Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of skeletal system
A
Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
2
Q
Subdivisions of skeleton
A
Axial
Appendicular
3
Q
Functions of bones
A
-protect soft organs
-support body
-allow movement
-store fats and minerals
-make blood cells
4
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
Blood cell formation
5
Q
Which minerals are stored in bones?
A
Calcium and phosphorous
6
Q
Where is fat stored?
A
Internal marrow cavity
7
Q
How many bones does an adult have?
A
206
8
Q
How many bones are you born with?
A
Over 300
9
Q
Types of osseous tissue
A
1.Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
10
Q
Compact bone
A
Dense, smooth, homogenous
11
Q
Spongy bone
A
Small needle like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
12
Q
Classification of bone
A
Long
Flat
Short
Irregular
13
Q
Classify by shape: sternum
A
Flat
14
Q
Classify by shape:humerus
A
Long
15
Q
Classify by shape: vertebra
A
Irregular
16
Q
Classify by shape:talus
A
Short
17
Q
Classify by shape: radius, ulna, femur
A
Long
18
Q
Classify by shape: sternum and (most)parts of skull
A
Flat
19
Q
Classify by shape:Bones of carpals
A
Short
20
Q
Long bone characteristics
A
-Longer than wide
-Enlarged ends
-Mostly compact bone; spongy bone at end
21
Q
Bones of limbs except wrist, ankle and kneecap are what type of bone?
A
Long bones
22
Q
Flat bones
A
- Thin, flat and curved (usually)
- Compact bone with spongy bone between them.
23
Q
Classify by shape: ribs
A
Flat
24
Q
Classify by shape: cranium(frontal and parietal)
A
Flat
25
Classify by shape: illium (part of pelvis)
Flat
26
Classify by shape: scapula (Shoulder blade)
Flat
27
Short bones
1. Generally cube shaped
2. Mostly spongy with compact on outside
28
Sesamoid bones
Type of short bone forms within tendons or muscle
Near joint area
(within patella)
29
Classify by shape: carpals
Short
30
Classify by shape: tarsals
Short
31
Classify by shape: sesamoid bones
Short
32
Classify by shape: patella
Short
33
Irregular bones
1.No defined shape,
2.Do not fit in bone classification categories
34
Classify by shape: vertebrae and some hip bones
Irregular
35
Long bone anatomy
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate
36
Diaphysis
Shaft
Makes up length
compact bone
37
Periosteum
Outside covering of diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey's fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone
38
Sharpey's fibers
Perforating fibers
39
Epiphysis
Ends
Mostly spongy bone covered by compact bone
40
Articular cartilage
Covers external surface of the epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage
Minimizes friction at joints
41
Epiphyseal line
Remnant of epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones
42
Epiphyseal plate
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones
Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
Mitotically active
43
Endosteum
-Inner surface of shaft
-Membrabe made of connective tissue
44
Medullary cavity
-Inside shaft
Has yellow marrow (fat) in adults
Red marrow in infants until 6-7
45
Bone markings
Sites of attachment
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
46
Categories of bone markings
Projections/processes
Depressions/cavities
47
Projections or processes
Grow out from bone surface
Terms often begin with T
48
Depressions/cavities
Indentations
Terms often begin with F
49
Large, rounded projections; may be roughened
Tuberosity
50
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
51
Big, irregular, blunt process, on femur
Trochanter
52
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest
Line
53
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
54
Raised area on or above condyle
Epicondyle
55
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
56
Any bony prominence
Process
57
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
58
Smooth, nearly flat articular surfaces
Facet
59
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
60
Arm like bar of bone
Ramus
61
Furrow
Groove
62
Narrow, slitlike opening
Fissure
63
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
64
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
65
Canal or tunnel like passageway
Meatus
66
Cavity within a bone filled with air, lined with a mucous membrane
Sinus
67
Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
68
Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
Trabeculae
Open spaces
69
Small, needle-like pieces of bone
Trabeculae
70
Filled with marrow, blood vessels and nerves
Open spaces
71
Where is red bone marrow located?
Epiphysis
72
Closely compacted to make compact bone
Tunnels made by osteocyte rich tissue
Osteon
73
Haversian system is AKA
Osteons
74
Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
Osteocytes
75
Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
Lacunae
76
Lamellae
Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (haversian) canal
77
Haversian canal (central)
Opening in center of an osteon (Haversian system)
Runs Lengthwise through bone
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Runs length of bone
78
Osteon
Unit of bone
Has central canal and matrix rings
79
Structural and functional unit of compact bone
Osteon
80
Lamella
Matrix rings concentric rings
81
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from central canal to lacunae
Transport system that gives bones nutrients
82
Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
Perpendicular to central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
83
___ is relatively lightweight and resists tension and other forces
Bone
84
Organic parts (____ ______) make bone flexible and have great tensile strength
Collagen fibers
85
What makes bone hard to resist compression?
Calcium salts
86
Ossification
Bone formation
87
Ossification happens on
1. Hyaline cartilage models
2. Fibrous membranes
88
Parts of ossification in long bones
Osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix (bony collar)
2. In fetus enclosed cartilage is digested away opening up a medullary cavity
89
By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for 2 parts in a long bone
1.Articular cartilages
2.Epiphyseal plates
90
What replaces old cartilage?
Bony matrix
91
New cartilage is formed continuously on external face of these two cartilages
Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates
92
How is bone remodeled?
1. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts. Breaks down at ends
2. Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts on sides
3. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts at center
93
Appositional growth
Bones grow in width
94
Role of osteoblasts in appositional growth
Osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to outside of diaphysis
95
Role of osteoclasts in appositional growth
In endosteum remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis
96
What controls bone growth
Hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones
Estrogen and T
97
What determines when to remodel bone matrix?
Calcium ion levels in blood
98
What determines where bone matrix is remodeled?
Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
99
Hypercalcemia
High blood calcium levels
Prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts
100
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Released when calcium ion levels are low
-Activates osteoclasts
-Breaks down bones and releases calcium ions
101
Fracture
Broken bone
102
Closed fracture (simple)
Doesn't penetrate skin
103
Open (compound) fracture
Penetrates skin
104
Fractures are fixed by
Reduction and immobilization
105
Closed reduction
Bones coaxed into position by physician's hands
106
Open reduction
Bones in place with pins or wires during surgery
107
4 events of bone fracture repair
1. Hematoma
2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
3. Bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus
4. Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses
108
Hematoma
Blood-filled swelling, or bruise
109
How does fibrocartilage callus form?
-cartilage matrix
-bony matrix
-collagen fibers splint the broken bone
110
How's does bony callus replace the fibrocartilage callus?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in
111
Comminuted fracture
Bone breaks into three or more fragments
Common in elderly
112
Compression
Crushed bone
Common in porous bones (older people)
113
Depressed fracture
Broken bone pressed in
Typical of skull fracture
114
Impacted fracture
Broken bone ends forced into each other
Common when breaking fall with outstretched arms
115
Spiral fracture
Ragged break
Caused by excessive twisting forces applied to bone
Common sports fracture
116
Greenstick fracture
Bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig
Common in kids (flexible bones)
117
What makes longitudinal axis of body?
Axial skeleton
118
Parts of axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
119
Parts of skull
1.Cranium bone encloses brain
2. Facial bones
120
What do facial bones do?
Hold eyes facing forward
Let face express feelings
121
What joins bones?
Sutures
122
Attached by freely movable joint
Mandible
123
Frontal bone is a
Cranial bone
124
Where are the Maxillae
Pair
Facial bone
125
Where are the Palatine
Pair
Facial
126
Where are the Lacrimal bones?
Pair
Facial bones
127
Where are the zygomatic bones?
Pair
Facial
128
Where are the nasal bones?
Pair
Facial bones
129
Where is the Vormer bone
Facial
130
Where are the inferior nasal conchae?
Pair
Facial bone
131
Where is the mandible ?
Facial bone
132
Where is the occipital bone?
Cranial bone
133
Where is the ethmoid bone?
Cranial bone
134
Where is the sphenoid bone?
Cranial bone
135
Where are the parietal bones?
Cranial bones
Pair
136
Where are the temporal bones?
Pair
Cranial bones
137
Hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
138
Function of paranasal sinuses
Lighten skull
Amplify sounds made as we speak
139
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoidal
Maxillary
140
Hyiod bone
Movable base for tongue
Related to mandible and temporal
Swallowing and speech
141
Only bone that doesn't articulate with another bone
Hyoid bone
142
Function of vertebral column
Gives axial support
Extends from skull to pelvis
143
How many vertebral bones?
26
144
What separates vertebral bones?
Intervertebral discs
145
__ ______ vertebrae are in the neck
7 cervical
146
____ ______ vertebrae are in the chest
12 thoracic
147
___ _____ vertebrae are associated with the lower back
5 lumbar
148
Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae
Sacrum
149
Formed by fusion of 3-5 vertebrae
Coccyx (tail bone)
150
Pneumonic for remembering # of vertebrae
Breakfast at 7
Lunch at 12
Dinner at 5
151
Primary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of thoracic and sacral
Present from birth
C shaped curvature in newborns
152
Secondary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of cervical and lumbar regions
Formed after birth
Form S curve (adults)
153
What is this a part of? Centrum (body)
Typical vertebra
154
What is this a part of? Vertebral Arch
Typical vertebra
155
Parts of vertebral arch
Pedicle
Lamina
156
What is this a part of? Vertebral foramen
Typical vertebra
157
What is this a part of? Transverse processes
Typical vertebra
158
What is this a part of? Spinous process
Typical vertebra
159
What is this a part of? Superior and inferior articular processes
Typical vertebra
160
Centrum (body)
Direct contact with discs
161
Vertebral foramen
Surrounds spinal cord
162
C1
Atlas supports skull
Allow for greater movement
163
C2
Makes pivot upon atlas
Allow for greater movement
Axis
164
Articulation between Atlas and axis lets you do what?
Turn your head side to side
165
Typical cervical vertabrae
Transverse foramen
Smaller body
Spinous process short and often divided
166
Thoracic vertabrae characteristic (look)
Looks like head of giraffe from posterior view
167
Lumbar vertabrae characteristic
Large body or centrum
168
Sacrum looks like
Horseshoe crab
169
Function of thoracic cage? (bony thorax)
Protects organs of thoracic cavity
170
Parts of thoracic cage
1.Sternum
2.Ribs
3. Thoracic vertabrae
171
Which pairs are true ribs?
1-7
172
Which pairs are false ribs?
8-12
Don't connect directly with sternum connect with cartilage of ribs above
173
Which pairs are floating ribs
11-12
Don't connect with sternum
174
Breastplate aka as
Sternum
175
Posterior boundary of thorax
Thoracic vertabrae
176
Appendicular skeleton has how many bones ?
126
177
Parts of appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
178
Pectoral girdle is aka as?
Shoulder girdle
179
Parts of pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
180
What do the clavicle and specula do?
Attach upper limb to axial skeletal
181
Pectoral girdle
Light, poorly reinforced
Allows upper limb exceptional flexibility
182
Acromial end of clavicle articulates with the ___ of ____
Acromian of the scapula
183
Sternal end articulates with
Sternum (breastplate)
184
What does the acromion do ?
Articulates with acromial end of clavicle that makes shoulder girdle
185
Humerus
Arm bone
Single bone
186
Proximal end articulation of the humerus
Head articulates to glenoid cavity (think ball socket joint of shoulder) of scapula (shoulder blade)
187
Distal end articulation of the humerus
Trochlea (kinda pointy) & capitulum (round) (kind of round parts, pulley like) articulate w/ bones of forearm
188
Posterior view of humerus
Has olecranon fossa
189
Bones of forearm
Ulna
Radius
190
Medial bone in forearm in anatomical position
Ulna
191
Lateral forearm bone in anatomical position
Radius
192
Proximal end articulation of ulna
Coronoid process (looks like goatee) and olecranon (looks like top of head) articulate with humerus
193
Proximal end articulation of radius
Head articulates with capitulum of humerus
194
Parts of hand
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
195
Carpals
Wrist bones
196
How are carpals arranged?
8 total per hand
2 rows of 4 in each hand
197
Metacarpals
Palm bones
198
Metacarpals per hand
5
199
Phalanges
Fingers and thumb bones
200
How many phalanges in each hand?
14
201
How many bones in each finger?
3
202
How many bones in thumb?
2
203
Explain distal, middle and proximal phalanges
Tip bone, mid bone, bone next to metacarpal
204
Ossa coxae
Two hip bones (coxal bones)
205
Name the 3 pairs of fused bones that make pelvic girdle
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
206
Two coxal bones+sacrum =
Pelvic girdle
207
Two coxal bones+ sacrum+ coccyx =
Pelvis
208
Total upper body weight rests on?
Pelvis
209
What does pelvis protect?
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of large intestine
210
Female pelvis
Inlet (hole) bigger
Shallower,
Lighter, thinner, bones
Ilia (sides) flare more
Shorter, flatter sacrum
Shorter ischial spines (pokey things around hole) more far apart
Pubic arch more rounded (bigger angle)
Shorter ischial spines
211
Angle of female vs male pubic arch?
Female more than 90
Male less than 90
212
Femur
Thigh bone
213
Heaviest, strongest bone in body
Femur
214
Proximal end articulation of femur
Head with acetabulum (socket of hipbone) of coxal
215
Distal articulation of femur
Lateral & medial condyles articulate with tibia in lower leg
216
Parts of lower leg
Tibia
Fibula
217
Tibia
Shin bone
Larger and medially oriented
218
Proximal end articulation of the tibia
Medial and lateral condyles articulate with femur to make knee joint
219
Distal end articulation of tibia
Medial malleolus makes inner part of ankle (boney projection on side of ankle)
220
Fibula
Thin and stick-like
Lateral to tibia
NO ROLE IN FORMING KNEE JOINT
221
Distal end articulation of fibula
Lateral malleolus forms outer part of ankle
222
Foot made of
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
223
Two largest tarsals
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus
224
How many bones in tarsals
7
225
Arrangement of metatarsals
5 bones make sole of the foot
226
Arrangement phalanges
14 bones from the toes
227
Arrangement of arches on feet
Two longitudinal
One transverse
(3 strong arches)
228
Joints
Articulations
2 or more bones meet
Classified by structure and function
229
Function of joints
Hold bones together securely
Mobility
230
Synarthroses joints
Immovable joints
231
Amphiarthroses joints
Slightly moveable
232
Diarthroses joints
Freely moveable joints
233
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
234
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
235
Synovial joints
Freely moveable joints
236
Structural classifications of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
synovial
237
Functional joint classification
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
238
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
239
Sutures
Immobile fibrous joint
In flat bones of skull
240
Syndesmoses
More movement than sutures but still immobile
Fibrous
241
Found on distal ends of tibia and fibula
Syndesmoses
242
Gomphoses
Immobile fibrous joints
243
Found where teeth meet facial bones
Gomphoses
244
Bones connected by fibrocartilage are
Cartilaginous joints
245
Synchrondrosis
Immobile cartilaginous joints
246
Found in epiphyseal plates of long growing bones
Synchrondrosis
247
Symphysis
Slightly moveable cartilaginous joints
248
Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
Symphysis joints
249
Articulating bones separated by joint cavity
Synovial joints
250
Synovial fluid is in the joint cavity of ____ joints
Synovial
251
Features of synovial joints
1. Articular cartilage
2.Articular capsule
3.Joint cavity
4.reinforcing ligaments
252
Multiaxial joint
Gives full range of motion
253
Shoulder joint is a ____ joint
Synovial joint
Multiaxial
254
Uniaxial joint
Moves in one direction
Elbow
Synovial
255
Intercarpal joints of hands are
Biaxial joints
256
Are bursae part of joint?
No
257
Bursae
Flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
258
Elongated bursa that wraps around tendon
Tendon sheath
259
Plane joint
Bones are flat or nearly flat
Slide against each other
Bones of wrist
Synovial
260
Hinge joint
Elbow
Synovial
261
Pivot joint (synovial)
Bones rotating within ring made from another bone and a ligament
Ulna
Radius
262
Condylar
Knuckles of hand
Synovial
263
Saddle joint
One part is concave (saddle) other convex (rider in saddle)
Thumb is example
264
Ball and socket joint
Multiaxial
Shoulders and hips
Synovial
265
First "long bones" of fetus are made of _____ _____
Hyaline cartilage
266
Earliest "flat bones" of fetal skull are _____ ______
Fibrous membranes
267
As fetus grows, all models are converted to _____
Bone
268
At birth head and trunk are....
Much longer than the lower limbs
269
What happens during puberty?
Female pelvis broadens
Male skeleton becomes more robust
270
When do epiphyseal plates become fully ossified?
End of adolescence
271
Osteoporosis
Bone thinning disease
Porous bones
272
How many women are affected by osteoporosis?
50% of women over age 65
273
How many men affected by osteoporosis?
20% of men over age 70
274
Kyphosis
Vertebral collapse
Curved spine
"Dowager's hump"
275
____ aids in health and normal density of female skeleton
Estrogen
276
Pedicle
Part of vertebral arch under transverse processes
277
Lamina
Part of vertebral arch on sides of spinous process
278
Fontanels
Infants
Space between bones where formation isn't complete
Lets skull be compressed during birth
279
What causes pain of herniated dics
Disc is out of place and presses on spinal nerves
280
Parts of shoulder joint
Scapula and humerus
281
Rickets
3rd world countries
Lack calcium, vitamin D, softened bones
Bowed legs, muscle weakness, bone pain, small stature
282
Scoliosis
Lateral curve of the spine
283
Lordosis
Curved spine in lower back
Spine sticks front, anterior curve of spine
284
What part of coxal bone bears the most weight when sitting?
Ischial tuberosity
