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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do body membranes do?

A

1.Cover body surfaces
2.Line body cavities
3. Protective sheets around organs

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2
Q

How are body membranes classified?

A

According to tissue types

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3
Q

Types of Epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes

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4
Q

Which are classified as connective tissue membranes?

A

Synovial membranes

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5
Q

Epithelial membranes are _____ organs

A

Simple

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6
Q

Epithelial membranes are AKA as ____ membranes and ______ membranes

A

Covering and lining

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7
Q

Covering and lining membranes have which two layers?

A

Epithelial
Connective

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8
Q

Describe the cutaneous membrane=skin

A

-Dry
-Outermost

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9
Q

Parts of cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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10
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Keratenized stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the dermis

A

Mostly dense fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Moist cavities
Line cavities that open to exterior
For absorption and secretion

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13
Q

Parts of mucous membranes

A

Epithelium type depends on the site
Loose connective tissue

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14
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue

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15
Q

Mucous membranes examples

A

Line mouth, nose, intestines, urinary bladder and urethra

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16
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior

In pairs (visceral/parietal layer separated by serous fluid)

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17
Q

Parts that make serous membranes?

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar connective tissue

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18
Q

Another name for serous membranes?

A

Serosae

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19
Q

Relationship between parietal serous membrane and visceral serous membrane

A

Think fist in limp balloon

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20
Q

Types of serous membranes

A

Peritoneum
Pleura
Pericardium

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21
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that is around lungs

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23
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane that is around the heart

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24
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Connective tissue membranes. Make fluid filled cushions around joints

Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Bursae and tendon sheath

Secrete lubricating fluid to cushion organs during moving

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25
Q

Bursae

A

Small, fluid filled sacs between bones and soft tissue. Act as cushions to reduce friction

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26
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Membrane that surrounds tendon and lets it stretch and not adhere to fascia. Has lubricating fluid. Allows smooth motion during movement

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27
Q

Intergumentary system is made of

A

Skin
Skin appendages

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28
Q

Skin appendages include

A

Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hair
Nails

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29
Q

What does the intergumentary system do?

A

1.Insulates and cushions deeper body organs

2.Protects

3.Body heat retention

  1. Helps excrete urea and uric acid
  2. Makes vitamin D
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30
Q

What does intergumentary system protect against?

A

Mechanical damage
Chemical damage
Thermal damage
UV radiation
Microbes
Desiccation

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31
Q

Urea and uric acid are found in _____

A

Sweat

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32
Q

How does intergumentary system protect against mechanical damage?

A

1.Fat cushions blows
2.Physical barrier has keratin (makes cells tougher)
3.pressure and pain receptors alert nervous system to possible damage

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33
Q

How does intergumentary system protect against chemical damage?

A
  1. Keratinized cells are relatively impermeable.
  2. Have pain receptors that alert nervous system to possible damage.
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34
Q

How does the intergumentary system protect against microbe damage?

A
  1. Surface is unbroken and secretes an “acid mantle”.
  2. Acidic skin secretion inhibit microbes like bacteria
  3. Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from further penetrating into deeper body tissues
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35
Q

How does the intergumentary system protect against UV radiation?

A

Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage

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36
Q

How does the intergumentary system protect against thermal heat?

A

Has heat/cold/pain receptors

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37
Q

How does the intergumentary system protect against desiccation (drying out)?

A

Has water-resistant glycolipid and keratin

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38
Q

How does the intergumentary system protect against heat loss?

A

Sweat glands are activated letting blood flush to skin capillary beds to make heat radiate from skin surface.

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39
Q

How does intergumentary system aid heat retention?

A

Not letting blood flush into skin capillary beds

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40
Q

How does the intergumentary system help in excretion of urea and uric acid?

A

Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands

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41
Q

How does intergumentary system help make vitamin D?

A

Modified cholesterol molecules in skin are converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight

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42
Q

2 Types of tissue that compose skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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43
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A

-Anchors skin to underlying organs
-not technically part of intergumentary system
-mostly adipose tissue
-shock absorber and insulated deeper tissues

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44
Q

Characteristics of epidermis (outer layer)

A
  1. Can be hard and tough
  2. Keratinized Stratified, squamous epithelium

3.Has keratinocytes (have fibrous protein called keratin

4.Avascular
5. Has 5 layers

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45
Q

Strata

A

5 layers of of skin

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46
Q

Layers of epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A

1.Stratum basale
2.Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
4.Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
5. Stratum corneum

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47
Q

Where is stratum lucidum found?

A

Palms and soles

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48
Q

Californians like girls in string bikinis

A

Acronym for layers of skin

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49
Q

Stratum Basale is AKA

A

Stratum germinativum

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50
Q

Stratum Basale

A

1.Deepest layer of epidermis
2.Next to dermis

3.Cells undergoing mitosis
4.Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

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51
Q

What anchors the stratum Basale to the dermis

A

Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors 2 together

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52
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Cells become flatter and more keratinized

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53
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Very thin layer within the epidermis

Keratinocytes migrating from stratum spinosum become granular cells when they’re in this layer

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54
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Dead cells from deeper strata

Only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

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55
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of epidermis

Shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

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56
Q

Melanin is made by

A

Melanocytes

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57
Q

Melanocytes are mostly in the _____ ________ of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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58
Q

Color of melanin

A

Yellow to brown to black pigments

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59
Q

Where does melanin accumulate?

A

Membrane-bound granules called melanosomes

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60
Q

What does amount of melanin produced depend on?

A

Genetics and exposure to sunlight

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61
Q

Epidermal dendritic cells

A

Alert and activate immune cells to threats (bacterial or viral invasion)

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62
Q

Merkel cells

A

Associated with sensory nerve endings

Serve as touch receptors (Merkel discs)

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63
Q

Merkel discs

A

Touch receptors

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64
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

65
Q

Papillary layer

A

(upper dermal region)
1.Has dermal papillae
2.Indents epidermis above
3.Has many projections
4.On palm and sole surface
5. Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

66
Q

Types of projections in skin

A

Capillary loops

Other projections house pain and touch receptors

67
Q

Papillae

A

Increase friction and gripping ability on palm and sole surfaces

68
Q

Fingerprints

A

Identifying films of sweat

69
Q

Deepest skin layer

A

Reticular layer
-blood vessels
-sweat and oil glands
-Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

70
Q

Lamellar corpuscles

A

Deep pressure receptors

71
Q

Other dermal features

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors

Phagocytes

Collagen and elastic fibers

Blood vessels

72
Q

What contributes to skin color

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

73
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

74
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

75
Q

Erythema

A

Redness due to embarrassment,
Inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy

76
Q

Blanching

A

Pallor
Due to emotional stress (fear), anemia, low BP, impaired blood flow

77
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow cast
Liver disorder

78
Q

Bruises

A

Black and blue marks
Hematomas

79
Q

Cutaneous glands are all _____ glands

A

Exocrine

80
Q

Types of cutaneous glands

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

81
Q

Appendages of the skin include

A

Cutaneous glands
Hair
Hair follicles nails

82
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

All over skin except palms and soles

Make oil
Activated at puberty
Have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface

83
Q

Functions of sebum

A

Keep hair soft and moist
Prevents hair from becoming brittle
Kills bacteria

84
Q

What happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty

A

They increase in size because of androgens

85
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Make sweat
Widely distributed in skin

86
Q

Types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine
Apocrine

87
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Open via ducts to pores on skin surface

Make acidic sweat
Help regulate body temp (sweat when body overheats)

88
Q

What does acidic sweat contain?

A

Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste

89
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Ducts empty into hair follicles in armpit and genitals

Start working at puberty

Sweat released has fatty acids and proteins (Milky or yellowish color)

Min role in body temperature reg

90
Q

What is hair made by?

A

Hair follicle

91
Q

Where is the hair root?

A

In the follicle

92
Q

Where does hair shaft project from?

A

Surface of scalp or skin

93
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Keratinized epithelial cells

94
Q

What gives pigment for hair color?

A

Melanocytes

95
Q

Where does hair grow

A

Matrix of hair bulb in stratum Basale

96
Q

Where is the hair root located?

A

Within hair follicle

97
Q

What is the hair shaft

A

Exposed portion of hair that can be seen from skin and scalp

98
Q

Sebaceous glands are attached to the hair ____

A

Follicle

99
Q

What causes hair to stand erect?

A

Arrector pili muscle

100
Q

What causes goosebumps

A

Arrector pili muscle

101
Q

Hair anatomy

A

-Central medulla
-Cortex surrounds medulla
-Cuticle on outside of cortex

102
Q

Most heavily keratinized region of the hair?

A

Cuticle on outside of cortex

103
Q

Hair follicle

A

Has epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath

Dermal region gives blood supply to hair bulb (deepest part of follicle)

Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when cold or frightened

104
Q

Nails

A

Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis

Stratum basale goes past the nail bed that’s responsible for growth

No pigment so they’re colorless

105
Q

Parts of a nail

A

-Free edge
-Body (visible attached portion
-Nail folds (skin folds overlap edges of nail; cuticle is proximal edge)
-Root nail is embedded in skin
-growth happens from nail matrix

106
Q

Homeostatic imbalances of skin

A

Athletes foot
Boils
Cold sores

107
Q

Athletes foot

A

Caused by tinea pedis
Itchy, red peeling between the toes

108
Q

Furuncles and carbuncles

A

Inflammation of hair follicles
Carbuncles (clusters of boils caused by bacteria)

109
Q

Cold sores

A

Fever blisters
Caused by human herpes virus 1
Blisters itch and sting

110
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athletes foot

111
Q

Clusters of boils caused by bacteria?

A

Carbuncles

112
Q

Types of infections and allergies

A

Contact dermatitis
Impetigo
Psoriasis

113
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Itching, redness and swelling of skin

114
Q

What causes contact dermatitis?

A

Chemicals that provoke allergic responses

Soaps, cosmetics, fragrances, poison ivy

115
Q

Impetigo

A

Pink, fluid filled raised legions around mouth/nose

116
Q

Causes of impetigo

A

Bacterial infection

Highly contagious

117
Q

Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack or sometimes bleed

A

Psoriasis

118
Q

What causes psoriasis

A

Trauma, infection, hormonal changes or stress

119
Q

Burns

A

Tissue damage and cell death

120
Q

What causes burns?

A

Heat, electricity, UV radiation, chemicals

121
Q

Associated dangers with burns

A

Protein denaturation and cell death
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Circulatory shock

122
Q

What do burns result in?

A

Loss of body fluids
Infection from bacteria invasion

123
Q

How is the extent of a burn determined?

A

Rule of nines

124
Q

Explain the rule of nines

A

Body is separated into 11 areas
Each area is around 9% of the body’s surface area

EXCEPT PERINEUM

125
Q

What percentage of the body does the perineal area account for?

A

1%

126
Q

Anterior and posterior head and neck make up ___% of body surface

A

9

127
Q

Anterior and posterior upper limbs, ___%

A

18

128
Q

Anterior and posterior trunk ___%

A

36

129
Q

Perineum __%

A

1

130
Q

Anterior and posterior lower limbs ___%

A

36

131
Q

First degree burns

A

Superficial
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Sunburn

132
Q

Second degree burn is AKA

A

Partial thickness burn

133
Q

Characteristics of second degree burn

A

Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged

Skin is red painful and blistered

Regrowth of epithelium can still occur

134
Q

Third degree burns is AKA

A

Full thickness burn

135
Q

Third degree burn characteristics

A

Destroys epidermis and dermis; painless because nerve damage

-requires skin grafts, regeneration not possible
-burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

136
Q

Fourth degree burn is AKA

A

Full thickness burn

137
Q

Fourth degree burn characteristics

A

Extends into deeper tissues
Appears dry and leathery
Requires surgery and grafting
May require amputation

138
Q

Deeper tissues examples

A

Bone, muscle and tendons

139
Q

Criteria for critical burns

A

30% of body has 2nd degree burns

10% body has third or fourth degree burns

Third or fourth degree burns of face, hands, feet or genitals

Burns that affect airways

Circumferential burns

140
Q

Circumferential burns

A

Around body or limb

141
Q

Skin cancer

A

Most common form of cancer in humans

Caused by overexposure UV

142
Q

Cancer classified as ___ or ____

A

Benign or malignant

143
Q

Neoplasm

A

Tumor

144
Q

Most common types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

145
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer

146
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma come from?

A

Altered cells in stratum Basale that can no longer make keratin

147
Q

What does basal cell carcinoma look like?

A

Shiny, dome shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

148
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Induced by UV exposure
Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers

Early removal has chance of good cure

149
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma come from?

A

Cells of stratum spinosum

150
Q

What happens if squamous cell carcinoma aren’t removed?

A

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

151
Q

Metastasis

A

Development of second malignant growths at a distance from the primary site

152
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

-Most deadly
-Only 5%
-Come from melanocytes
-Metastasizes quickly to lymph and blood vessels
-ABCDE rule for recognizing

153
Q

A

A

Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

154
Q

B

A

Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth

155
Q

C

A

Color
Different colors in pigmented area

156
Q

D

A

Diameter
Spot is larger than 6mm in diameter

157
Q

E

A

Evolution
One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving

158
Q

What kind of tissue are synovial membranes made from?

A

Loose Areolar connective tissue

NO EPITHELIAL TISSUE

159
Q

Which layer of the dermis houses blood vessels
-sweat and oil glands
-Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

A

Reticular layer

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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