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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > 7B > Flashcards

7B Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Left and right superior parts of brain

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2
Q

Which include more than half of the brain mass?

A

Central hemispheres

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3
Q

Brain regions

A

Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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4
Q

Surface of hemispheres made of

A

Fissures
Gyri
Sulci

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5
Q

What are lobes named after?

A

Cranial bones that lie over them

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6
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges

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7
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

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8
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves

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9
Q

Regions of cerebral hemisphere

A

Cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei

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10
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Deep pockets of grey matter

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11
Q

Cortex

A

Superficial grey matter

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12
Q

Function of cortex

A
  1. Find and interpret sensory inputs
  2. Control voluntary and skilled muscle activity
  3. Intellectual and emotional processing
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13
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

Subcortical motor

Helps Control skeletal muscle movements

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14
Q

Parts in diencephalon region

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system (epithalamus)

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

1.Sensory info to cerebral cortex

2.Communicates cerebral motor cortex and lower motor center

3.Memory

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Integration of autonomic nervous system
  2. Regulates temp, food intake, water balance and thirst
  3. Pituitary gland output
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17
Q

What makes ADH and oxytocin

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Limbic system

A

1.Functional
2. Has cerebral and diencephalon structures (hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei)

  1. Mediated emotional responses and memory processing
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19
Q

Parts of brain stem region

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation

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20
Q

Midbrain

A
  1. Visual and auditory reflexes
  2. Subcortical motor centers
  3. Nuclei for cranial nerves 3&4
  4. Projection fibers
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21
Q

Pons

A

1.Communicates cerebrum to cerebellum
2. Respiratory rate and depth (works w/ medullary centers)
3. Cranial nerves of bones 5-7
4. Projection fibers

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22
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

1.Ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors

  1. Heart rate, blood vessel diameter, resp rate, vomiting
    3.sensory info to cerebellum
  2. Nuclei of cranial nerves 8-12; projection fibers
  3. Site of crossover pyramids
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23
Q

Reticular formation

A
  1. Functional system
  2. Cortical alertness
  3. Filters out repetitive stimuli
  4. Regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity
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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

1.processes info from cerebral motor cortex

  1. Smooth skeletal muscle movements.Coordinates cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers
  2. Balance and posture
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25
Q

Primary somatic sensory area

A
  1. In parietal lobe behind central sulcus
  2. Gets sensory info, pain temp, light touch
  3. Left side or primary somatic area gets impulses from right side
    and vice versa
  4. Sensory homunculus is spatial map
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26
Q

Study the homunculi

A
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27
Q

Visual area

A

Occipital lobe

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28
Q

Auditory area

A

Temporal lobe

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29
Q

Olfactory area

A

Temporal lobe

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30
Q

Primary motor area location

A

In front of central sulcus in frontal lobe

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31
Q

What does the primary motor area do?

A

Lets you consciously move skeletal muscles

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32
Q

Motor neurons form a

A

Corticospinal tract

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33
Q

Corticospinal tract descends to

A

Spinal cord

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34
Q

Motor homunculus is spatial map of

A

Primary motor area

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35
Q

Broca’s area

A
  1. Part of cortex
  2. Speaking ability
  3. Left hemisphere
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36
Q

Anterior association area

A

Frontal lobe

Thinking
Processing sense info

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37
Q

Posterior association area

A

Posterior cortex
Thinking
Processing sense info

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38
Q

Speech area

A

For sounding out words

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39
Q

White matter made of

A

Fiber tracts deep to grey matter
Has commisures
Association fiber tracts
Projection fiber tracts

Corpus callosum

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40
Q

What connects the hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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41
Q

Commisures

A

Tracts like the corpus callosum

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42
Q

What connects areas within a hemisphere?

A

Association fiber tracts

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43
Q

What connects the cerebrum with lower CNS centers

A

Projection fiber tracts

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44
Q

Basal nuclei

A

“islands” of grey matter buried deep within white matter

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45
Q

Function of basal nuclei

A

Regulate motor control activities

Modify instructions sent to skeletal muscles by primary motor cortex

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46
Q

Diencephalon location

A

Sits on top of brain stem
Enclosed by hemispheres

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47
Q

What encloses the third ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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48
Q

Relay station for impulses going up to cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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49
Q

Responsible for sending impulses to the right part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

A

Thalamus

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50
Q

What makes the floor of the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus

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51
Q

Autonomic system functions of hypothalamus

A

Regulates:
Body temp
H2O balance
Metabolism

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52
Q

What houses limbic center for emotions?

A

Hypothalamus

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53
Q

What regulates the nearby pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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54
Q

Houses mammillary bodies for olfaction

A

Hypothalamus

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55
Q

Forms roof of third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

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56
Q

What houses the pineal gland/body?

A

Epithalamus

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57
Q

Includes Choroid plexus

A

Epithalamus

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58
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Makes cerebrospinal fluid

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59
Q

Brain stem

A

Attaches to spinal cord

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60
Q

Midbrain extends from

A

Mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly

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61
Q

What connects 3&4 ventricles in the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal)

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62
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

2 bulging fiber tracts
Convey ascending and descending impulses

In midbrain

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63
Q

Role of corpora quadrigemina (four rounded protrusions) in the midbrain?

A

Visual and auditory reflex centers

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64
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

4 rounded protrusions in midbrain

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65
Q

Rounded structure just below midbrain

A

Pons

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66
Q

Pons is mostly made of

A

Fiber tracts

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67
Q

Pons has nuclei in control of

A

Breathing

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68
Q

Most inferior part of brain stem that merges into spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

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69
Q

Medulla oblongata has ______ fiber tracts

A

Important

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70
Q

Control centers of the medulla oblongata control

A

1.Heart rate
2. BP
3. Breathing
4.Swallowing
5. Vomiting

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71
Q

Fourth ventricle location

A

Behind pons and medulla

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72
Q

Reticular formation brain stem

A

1.Diffuse mass of grey matter along brain stem

  1. Motor control of visceral organs
  2. RAS
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73
Q

RAS stands for

A

Reticular Activating System

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74
Q

Reticular Activating System function

A

Awake/Sleep cycles and consciousness

Filter for incoming sensory information

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75
Q

Cerebellum composed of

A

2 hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

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76
Q

What is outer cortex of cerebellum made of?

A

Gray matter

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77
Q

What is inner region of cerebellum made of?

A

White matter

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78
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

1.Control balance

  1. Precise timing for skeletal muscle activity & coordination of body movements
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79
Q

What protects CNS ?

A

Meninges

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

Blood-brain barrier

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80
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater
Folds inward

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81
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost leathery layer
Double layered external covering

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82
Q

Layers of dura mater

A

Periosteum
Meningeal layer
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater

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83
Q

Attached to inner surface of skull

A

Periosteum

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84
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Outer covering of brain

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85
Q

Types of folds in areas of dura mater

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli

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86
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

1.Middle layer
2.Web like extensions attach to pia mater
3. Subarachnoid space filled w/ CSF & web-like extensions
4. Arachnoid granulations protrude through dura mater & absorb CSF into blood

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87
Q

Pia mater

A

Internal layer
Clings to surface of brain & spinal cord

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88
Q

Meninges acronym

A

D(uramater)
A(rachnoid mater)
P(ia mater)

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89
Q

CSF is similar to _____ _______ in composition

A

Blood plasma

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90
Q

What makes CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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91
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Capillaries in ventricles of brain

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92
Q

Function of CSF

A

Watery cushion to protect brain and spinal cord

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93
Q

Places where CSF circulates

A

Arachnoid space
Ventricles
Central canal of spinal cord

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94
Q

CSF circulation step 1

A
  1. CSF made by Choroid plexus of each ventricles
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95
Q

CSF circulation step 2

A
  1. Flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space through median and lateral apertures
  2. Some CSF flows through central canal of spinal cord
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96
Q

CSF circulation step 3

A

CSF flows through subarachnoid space

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97
Q

CSF circulation step 4

A

Absorbed in sural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi

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98
Q

Blood brain barrier includes least

A

Least permeable capillaries of the body

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99
Q

What does the Blood brain barrier allow to pass through

A

Water, glucose, aminoacids allowed to pass through capillary walls

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100
Q

What substances does the blood brain barrier exclude?

A

Harmful substances and wastes

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101
Q

What is Blood brain barrier useless against?

A

Alcohol and some drugs

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102
Q

Types of TBI

A

Concussion
Contusion
Death

103
Q

Concussion

A

Slight brain injury
Little permanent damage

104
Q

Contusion

A

marked nervous tissue destruction occurs

Coma may happen

105
Q

Can cause death

A

Intercranial hemorrhage

Cerebral edema

106
Q

CVA

A

Circulation to brain blocked

Loss of functions

107
Q

Types of loss of function caused by CVA

A

Hemiplegia
Aphasia

108
Q

Hemiplegia

A

One sided paralysis

109
Q

Aphasia

A

Damage to speech center in left hemisphere

110
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

Temporary loss of blood

Numbness, temp paralysis, impaired speech

111
Q

Ischemia

A

Restriction of blood flow

112
Q

Spinal cord extends from

A

Foramen magnum to first or second lumbar vertabra

113
Q

Cauda equina located at

A

Inferior end of spinal cord

114
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves at inferior end

115
Q

How many spinal nerves arise from spinal cord?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

116
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

Two way conduction pathway to and from the brain

117
Q

Internal grey matter of spinal cord and spinal roots is made of

A

Mostly cell bodies

118
Q

What houses the interneurons

A

Dorsal horns

119
Q

Interneurons

A

Receive info from sensory neurons in dorsal root

120
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Houses cell bodies

121
Q

Anterior horns house

A

Motor neurons of somatic nervous system

122
Q

What surrounds the central canal ?

A

Gray matter

123
Q

What is central canal full of?

124
Q

What sends info to ventral root?

A

Motor neurons of somatic nervous system

125
Q

White matter of spinal cord made of

A

Myelinated fiber tracts

126
Q

Regions of spinal cord

A

Dorsal,
Lateral,
Ventral

127
Q

Afferent tracts send impulses to

128
Q

Efferent tracts take impulses

A

From brain to skeletal muscle

129
Q

PNS made of

A

Nerves and ganglia outside of CNS

130
Q

Nerve

A

Bundles of neurons outside of CNS

131
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue sheath around each fiber

132
Q

Perineurium

A

Wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle

133
Q

Epineurium

A

Binds groups of fascicles

134
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Have both sensory and motor fibers

135
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Carry impulse towards CNS

136
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Carry impulses away from CNS

137
Q

How many pairs of nerves serve the head and neck mostly

A

12 pairs of nerves

138
Q

Vagus nerves

A

Only pair that extends to thoracic and abdominal cavities

139
Q

Most cranial nerves are _____ nerves

A

Mixed nerves

140
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A

Optic
Olfactory
Vestibulocochlear

141
Q

Cranial Nerves Mnemonic device

A

Oh
Oh
Oh

To
Touch
And
Feel
Very
Green
Vegetables

A
H

142
Q

Oh

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor

143
Q

To

144
Q

Touch

A

Trigeminal

145
Q

And

146
Q

Feel

147
Q

Very

A

Vestibulocochlear

148
Q

Green

A

Glossopharyngeal

149
Q

Vegetables

150
Q

A

151
Q

H

A

Hypoglossal

152
Q

Olfactory nerve i

A

Smell
Sensory

153
Q

Optic nerve ii

A

Sensory
Vision impulses

154
Q

Oculomotor iii

A

Motor fibers to 4/6 muscles that move eyeball

Eyelid

Internal eye muscles (controls lens shape and pupil size)

155
Q

iv Trochlear nerve

A

Motor fibers for one external eye muscle

Superior oblique

156
Q

Trigeminal nerve v

A

Both motor and sensory

Impulses from face skin and face mucosa

Motor fibers activate chewing muscles

157
Q

VI abducens

A

Motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle

Rolls eye laterally

158
Q

Vii facial

A

Facial expression

Lacrimal and salivary glands

Sensory impulses from taste buds of anterior tongue

159
Q

Viii vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory

Balance

Cochlear branch: impulses for hearing sense

160
Q

IX glossopharyngeal

A

Motor:
Swallowing
Saliva production

Sensory:
Tastebuds back of tongue

Pressure receptors of carotid artery

161
Q

X Vagus

A

Sensory and motor impulses to:

Pharynx
Larynx
Abdominal and thoracic viscera

Regulate digestive and heart activity

162
Q

XI accessory nerves

A

Activate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

163
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

Tongue movement and impulses from tongue

164
Q

Spinal nerves formed by combination of

A

Ventral and dorsal roots of spinal cord

165
Q

Regions of spinal nerves

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

166
Q

Ramus

A

Branch of a spinal nerve
Has motor and sensory fibers

167
Q

Dorsal Rami

A

Serve Skin and muscles of posterior trunk

168
Q

Ventral Rami

A

Muscles & Skin of ribs and trunk
(T1-T12)
Intercoastal

169
Q

Ventral Rami except for T1-T12

A

Complex network for anterior

170
Q

Plexus

A

Complex nerves network

Meets Motor and sensory needs of limbs

171
Q

Which are the 4 plexuses

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

172
Q

Plexuses form from

A

Ventral Rami of spinal nerves in cervical, lumbar, sacral regions

173
Q

Origin of cervical plexus

A

C1-C5
Ventral Rami

174
Q

Important cervical plexus nerves

175
Q

Phrenic serves

A

Diaphragm

Skin &muscles of shoulder & neck

176
Q

Result of damage to cervical plexus and phrenic

A

Respiratory paralysis
Death

177
Q

Brachial plexus important nerves

A

Axillary
Radial
Median
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar

178
Q

Axillary nerve serves

A

Deltoid muscle

Skin of shoulder

Muscles and skin of superior thorax

179
Q

Result of damage to axillary nerve

A

Paralysis & atrophy of deltoid

180
Q

Radial nerve serves

A

triceps & extensor muscles of forearm

Skin of posterior upper limb

181
Q

Result of damage to radial nerve

A

Wristdrop
Inability to extend hand at the wrist

182
Q

Median nerve serves

A

Flexor muscles
Skin of forearm

Some hand muscles

183
Q

Median nerve damage results

A

Can’t pick up small objects

Can’t flex & abduct hand, thumb or index finger

184
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve serves

A

Flexor muscles of arm;
Skin of lateral forearm

185
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve damage

A

Can’t flex forearm at elbow

186
Q

Ulnar nerve serves

A

Flexor muscles of forearm,
Wrist,
Hand muscles,

Skin of hand

187
Q

Ulnar nerve damage results

A

Clawhand

Inability to spread fingers apart

188
Q

Brachial plexus originates from

A

Ventral Rami C5-C8 & T1

189
Q

Important nerves of lumbar plexus

A

Femoral(lateral & ant. Cutaneous branches)

Obturator

190
Q

Origin of lumbar plexus

A

Ventral Rami

L1-L4

191
Q

Femoral nerve serves

A

Lower abdomen,

Anterior & Medial thigh muscles,

Skin of anteromedial leg and thigh

192
Q

Femoral nerve damage results

A

Can’t extend leg and flex hip

Less cutaneous sensation

193
Q

Obturator nerve serves

A
  1. Adductor muscles of medial thigh
  2. Small hip muscles
  3. Skin of medial thigh
  4. Hip joint
194
Q

Obturator nerve damage results

A

Can’t adduct thigh

195
Q

Sacral plexus origin

A

L4-L5 &
S1-S4

196
Q

Important nerves in sacral plexus

A
  1. Sciatic
  2. Superior and inferior gluteal
197
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest in body

198
Q

Sciatic nerve splits to

A

Common fibular & tibial nerves above the knee

199
Q

Common fibular

A

Superficial and deep branches

200
Q

Tibial includes

A

Sural & Plantar branches

201
Q

Sciatic nerve serves

A
  1. Lower trunk
  2. Back of thigh (hip extensors, knee flexors)
202
Q

Common fibular nerve serves

A

Lateral aspect of leg and foot

203
Q

Tibial nerve serves

A

Posterior aspect of leg and foot

204
Q

Results of damage to sciatic nerve

A

Can’t extend hip or flex knee ; sciatica

205
Q

Result of damage to common fibular nerve

A

Foot drop, can’t dorsiflex foot

206
Q

Result of damage to tibial nerve

A

Can’t plantar flex and invert foot

Shuffling gait

207
Q

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves serve

A

Gluteus muscles of hip

208
Q

Result of damage to superior and inferior gluteal nerves

A

Can’t extend hip or abduct and medially rotate thigh

209
Q

Motor subdivision of PNS made of

A

Only motor nerves

210
Q

What is also known as the involuntary nervous system

A

Motor subdivision of PNS

211
Q

The PNS controls the body

A

Automatically

Cardiac and smooth muscle cells and glands

212
Q

Describe motor neuron cells in somatic nervous system

A

Motor neuron cell bodies originate inside of CNS

Axons extend to skeletal muscles that are served

213
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Chain of two motor neurons:
Preganlionic
Postganglionic

Has two arms:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

214
Q

Preganlionic

A

In brain or spinal cord

215
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Extends to the organ

216
Q

Sympathetic associate with

A

Fight or flight
Dog chasing
Sweat

217
Q

Parasympathetic associated with

A

Rest and digest

218
Q

Craniosacral division

A

Parasympathetic division

219
Q

Preganlionic neurons originate in

A

Cranial nerves 3,7 9, &10

S2-S4 regions of spinal cord

220
Q

Preganlionic neurons synapse with

A

Terminal ganglia

221
Q

From terminal ganglia, postganglionic axons extend to

A

Organs that are served

222
Q

Thoracolumbar region

A

Sympathetic region

223
Q

Preganlionic neurons originate from

224
Q

To enter sympathetic trunk ganglion axons must

A

Pass through ramus communicans

225
Q

Sympathetic trunk or chain lies near

A

The spinal cord

226
Q

After synapsing at ganglion, axon may synapse with

A

A second neuron at the same or different level

227
Q

What happens when preganlionic neuron passes ganglion without synapsing

A

It forms part of the splanchnic nerves

228
Q

Splanchnic nerves travel to

A

Collateral ganglion

229
Q

Collateral ganglia serve

A

Abdominal and pelvic organs

230
Q

Body organs from autonomic system receive fibers from ____ divisions

231
Q

Which receive only sympathetic fibers?

A

Blood vessels

Structures of skin

Some glands

Adrenal medulla

232
Q

What can happen when both body divisions serve the same organ

A

Can cause antagonistic effects because of neurotransmitters

233
Q

Cholinergic fibers

A

Parasympathetic

234
Q

Adrenergic fibers

A

Sympathetic postganglionic

235
Q

Cholinergic fibers release

A

Acetylcholine

236
Q

Adrenergic fibers release

A

Norepinephrine

237
Q

Preganlionic axons of both divisions release

A

Acetylcholine

238
Q

E division

A

Sympathetic

239
Q

Parts of E division

A

Embarrassment
Excitement
Emergency
Excercise

240
Q

Responsible for “housekeeping” activities

A

Parasympathetic

241
Q

Which system conserves energy

A

Parasympathetic

242
Q

Maintains daily necessary functions

A

Parasympathetic

243
Q

D division

A

Parasympathetic

“Digestion”
“Defecation”
“Diuresis”

244
Q

Stimulates constrictor muscle; constricts pupils

A

Parasympathetic

245
Q

Stimulates dilator muscles; dilates pupils

A

Sympathetic

246
Q

Stimulates to increase bulging of lens for close vision

A

Parasympathetic

247
Q

Inhibits, decreases bulging of lens; prepares for distant vision

A

Sympathetic

248
Q

Stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic

249
Q

Produce perspiration

A

Sympathetic

250
Q

Produces goosebumps

A

Sympathetic

251
Q

Causes ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

252
Q

Causes erection

A

Parasympathetic

253
Q

Increases metabolic rate;
Increases blood sugar levels; stimulates fat breakdown

A

Sympathetic

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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