make keratin
147
What does basal cell carcinoma look like?
Shiny, dome shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
148
Squamous cell carcinoma
Induced by UV exposure Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers Early removal has chance of good cure
149
Where does squamous cell carcinoma come from?
Cells of stratum spinosum
150
What happens if squamous cell carcinoma aren't removed?
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
151
Metastasis
Development of second malignant growths at a distance from the primary site
152
Malignant melanoma
-Most deadly -Only 5% -Come from melanocytes -Metastasizes quickly to lymph and blood vessels -ABCDE rule for recognizing
153
A
Asymmetry Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
154
B
Border irregularity Borders of mole are not smooth
155
C
Color Different colors in pigmented area
156
D
Diameter Spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
157
E
Evolution One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving
158
What kind of tissue are synovial membranes made from?
Loose Areolar connective tissue NO EPITHELIAL TISSUE
159
Which layer of the dermis houses blood vessels -sweat and oil glands -Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
Reticular layer

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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