Chapter 4 Flashcards
What do body membranes do?
1.Cover body surfaces
2.Line body cavities
3. Protective sheets around organs
How are body membranes classified?
According to tissue types
Types of Epithelial membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Which are classified as connective tissue membranes?
Synovial membranes
Epithelial membranes are _____ organs
Simple
Epithelial membranes are AKA as ____ membranes and ______ membranes
Covering and lining
Covering and lining membranes have which two layers?
Epithelial
Connective
Describe the cutaneous membrane=skin
-Dry
-Outermost
Parts of cutaneous membrane
Epidermis
Dermis
What is the epidermis
Keratenized stratified squamous epithelium
What is the dermis
Mostly dense fibrous connective tissue
Mucous membranes
Moist cavities
Line cavities that open to exterior
For absorption and secretion
Parts of mucous membranes
Epithelium type depends on the site
Loose connective tissue
Lamina propria
Loose connective tissue
Mucous membranes examples
Line mouth, nose, intestines, urinary bladder and urethra
Serous membranes
Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior
In pairs (visceral/parietal layer separated by serous fluid)
Parts that make serous membranes?
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar connective tissue
Another name for serous membranes?
Serosae
Relationship between parietal serous membrane and visceral serous membrane
Think fist in limp balloon
Types of serous membranes
Peritoneum
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity
Pleura
Serous membrane that is around lungs
Pericardium
Serous membrane that is around the heart
Synovial membranes
Connective tissue membranes. Make fluid filled cushions around joints
Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Bursae and tendon sheath
Secrete lubricating fluid to cushion organs during moving
Bursae
Small, fluid filled sacs between bones and soft tissue. Act as cushions to reduce friction
Tendon sheaths
Membrane that surrounds tendon and lets it stretch and not adhere to fascia. Has lubricating fluid. Allows smooth motion during movement
Intergumentary system is made of
Skin
Skin appendages
Skin appendages include
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hair
Nails
What does the intergumentary system do?
1.Insulates and cushions deeper body organs
2.Protects
3.Body heat retention
- Helps excrete urea and uric acid
- Makes vitamin D
What does intergumentary system protect against?
Mechanical damage
Chemical damage
Thermal damage
UV radiation
Microbes
Desiccation
Urea and uric acid are found in _____
Sweat
How does intergumentary system protect against mechanical damage?
1.Fat cushions blows
2.Physical barrier has keratin (makes cells tougher)
3.pressure and pain receptors alert nervous system to possible damage
How does intergumentary system protect against chemical damage?
- Keratinized cells are relatively impermeable.
- Have pain receptors that alert nervous system to possible damage.
How does the intergumentary system protect against microbe damage?
- Surface is unbroken and secretes an “acid mantle”.
- Acidic skin secretion inhibit microbes like bacteria
- Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from further penetrating into deeper body tissues
How does the intergumentary system protect against UV radiation?
Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage
How does the intergumentary system protect against thermal heat?
Has heat/cold/pain receptors
How does the intergumentary system protect against desiccation (drying out)?
Has water-resistant glycolipid and keratin
How does the intergumentary system protect against heat loss?
Sweat glands are activated letting blood flush to skin capillary beds to make heat radiate from skin surface.
How does intergumentary system aid heat retention?
Not letting blood flush into skin capillary beds
How does the intergumentary system help in excretion of urea and uric acid?
Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands
How does intergumentary system help make vitamin D?
Modified cholesterol molecules in skin are converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight
2 Types of tissue that compose skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
-Anchors skin to underlying organs
-not technically part of intergumentary system
-mostly adipose tissue
-shock absorber and insulated deeper tissues
Characteristics of epidermis (outer layer)
- Can be hard and tough
- Keratinized Stratified, squamous epithelium
3.Has keratinocytes (have fibrous protein called keratin
4.Avascular
5. Has 5 layers
Strata
5 layers of of skin
Layers of epidermis from deepest to most superficial
1.Stratum basale
2.Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
4.Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
5. Stratum corneum
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Palms and soles
Californians like girls in string bikinis
Acronym for layers of skin
Stratum Basale is AKA
Stratum germinativum
Stratum Basale
1.Deepest layer of epidermis
2.Next to dermis
3.Cells undergoing mitosis
4.Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
What anchors the stratum Basale to the dermis
Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors 2 together
Stratum spinosum
Cells become flatter and more keratinized
Stratum granulosum
Very thin layer within the epidermis
Keratinocytes migrating from stratum spinosum become granular cells when they’re in this layer
Stratum lucidum
Dead cells from deeper strata
Only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer of epidermis
Shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
Melanin is made by
Melanocytes
Melanocytes are mostly in the _____ ________ of the epidermis
Stratum Basale
Color of melanin
Yellow to brown to black pigments
Where does melanin accumulate?
Membrane-bound granules called melanosomes
What does amount of melanin produced depend on?
Genetics and exposure to sunlight
Epidermal dendritic cells
Alert and activate immune cells to threats (bacterial or viral invasion)
Merkel cells
Associated with sensory nerve endings
Serve as touch receptors (Merkel discs)
Merkel discs
Touch receptors
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Papillary layer
(upper dermal region)
1.Has dermal papillae
2.Indents epidermis above
3.Has many projections
4.On palm and sole surface
5. Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat
Types of projections in skin
Capillary loops
Other projections house pain and touch receptors
Papillae
Increase friction and gripping ability on palm and sole surfaces
Fingerprints
Identifying films of sweat
Deepest skin layer
Reticular layer
-blood vessels
-sweat and oil glands
-Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
Lamellar corpuscles
Deep pressure receptors
Other dermal features
Cutaneous sensory receptors
Phagocytes
Collagen and elastic fibers
Blood vessels
What contributes to skin color
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
Carotene
Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
Hemoglobin
Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
Erythema
Redness due to embarrassment,
Inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy
Blanching
Pallor
Due to emotional stress (fear), anemia, low BP, impaired blood flow
Jaundice
Yellow cast
Liver disorder
Bruises
Black and blue marks
Hematomas
Cutaneous glands are all _____ glands
Exocrine
Types of cutaneous glands
Sebaceous and sweat glands
Appendages of the skin include
Cutaneous glands
Hair
Hair follicles nails
Sebaceous glands
All over skin except palms and soles
Make oil
Activated at puberty
Have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
Functions of sebum
Keep hair soft and moist
Prevents hair from becoming brittle
Kills bacteria
What happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty
They increase in size because of androgens
Sudoriferous glands
Make sweat
Widely distributed in skin
Types of sudoriferous glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
Eccrine sweat glands
Open via ducts to pores on skin surface
Make acidic sweat
Help regulate body temp (sweat when body overheats)
What does acidic sweat contain?
Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste
Apocrine glands
Ducts empty into hair follicles in armpit and genitals
Start working at puberty
Sweat released has fatty acids and proteins (Milky or yellowish color)
Min role in body temperature reg
What is hair made by?
Hair follicle
Where is the hair root?
In the follicle
Where does hair shaft project from?
Surface of scalp or skin
What is hair made of?
Keratinized epithelial cells
What gives pigment for hair color?
Melanocytes
Where does hair grow
Matrix of hair bulb in stratum Basale
Where is the hair root located?
Within hair follicle
What is the hair shaft
Exposed portion of hair that can be seen from skin and scalp
Sebaceous glands are attached to the hair ____
Follicle
What causes hair to stand erect?
Arrector pili muscle
What causes goosebumps
Arrector pili muscle
Hair anatomy
-Central medulla
-Cortex surrounds medulla
-Cuticle on outside of cortex
Most heavily keratinized region of the hair?
Cuticle on outside of cortex
Hair follicle
Has epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath
Dermal region gives blood supply to hair bulb (deepest part of follicle)
Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when cold or frightened
Nails
Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis
Stratum basale goes past the nail bed that’s responsible for growth
No pigment so they’re colorless
Parts of a nail
-Free edge
-Body (visible attached portion
-Nail folds (skin folds overlap edges of nail; cuticle is proximal edge)
-Root nail is embedded in skin
-growth happens from nail matrix
Homeostatic imbalances of skin
Athletes foot
Boils
Cold sores
Athletes foot
Caused by tinea pedis
Itchy, red peeling between the toes
Furuncles and carbuncles
Inflammation of hair follicles
Carbuncles (clusters of boils caused by bacteria)
Cold sores
Fever blisters
Caused by human herpes virus 1
Blisters itch and sting
Tinea pedis
Athletes foot
Clusters of boils caused by bacteria?
Carbuncles
Types of infections and allergies
Contact dermatitis
Impetigo
Psoriasis
Contact dermatitis
Itching, redness and swelling of skin
What causes contact dermatitis?
Chemicals that provoke allergic responses
Soaps, cosmetics, fragrances, poison ivy
Impetigo
Pink, fluid filled raised legions around mouth/nose
Causes of impetigo
Bacterial infection
Highly contagious
Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack or sometimes bleed
Psoriasis
What causes psoriasis
Trauma, infection, hormonal changes or stress
Burns
Tissue damage and cell death
What causes burns?
Heat, electricity, UV radiation, chemicals
Associated dangers with burns
Protein denaturation and cell death
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Circulatory shock
What do burns result in?
Loss of body fluids
Infection from bacteria invasion
How is the extent of a burn determined?
Rule of nines
Explain the rule of nines
Body is separated into 11 areas
Each area is around 9% of the body’s surface area
EXCEPT PERINEUM
What percentage of the body does the perineal area account for?
1%
Anterior and posterior head and neck make up ___% of body surface
9
Anterior and posterior upper limbs, ___%
18
Anterior and posterior trunk ___%
36
Perineum __%
1
Anterior and posterior lower limbs ___%
36
First degree burns
Superficial
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Sunburn
Second degree burn is AKA
Partial thickness burn
Characteristics of second degree burn
Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged
Skin is red painful and blistered
Regrowth of epithelium can still occur
Third degree burns is AKA
Full thickness burn
Third degree burn characteristics
Destroys epidermis and dermis; painless because nerve damage
-requires skin grafts, regeneration not possible
-burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black
Fourth degree burn is AKA
Full thickness burn
Fourth degree burn characteristics
Extends into deeper tissues
Appears dry and leathery
Requires surgery and grafting
May require amputation
Deeper tissues examples
Bone, muscle and tendons
Criteria for critical burns
30% of body has 2nd degree burns
10% body has third or fourth degree burns
Third or fourth degree burns of face, hands, feet or genitals
Burns that affect airways
Circumferential burns
Circumferential burns
Around body or limb
Skin cancer
Most common form of cancer in humans
Caused by overexposure UV
Cancer classified as ___ or ____
Benign or malignant
Neoplasm
Tumor
Most common types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
Where does basal cell carcinoma come from?
Altered cells in stratum Basale that can no longer make keratin
What does basal cell carcinoma look like?
Shiny, dome shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Induced by UV exposure
Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers
Early removal has chance of good cure
Where does squamous cell carcinoma come from?
Cells of stratum spinosum
What happens if squamous cell carcinoma aren’t removed?
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Metastasis
Development of second malignant growths at a distance from the primary site
Malignant melanoma
-Most deadly
-Only 5%
-Come from melanocytes
-Metastasizes quickly to lymph and blood vessels
-ABCDE rule for recognizing
A
Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B
Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
C
Color
Different colors in pigmented area
D
Diameter
Spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
E
Evolution
One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving
What kind of tissue are synovial membranes made from?
Loose Areolar connective tissue
NO EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Which layer of the dermis houses blood vessels
-sweat and oil glands
-Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
Reticular layer
