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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of skeletal system

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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2
Q

Subdivisions of skeleton

A

Axial
Appendicular

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3
Q

Functions of bones

A

-protect soft organs
-support body
-allow movement
-store fats and minerals
-make blood cells

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

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5
Q

Which minerals are stored in bones?

A

Calcium and phosphorous

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6
Q

Where is fat stored?

A

Internal marrow cavity

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7
Q

How many bones does an adult have?

A

206

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8
Q

How many bones are you born with?

A

Over 300

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9
Q

Types of osseous tissue

A

1.Compact bone
2. Spongy bone

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10
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense, smooth, homogenous

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11
Q

Spongy bone

A

Small needle like pieces of bone

Many open spaces

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12
Q

Classification of bone

A

Long
Flat
Short
Irregular

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13
Q

Classify by shape: sternum

A

Flat

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14
Q

Classify by shape:humerus

A

Long

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15
Q

Classify by shape: vertebra

A

Irregular

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16
Q

Classify by shape:talus

A

Short

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17
Q

Classify by shape: radius, ulna, femur

A

Long

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18
Q

Classify by shape: sternum and (most)parts of skull

A

Flat

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19
Q

Classify by shape:Bones of carpals

A

Short

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20
Q

Long bone characteristics

A

-Longer than wide
-Enlarged ends
-Mostly compact bone; spongy bone at end

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21
Q

Bones of limbs except wrist, ankle and kneecap are what type of bone?

A

Long bones

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22
Q

Flat bones

A
  1. Thin, flat and curved (usually)
  2. Compact bone with spongy bone between them.
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23
Q

Classify by shape: ribs

A

Flat

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24
Q

Classify by shape: cranium(frontal and parietal)

A

Flat

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25
Q

Classify by shape: illium (part of pelvis)

A

Flat

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26
Q

Classify by shape: scapula (Shoulder blade)

A

Flat

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27
Q

Short bones

A
  1. Generally cube shaped
  2. Mostly spongy with compact on outside
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28
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Type of short bone forms within tendons or muscle

Near joint area

(within patella)

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29
Q

Classify by shape: carpals

A

Short

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30
Q

Classify by shape: tarsals

A

Short

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31
Q

Classify by shape: sesamoid bones

A

Short

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32
Q

Classify by shape: patella

A

Short

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33
Q

Irregular bones

A

1.No defined shape,
2.Do not fit in bone classification categories

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34
Q

Classify by shape: vertebrae and some hip bones

A

Irregular

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35
Q

Long bone anatomy

A

Diaphysis
Periosteum
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate

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36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft
Makes up length
compact bone

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37
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside covering of diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Sharpey’s fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone

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38
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Perforating fibers

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39
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends
Mostly spongy bone covered by compact bone

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40
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers external surface of the epiphyses

Hyaline cartilage

Minimizes friction at joints

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41
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Remnant of epiphyseal plate

Seen in adult bones

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42
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones

Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

Mitotically active

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43
Q

Endosteum

A

-Inner surface of shaft
-Membrabe made of connective tissue

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44
Q

Medullary cavity

A

-Inside shaft
Has yellow marrow (fat) in adults

Red marrow in infants until 6-7

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45
Q

Bone markings

A

Sites of attachment
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

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46
Q

Categories of bone markings

A

Projections/processes
Depressions/cavities

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47
Q

Projections or processes

A

Grow out from bone surface

Terms often begin with T

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48
Q

Depressions/cavities

A

Indentations
Terms often begin with F

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49
Q

Large, rounded projections; may be roughened

A

Tuberosity

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50
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

A

Crest

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51
Q

Big, irregular, blunt process, on femur

A

Trochanter

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52
Q

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest

A

Line

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53
Q

Small, rounded projection or process

A

Tubercle

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54
Q

Raised area on or above condyle

A

Epicondyle

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55
Q

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

A

Spine

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56
Q

Any bony prominence

A

Process

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57
Q

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

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58
Q

Smooth, nearly flat articular surfaces

A

Facet

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59
Q

Rounded articular projection

A

Condyle

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60
Q

Arm like bar of bone

A

Ramus

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61
Q

Furrow

A

Groove

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62
Q

Narrow, slitlike opening

A

Fissure

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63
Q

Round or oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

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64
Q

Indentation at the edge of a structure

A

Notch

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65
Q

Canal or tunnel like passageway

A

Meatus

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66
Q

Cavity within a bone filled with air, lined with a mucous membrane

A

Sinus

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67
Q

Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

A

Fossa

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68
Q

Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone

A

Trabeculae
Open spaces

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69
Q

Small, needle-like pieces of bone

A

Trabeculae

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70
Q

Filled with marrow, blood vessels and nerves

A

Open spaces

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71
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

Epiphysis

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72
Q

Closely compacted to make compact bone
Tunnels made by osteocyte rich tissue

A

Osteon

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73
Q

Haversian system is AKA

A

Osteons

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74
Q

Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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75
Q

Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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76
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (haversian) canal

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77
Q

Haversian canal (central)

A

Opening in center of an osteon (Haversian system)

Runs Lengthwise through bone

Carries blood vessels and nerves

Runs length of bone

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78
Q

Osteon

A

Unit of bone
Has central canal and matrix rings

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79
Q

Structural and functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

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80
Q

Lamella

A

Matrix rings concentric rings

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81
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals

Radiate from central canal to lacunae

Transport system that gives bones nutrients

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82
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A

Perpendicular to central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves

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83
Q

___ is relatively lightweight and resists tension and other forces

A

Bone

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84
Q

Organic parts (____ ______) make bone flexible and have great tensile strength

A

Collagen fibers

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85
Q

What makes bone hard to resist compression?

A

Calcium salts

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86
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation

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87
Q

Ossification happens on

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage models
  2. Fibrous membranes
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88
Q

Parts of ossification in long bones

A

Osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix (bony collar)

  1. In fetus enclosed cartilage is digested away opening up a medullary cavity
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89
Q

By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for 2 parts in a long bone

A

1.Articular cartilages
2.Epiphyseal plates

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90
Q

What replaces old cartilage?

A

Bony matrix

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91
Q

New cartilage is formed continuously on external face of these two cartilages

A

Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates

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92
Q

How is bone remodeled?

A
  1. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts. Breaks down at ends
  2. Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts on sides
  3. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts at center
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93
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bones grow in width

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94
Q

Role of osteoblasts in appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to outside of diaphysis

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95
Q

Role of osteoclasts in appositional growth

A

In endosteum remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis

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96
Q

What controls bone growth

A

Hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones
Estrogen and T

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97
Q

What determines when to remodel bone matrix?

A

Calcium ion levels in blood

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98
Q

What determines where bone matrix is remodeled?

A

Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton

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99
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High blood calcium levels
Prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts

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100
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

-Released when calcium ion levels are low
-Activates osteoclasts
-Breaks down bones and releases calcium ions

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101
Q

Fracture

A

Broken bone

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102
Q

Closed fracture (simple)

A

Doesn’t penetrate skin

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103
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

Penetrates skin

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104
Q

Fractures are fixed by

A

Reduction and immobilization

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105
Q

Closed reduction

A

Bones coaxed into position by physician’s hands

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106
Q

Open reduction

A

Bones in place with pins or wires during surgery

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107
Q

4 events of bone fracture repair

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
  3. Bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus
  4. Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses
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108
Q

Hematoma

A

Blood-filled swelling, or bruise

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109
Q

How does fibrocartilage callus form?

A

-cartilage matrix
-bony matrix
-collagen fibers splint the broken bone

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110
Q

How’s does bony callus replace the fibrocartilage callus?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in

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111
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone breaks into three or more fragments

Common in elderly

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112
Q

Compression

A

Crushed bone

Common in porous bones (older people)

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113
Q

Depressed fracture

A

Broken bone pressed in

Typical of skull fracture

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114
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Broken bone ends forced into each other

Common when breaking fall with outstretched arms

115
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Ragged break

Caused by excessive twisting forces applied to bone

Common sports fracture

116
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig

Common in kids (flexible bones)

117
Q

What makes longitudinal axis of body?

A

Axial skeleton

118
Q

Parts of axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

119
Q

Parts of skull

A

1.Cranium bone encloses brain
2. Facial bones

120
Q

What do facial bones do?

A

Hold eyes facing forward
Let face express feelings

121
Q

What joins bones?

A

Sutures

122
Q

Attached by freely movable joint

A

Mandible

123
Q

Frontal bone is a

A

Cranial bone

124
Q

Where are the Maxillae

A

Pair

Facial bone

125
Q

Where are the Palatine

A

Pair
Facial

126
Q

Where are the Lacrimal bones?

A

Pair

Facial bones

127
Q

Where are the zygomatic bones?

A

Pair
Facial

128
Q

Where are the nasal bones?

A

Pair
Facial bones

129
Q

Where is the Vormer bone

A

Facial

130
Q

Where are the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Pair
Facial bone

131
Q

Where is the mandible ?

A

Facial bone

132
Q

Where is the occipital bone?

A

Cranial bone

133
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone?

A

Cranial bone

134
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Cranial bone

135
Q

Where are the parietal bones?

A

Cranial bones
Pair

136
Q

Where are the temporal bones?

A

Pair
Cranial bones

137
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

138
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten skull
Amplify sounds made as we speak

139
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoidal
Maxillary

140
Q

Hyiod bone

A

Movable base for tongue

Related to mandible and temporal

Swallowing and speech

141
Q

Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone

A

Hyoid bone

142
Q

Function of vertebral column

A

Gives axial support

Extends from skull to pelvis

143
Q

How many vertebral bones?

A

26

144
Q

What separates vertebral bones?

A

Intervertebral discs

145
Q

__ ______ vertebrae are in the neck

A

7 cervical

146
Q

____ ______ vertebrae are in the chest

A

12 thoracic

147
Q

___ _____ vertebrae are associated with the lower back

A

5 lumbar

148
Q

Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae

A

Sacrum

149
Q

Formed by fusion of 3-5 vertebrae

A

Coccyx (tail bone)

150
Q

Pneumonic for remembering # of vertebrae

A

Breakfast at 7
Lunch at 12
Dinner at 5

151
Q

Primary curvatures

A

Spinal curvatures of thoracic and sacral

Present from birth

C shaped curvature in newborns

152
Q

Secondary curvatures

A

Spinal curvatures of cervical and lumbar regions

Formed after birth

Form S curve (adults)

153
Q

What is this a part of? Centrum (body)

A

Typical vertebra

154
Q

What is this a part of? Vertebral Arch

A

Typical vertebra

155
Q

Parts of vertebral arch

A

Pedicle
Lamina

156
Q

What is this a part of? Vertebral foramen

A

Typical vertebra

157
Q

What is this a part of? Transverse processes

A

Typical vertebra

158
Q

What is this a part of? Spinous process

A

Typical vertebra

159
Q

What is this a part of? Superior and inferior articular processes

A

Typical vertebra

160
Q

Centrum (body)

A

Direct contact with discs

161
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Surrounds spinal cord

162
Q

C1

A

Atlas supports skull
Allow for greater movement

163
Q

C2

A

Makes pivot upon atlas
Allow for greater movement
Axis

164
Q

Articulation between Atlas and axis lets you do what?

A

Turn your head side to side

165
Q

Typical cervical vertabrae

A

Transverse foramen
Smaller body
Spinous process short and often divided

166
Q

Thoracic vertabrae characteristic (look)

A

Looks like head of giraffe from posterior view

167
Q

Lumbar vertabrae characteristic

A

Large body or centrum

168
Q

Sacrum looks like

A

Horseshoe crab

169
Q

Function of thoracic cage? (bony thorax)

A

Protects organs of thoracic cavity

170
Q

Parts of thoracic cage

A

1.Sternum
2.Ribs
3. Thoracic vertabrae

171
Q

Which pairs are true ribs?

A

1-7

172
Q

Which pairs are false ribs?

A

8-12
Don’t connect directly with sternum connect with cartilage of ribs above

173
Q

Which pairs are floating ribs

A

11-12
Don’t connect with sternum

174
Q

Breastplate aka as

A

Sternum

175
Q

Posterior boundary of thorax

A

Thoracic vertabrae

176
Q

Appendicular skeleton has how many bones ?

A

126

177
Q

Parts of appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

178
Q

Pectoral girdle is aka as?

A

Shoulder girdle

179
Q

Parts of pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle
Scapula

180
Q

What do the clavicle and specula do?

A

Attach upper limb to axial skeletal

181
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Light, poorly reinforced

Allows upper limb exceptional flexibility

182
Q

Acromial end of clavicle articulates with the ___ of ____

A

Acromian of the scapula

183
Q

Sternal end articulates with

A

Sternum (breastplate)

184
Q

What does the acromion do ?

A

Articulates with acromial end of clavicle that makes shoulder girdle

185
Q

Humerus

A

Arm bone
Single bone

186
Q

Proximal end articulation of the humerus

A

Head articulates to glenoid cavity (think ball socket joint of shoulder) of scapula (shoulder blade)

187
Q

Distal end articulation of the humerus

A

Trochlea (kinda pointy) & capitulum (round) (kind of round parts, pulley like) articulate w/ bones of forearm

188
Q

Posterior view of humerus

A

Has olecranon fossa

189
Q

Bones of forearm

A

Ulna
Radius

190
Q

Medial bone in forearm in anatomical position

A

Ulna

191
Q

Lateral forearm bone in anatomical position

A

Radius

192
Q

Proximal end articulation of ulna

A

Coronoid process (looks like goatee) and olecranon (looks like top of head) articulate with humerus

193
Q

Proximal end articulation of radius

A

Head articulates with capitulum of humerus

194
Q

Parts of hand

A

Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

195
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist bones

196
Q

How are carpals arranged?

A

8 total per hand

2 rows of 4 in each hand

197
Q

Metacarpals

A

Palm bones

198
Q

Metacarpals per hand

A

5

199
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers and thumb bones

200
Q

How many phalanges in each hand?

A

14

201
Q

How many bones in each finger?

A

3

202
Q

How many bones in thumb?

A

2

203
Q

Explain distal, middle and proximal phalanges

A

Tip bone, mid bone, bone next to metacarpal

204
Q

Ossa coxae

A

Two hip bones (coxal bones)

205
Q

Name the 3 pairs of fused bones that make pelvic girdle

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

206
Q

Two coxal bones+sacrum =

A

Pelvic girdle

207
Q

Two coxal bones+ sacrum+ coccyx =

A

Pelvis

208
Q

Total upper body weight rests on?

A

Pelvis

209
Q

What does pelvis protect?

A

Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of large intestine

210
Q

Female pelvis

A

Inlet (hole) bigger

Shallower,
Lighter, thinner, bones

Ilia (sides) flare more

Shorter, flatter sacrum

Shorter ischial spines (pokey things around hole) more far apart

Pubic arch more rounded (bigger angle)

Shorter ischial spines

211
Q

Angle of female vs male pubic arch?

A

Female more than 90
Male less than 90

212
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

213
Q

Heaviest, strongest bone in body

A

Femur

214
Q

Proximal end articulation of femur

A

Head with acetabulum (socket of hipbone) of coxal

215
Q

Distal articulation of femur

A

Lateral & medial condyles articulate with tibia in lower leg

216
Q

Parts of lower leg

A

Tibia
Fibula

217
Q

Tibia

A

Shin bone
Larger and medially oriented

218
Q

Proximal end articulation of the tibia

A

Medial and lateral condyles articulate with femur to make knee joint

219
Q

Distal end articulation of tibia

A

Medial malleolus makes inner part of ankle (boney projection on side of ankle)

220
Q

Fibula

A

Thin and stick-like
Lateral to tibia

NO ROLE IN FORMING KNEE JOINT

221
Q

Distal end articulation of fibula

A

Lateral malleolus forms outer part of ankle

222
Q

Foot made of

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

223
Q

Two largest tarsals

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus

224
Q

How many bones in tarsals

A

7

225
Q

Arrangement of metatarsals

A

5 bones make sole of the foot

226
Q

Arrangement phalanges

A

14 bones from the toes

227
Q

Arrangement of arches on feet

A

Two longitudinal
One transverse
(3 strong arches)

228
Q

Joints

A

Articulations
2 or more bones meet

Classified by structure and function

229
Q

Function of joints

A

Hold bones together securely
Mobility

230
Q

Synarthroses joints

A

Immovable joints

231
Q

Amphiarthroses joints

A

Slightly moveable

232
Q

Diarthroses joints

A

Freely moveable joints

233
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Generally immovable

234
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Immovable or slightly moveable

235
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely moveable joints

236
Q

Structural classifications of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
synovial

237
Q

Functional joint classification

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

238
Q

Bones united by fibrous tissue

A

Fibrous joints

239
Q

Sutures

A

Immobile fibrous joint
In flat bones of skull

240
Q

Syndesmoses

A

More movement than sutures but still immobile

Fibrous

241
Q

Found on distal ends of tibia and fibula

A

Syndesmoses

242
Q

Gomphoses

A

Immobile fibrous joints

243
Q

Found where teeth meet facial bones

A

Gomphoses

244
Q

Bones connected by fibrocartilage are

A

Cartilaginous joints

245
Q

Synchrondrosis

A

Immobile cartilaginous joints

246
Q

Found in epiphyseal plates of long growing bones

A

Synchrondrosis

247
Q

Symphysis

A

Slightly moveable cartilaginous joints

248
Q

Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

A

Symphysis joints

249
Q

Articulating bones separated by joint cavity

A

Synovial joints

250
Q

Synovial fluid is in the joint cavity of ____ joints

A

Synovial

251
Q

Features of synovial joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage
    2.Articular capsule
    3.Joint cavity
    4.reinforcing ligaments
252
Q

Multiaxial joint

A

Gives full range of motion

253
Q

Shoulder joint is a ____ joint

A

Synovial joint
Multiaxial

254
Q

Uniaxial joint

A

Moves in one direction
Elbow
Synovial

255
Q

Intercarpal joints of hands are

A

Biaxial joints

256
Q

Are bursae part of joint?

A

No

257
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes

Filled with synovial fluid

Not actually part of the joint

258
Q

Elongated bursa that wraps around tendon

A

Tendon sheath

259
Q

Plane joint

A

Bones are flat or nearly flat

Slide against each other

Bones of wrist

Synovial

260
Q

Hinge joint

A

Elbow
Synovial

261
Q

Pivot joint (synovial)

A

Bones rotating within ring made from another bone and a ligament

Ulna

Radius

262
Q

Condylar

A

Knuckles of hand
Synovial

263
Q

Saddle joint

A

One part is concave (saddle) other convex (rider in saddle)

Thumb is example

264
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Multiaxial
Shoulders and hips
Synovial

265
Q

First “long bones” of fetus are made of _____ _____

A

Hyaline cartilage

266
Q

Earliest “flat bones” of fetal skull are _____ ______

A

Fibrous membranes

267
Q

As fetus grows, all models are converted to _____

A

Bone

268
Q

At birth head and trunk are….

A

Much longer than the lower limbs

269
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

Female pelvis broadens

Male skeleton becomes more robust

270
Q

When do epiphyseal plates become fully ossified?

A

End of adolescence

271
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone thinning disease
Porous bones

272
Q

How many women are affected by osteoporosis?

A

50% of women over age 65

273
Q

How many men affected by osteoporosis?

A

20% of men over age 70

274
Q

Kyphosis

A

Vertebral collapse
Curved spine
“Dowager’s hump”

275
Q

____ aids in health and normal density of female skeleton

A

Estrogen

276
Q

Pedicle

A

Part of vertebral arch under transverse processes

277
Q

Lamina

A

Part of vertebral arch on sides of spinous process

278
Q

Fontanels

A

Infants
Space between bones where formation isn’t complete

Lets skull be compressed during birth

279
Q

What causes pain of herniated dics

A

Disc is out of place and presses on spinal nerves

280
Q

Parts of shoulder joint

A

Scapula and humerus

281
Q

Rickets

A

3rd world countries

Lack calcium, vitamin D, softened bones

Bowed legs, muscle weakness, bone pain, small stature

282
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curve of the spine

283
Q

Lordosis

A

Curved spine in lower back
Spine sticks front, anterior curve of spine

284
Q

What part of coxal bone bears the most weight when sitting?

A

Ischial tuberosity

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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