Chapter 5 Flashcards
Parts of skeletal system
Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Subdivisions of skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Functions of bones
-protect soft organs
-support body
-allow movement
-store fats and minerals
-make blood cells
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Which minerals are stored in bones?
Calcium and phosphorous
Where is fat stored?
Internal marrow cavity
How many bones does an adult have?
206
How many bones are you born with?
Over 300
Types of osseous tissue
1.Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
Dense, smooth, homogenous
Spongy bone
Small needle like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Classification of bone
Long
Flat
Short
Irregular
Classify by shape: sternum
Flat
Classify by shape:humerus
Long
Classify by shape: vertebra
Irregular
Classify by shape:talus
Short
Classify by shape: radius, ulna, femur
Long
Classify by shape: sternum and (most)parts of skull
Flat
Classify by shape:Bones of carpals
Short
Long bone characteristics
-Longer than wide
-Enlarged ends
-Mostly compact bone; spongy bone at end
Bones of limbs except wrist, ankle and kneecap are what type of bone?
Long bones
Flat bones
- Thin, flat and curved (usually)
- Compact bone with spongy bone between them.
Classify by shape: ribs
Flat
Classify by shape: cranium(frontal and parietal)
Flat
Classify by shape: illium (part of pelvis)
Flat
Classify by shape: scapula (Shoulder blade)
Flat
Short bones
- Generally cube shaped
- Mostly spongy with compact on outside
Sesamoid bones
Type of short bone forms within tendons or muscle
Near joint area
(within patella)
Classify by shape: carpals
Short
Classify by shape: tarsals
Short
Classify by shape: sesamoid bones
Short
Classify by shape: patella
Short
Irregular bones
1.No defined shape,
2.Do not fit in bone classification categories
Classify by shape: vertebrae and some hip bones
Irregular
Long bone anatomy
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
Shaft
Makes up length
compact bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
Perforating fibers
Epiphysis
Ends
Mostly spongy bone covered by compact bone
Articular cartilage
Covers external surface of the epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage
Minimizes friction at joints
Epiphyseal line
Remnant of epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones
Epiphyseal plate
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones
Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
Mitotically active
Endosteum
-Inner surface of shaft
-Membrabe made of connective tissue
Medullary cavity
-Inside shaft
Has yellow marrow (fat) in adults
Red marrow in infants until 6-7
Bone markings
Sites of attachment
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings
Projections/processes
Depressions/cavities
Projections or processes
Grow out from bone surface
Terms often begin with T
Depressions/cavities
Indentations
Terms often begin with F
Large, rounded projections; may be roughened
Tuberosity
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
Big, irregular, blunt process, on femur
Trochanter
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest
Line
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
Raised area on or above condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
Any bony prominence
Process
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
Smooth, nearly flat articular surfaces
Facet
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
Arm like bar of bone
Ramus
Furrow
Groove
Narrow, slitlike opening
Fissure
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
Canal or tunnel like passageway
Meatus
Cavity within a bone filled with air, lined with a mucous membrane
Sinus
Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
Trabeculae
Open spaces
Small, needle-like pieces of bone
Trabeculae
Filled with marrow, blood vessels and nerves
Open spaces
Where is red bone marrow located?
Epiphysis
Closely compacted to make compact bone
Tunnels made by osteocyte rich tissue
Osteon
Haversian system is AKA
Osteons
Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
Osteocytes
Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
Lacunae
Lamellae
Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (haversian) canal
Haversian canal (central)
Opening in center of an osteon (Haversian system)
Runs Lengthwise through bone
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Runs length of bone
Osteon
Unit of bone
Has central canal and matrix rings
Structural and functional unit of compact bone
Osteon
Lamella
Matrix rings concentric rings
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from central canal to lacunae
Transport system that gives bones nutrients
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perpendicular to central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
___ is relatively lightweight and resists tension and other forces
Bone
Organic parts (____ ______) make bone flexible and have great tensile strength
Collagen fibers
What makes bone hard to resist compression?
Calcium salts
Ossification
Bone formation
Ossification happens on
- Hyaline cartilage models
- Fibrous membranes
Parts of ossification in long bones
Osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix (bony collar)
- In fetus enclosed cartilage is digested away opening up a medullary cavity
By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for 2 parts in a long bone
1.Articular cartilages
2.Epiphyseal plates
What replaces old cartilage?
Bony matrix
New cartilage is formed continuously on external face of these two cartilages
Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates
How is bone remodeled?
- Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts. Breaks down at ends
- Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts on sides
- Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts at center
Appositional growth
Bones grow in width
Role of osteoblasts in appositional growth
Osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to outside of diaphysis
Role of osteoclasts in appositional growth
In endosteum remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis
What controls bone growth
Hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones
Estrogen and T
What determines when to remodel bone matrix?
Calcium ion levels in blood
What determines where bone matrix is remodeled?
Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
Hypercalcemia
High blood calcium levels
Prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Released when calcium ion levels are low
-Activates osteoclasts
-Breaks down bones and releases calcium ions
Fracture
Broken bone
Closed fracture (simple)
Doesn’t penetrate skin
Open (compound) fracture
Penetrates skin
Fractures are fixed by
Reduction and immobilization
Closed reduction
Bones coaxed into position by physician’s hands
Open reduction
Bones in place with pins or wires during surgery
4 events of bone fracture repair
- Hematoma
- Fibrocartilage callus forms
- Bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus
- Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses
Hematoma
Blood-filled swelling, or bruise
How does fibrocartilage callus form?
-cartilage matrix
-bony matrix
-collagen fibers splint the broken bone
How’s does bony callus replace the fibrocartilage callus?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in
Comminuted fracture
Bone breaks into three or more fragments
Common in elderly
Compression
Crushed bone
Common in porous bones (older people)
Depressed fracture
Broken bone pressed in
Typical of skull fracture
Impacted fracture
Broken bone ends forced into each other
Common when breaking fall with outstretched arms
Spiral fracture
Ragged break
Caused by excessive twisting forces applied to bone
Common sports fracture
Greenstick fracture
Bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig
Common in kids (flexible bones)
What makes longitudinal axis of body?
Axial skeleton
Parts of axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Parts of skull
1.Cranium bone encloses brain
2. Facial bones
What do facial bones do?
Hold eyes facing forward
Let face express feelings
What joins bones?
Sutures
Attached by freely movable joint
Mandible
Frontal bone is a
Cranial bone
Where are the Maxillae
Pair
Facial bone
Where are the Palatine
Pair
Facial
Where are the Lacrimal bones?
Pair
Facial bones
Where are the zygomatic bones?
Pair
Facial
Where are the nasal bones?
Pair
Facial bones
Where is the Vormer bone
Facial
Where are the inferior nasal conchae?
Pair
Facial bone
Where is the mandible ?
Facial bone
Where is the occipital bone?
Cranial bone
Where is the ethmoid bone?
Cranial bone
Where is the sphenoid bone?
Cranial bone
Where are the parietal bones?
Cranial bones
Pair
Where are the temporal bones?
Pair
Cranial bones
Hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Function of paranasal sinuses
Lighten skull
Amplify sounds made as we speak
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoidal
Maxillary
Hyiod bone
Movable base for tongue
Related to mandible and temporal
Swallowing and speech
Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone
Hyoid bone
Function of vertebral column
Gives axial support
Extends from skull to pelvis
How many vertebral bones?
26
What separates vertebral bones?
Intervertebral discs
__ ______ vertebrae are in the neck
7 cervical
____ ______ vertebrae are in the chest
12 thoracic
___ _____ vertebrae are associated with the lower back
5 lumbar
Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae
Sacrum
Formed by fusion of 3-5 vertebrae
Coccyx (tail bone)
Pneumonic for remembering # of vertebrae
Breakfast at 7
Lunch at 12
Dinner at 5
Primary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of thoracic and sacral
Present from birth
C shaped curvature in newborns
Secondary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of cervical and lumbar regions
Formed after birth
Form S curve (adults)
What is this a part of? Centrum (body)
Typical vertebra
What is this a part of? Vertebral Arch
Typical vertebra
Parts of vertebral arch
Pedicle
Lamina
What is this a part of? Vertebral foramen
Typical vertebra
What is this a part of? Transverse processes
Typical vertebra
What is this a part of? Spinous process
Typical vertebra
What is this a part of? Superior and inferior articular processes
Typical vertebra
Centrum (body)
Direct contact with discs
Vertebral foramen
Surrounds spinal cord
C1
Atlas supports skull
Allow for greater movement
C2
Makes pivot upon atlas
Allow for greater movement
Axis
Articulation between Atlas and axis lets you do what?
Turn your head side to side
Typical cervical vertabrae
Transverse foramen
Smaller body
Spinous process short and often divided
Thoracic vertabrae characteristic (look)
Looks like head of giraffe from posterior view
Lumbar vertabrae characteristic
Large body or centrum
Sacrum looks like
Horseshoe crab
Function of thoracic cage? (bony thorax)
Protects organs of thoracic cavity
Parts of thoracic cage
1.Sternum
2.Ribs
3. Thoracic vertabrae
Which pairs are true ribs?
1-7
Which pairs are false ribs?
8-12
Don’t connect directly with sternum connect with cartilage of ribs above
Which pairs are floating ribs
11-12
Don’t connect with sternum
Breastplate aka as
Sternum
Posterior boundary of thorax
Thoracic vertabrae
Appendicular skeleton has how many bones ?
126
Parts of appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle is aka as?
Shoulder girdle
Parts of pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
What do the clavicle and specula do?
Attach upper limb to axial skeletal
Pectoral girdle
Light, poorly reinforced
Allows upper limb exceptional flexibility
Acromial end of clavicle articulates with the ___ of ____
Acromian of the scapula
Sternal end articulates with
Sternum (breastplate)
What does the acromion do ?
Articulates with acromial end of clavicle that makes shoulder girdle
Humerus
Arm bone
Single bone
Proximal end articulation of the humerus
Head articulates to glenoid cavity (think ball socket joint of shoulder) of scapula (shoulder blade)
Distal end articulation of the humerus
Trochlea (kinda pointy) & capitulum (round) (kind of round parts, pulley like) articulate w/ bones of forearm
Posterior view of humerus
Has olecranon fossa
Bones of forearm
Ulna
Radius
Medial bone in forearm in anatomical position
Ulna
Lateral forearm bone in anatomical position
Radius
Proximal end articulation of ulna
Coronoid process (looks like goatee) and olecranon (looks like top of head) articulate with humerus
Proximal end articulation of radius
Head articulates with capitulum of humerus
Parts of hand
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals
Wrist bones
How are carpals arranged?
8 total per hand
2 rows of 4 in each hand
Metacarpals
Palm bones
Metacarpals per hand
5
Phalanges
Fingers and thumb bones
How many phalanges in each hand?
14
How many bones in each finger?
3
How many bones in thumb?
2
Explain distal, middle and proximal phalanges
Tip bone, mid bone, bone next to metacarpal
Ossa coxae
Two hip bones (coxal bones)
Name the 3 pairs of fused bones that make pelvic girdle
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Two coxal bones+sacrum =
Pelvic girdle
Two coxal bones+ sacrum+ coccyx =
Pelvis
Total upper body weight rests on?
Pelvis
What does pelvis protect?
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of large intestine
Female pelvis
Inlet (hole) bigger
Shallower,
Lighter, thinner, bones
Ilia (sides) flare more
Shorter, flatter sacrum
Shorter ischial spines (pokey things around hole) more far apart
Pubic arch more rounded (bigger angle)
Shorter ischial spines
Angle of female vs male pubic arch?
Female more than 90
Male less than 90
Femur
Thigh bone
Heaviest, strongest bone in body
Femur
Proximal end articulation of femur
Head with acetabulum (socket of hipbone) of coxal
Distal articulation of femur
Lateral & medial condyles articulate with tibia in lower leg
Parts of lower leg
Tibia
Fibula
Tibia
Shin bone
Larger and medially oriented
Proximal end articulation of the tibia
Medial and lateral condyles articulate with femur to make knee joint
Distal end articulation of tibia
Medial malleolus makes inner part of ankle (boney projection on side of ankle)
Fibula
Thin and stick-like
Lateral to tibia
NO ROLE IN FORMING KNEE JOINT
Distal end articulation of fibula
Lateral malleolus forms outer part of ankle
Foot made of
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Two largest tarsals
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus
How many bones in tarsals
7
Arrangement of metatarsals
5 bones make sole of the foot
Arrangement phalanges
14 bones from the toes
Arrangement of arches on feet
Two longitudinal
One transverse
(3 strong arches)
Joints
Articulations
2 or more bones meet
Classified by structure and function
Function of joints
Hold bones together securely
Mobility
Synarthroses joints
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses joints
Slightly moveable
Diarthroses joints
Freely moveable joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable joints
Structural classifications of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
synovial
Functional joint classification
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
Sutures
Immobile fibrous joint
In flat bones of skull
Syndesmoses
More movement than sutures but still immobile
Fibrous
Found on distal ends of tibia and fibula
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Immobile fibrous joints
Found where teeth meet facial bones
Gomphoses
Bones connected by fibrocartilage are
Cartilaginous joints
Synchrondrosis
Immobile cartilaginous joints
Found in epiphyseal plates of long growing bones
Synchrondrosis
Symphysis
Slightly moveable cartilaginous joints
Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
Symphysis joints
Articulating bones separated by joint cavity
Synovial joints
Synovial fluid is in the joint cavity of ____ joints
Synovial
Features of synovial joints
- Articular cartilage
2.Articular capsule
3.Joint cavity
4.reinforcing ligaments
Multiaxial joint
Gives full range of motion
Shoulder joint is a ____ joint
Synovial joint
Multiaxial
Uniaxial joint
Moves in one direction
Elbow
Synovial
Intercarpal joints of hands are
Biaxial joints
Are bursae part of joint?
No
Bursae
Flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Elongated bursa that wraps around tendon
Tendon sheath
Plane joint
Bones are flat or nearly flat
Slide against each other
Bones of wrist
Synovial
Hinge joint
Elbow
Synovial
Pivot joint (synovial)
Bones rotating within ring made from another bone and a ligament
Ulna
Radius
Condylar
Knuckles of hand
Synovial
Saddle joint
One part is concave (saddle) other convex (rider in saddle)
Thumb is example
Ball and socket joint
Multiaxial
Shoulders and hips
Synovial
First “long bones” of fetus are made of _____ _____
Hyaline cartilage
Earliest “flat bones” of fetal skull are _____ ______
Fibrous membranes
As fetus grows, all models are converted to _____
Bone
At birth head and trunk are….
Much longer than the lower limbs
What happens during puberty?
Female pelvis broadens
Male skeleton becomes more robust
When do epiphyseal plates become fully ossified?
End of adolescence
Osteoporosis
Bone thinning disease
Porous bones
How many women are affected by osteoporosis?
50% of women over age 65
How many men affected by osteoporosis?
20% of men over age 70
Kyphosis
Vertebral collapse
Curved spine
“Dowager’s hump”
____ aids in health and normal density of female skeleton
Estrogen
Pedicle
Part of vertebral arch under transverse processes
Lamina
Part of vertebral arch on sides of spinous process
Fontanels
Infants
Space between bones where formation isn’t complete
Lets skull be compressed during birth
What causes pain of herniated dics
Disc is out of place and presses on spinal nerves
Parts of shoulder joint
Scapula and humerus
Rickets
3rd world countries
Lack calcium, vitamin D, softened bones
Bowed legs, muscle weakness, bone pain, small stature
Scoliosis
Lateral curve of the spine
Lordosis
Curved spine in lower back
Spine sticks front, anterior curve of spine
What part of coxal bone bears the most weight when sitting?
Ischial tuberosity
