Chapter 2 Flashcards
Nucleotides are made of
Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Matter
Has space and mass
Matter can be changed in 2 ways
Physically and chemically
Energy
Ability to do work
Energy has no ___&____
Mass and doesn’t take up space
Radiant energy
Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
ATP stands for
Adenosine tri phosphate
What does ATP do?
Traps the chemical energy of foods in its bonds
Elements
Fundamental units of matter
96% of body made up by
CHON
What percent of body is O2?
65%
The primary element in organic molecules. Including carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
C
Component of most organic molecules. As ion influences pH of body liquids
H
Component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
N
Essential to oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which ATP is produced
O
Percentage of Oxygen
65
Percentage of carbon
18.5
Percentage of H
9.5
Percentage of N
3.2
In ionic form, required for muscle contractions, neural transmission and blood clotting
Ca
Found as salt in bones and teeth
Ca
Percentage of Ca
1.5
Present as salt in combination with Ca in bones and teeth
P
Present in nucleic acids and many proteins; forms part of high energy compound ATP
P
Percentage of phosphorus
1
In ionic form, major intracellular cation; necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions
K
Percentage of potassium
.4
Component of proteins (particularly muscle)
S
Percentage of Sulfur
.3
Role of sodium ions
Water balance,
Nerve impulses,
Muscle contraction
Major extracellular cation
Na
Percentage of Na
.2
Most abundant extracellular anion
Cl
Mg function
Enzyme activity
Bone
Percentage of magnesium
.1
Needed to make functional thyroid hormones
I (IODINE)
Percentage of I
.1
Component of hemoglobin molecules and some emzymes
Fe
Percent of Fe
.1
Hemoglobin
Transports O2 within red blood cells
Role of trace elements
Part of enzymes or enzyme activity
11 trace elements
Cr
Co
Cu
Mn
Mo
Se
Si
Tin (Sn)
V (vanadium)
Zn
Atoms
Building blocks of elements
Mass of p+ & n⁰
1 amu
Mass of electron
1/2000
Atoms are electrically ___
Neutral
Orbital model
Electron cloud
To identify elements you must know
Atomic number
Atomic mass number
Atomic weight
How do you find atomic mass number
Sum protons and neutrons in atom’s nucleus
Atomic weight
Mass number of element’s most abundant isotope
Isotopes
Same protons and e
Different neutrons
Isotopes have same
Atomic number
Isotopes have different
Atomic masses
Deuterium
²H isotope
Tritium
³H isotope
Radioisotope
Radioactive isotopes of an element.Heavy isotopes of certain atoms
Radioisotopes are usually (stable or unstable)
Unstable
Radioisotopes decompose into
More stable isotopes
Examples of radio isotopes?
I &Co
Radioactivity
Spontaneous atomic decay
Emits energy. Changes into something else
How is radioactivity used?
Tag and trace biological molecules. Diagnostic procedures
Molecule
2 or more of the same atoms combined
Compound
2 or more atoms of different elements
____ ______Occur when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
Chemical reactions
____ _____ are energy relationships involving interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms
Chemical bonds
Do atoms with full valence shells form bonds?
No
Shell 1 holds ___ e
2
Shell 2 holds ___ e
8
Shell 3 holds ___ e
18
Which shell forms bonds?
Outermost
Exception to rule of 8
Shell 1
Key to chemical reactivity
Rule of 8s
Ionic
Complete transfer of e
Anions and cations tend to stay ___ ________ because opposite charges attract
Close together
Electrons are shared in
Pairs
Electrons are shared equally
Non polar covalent
Water is a type of _____ _______ bond
Polar covalent
Hydrogen bonds
Extremely weak
How do hydrogen bonds form?
H is attracted to a negative portion of a molecule
Important for forming intramolecular bonds as in protein structure
Hydrogen bonds
Responsible of surface tension of water
Hydrogen bonds
Strength of hydrogen bonds?
Weak
Synthesis reaction
Makes more complex
What kind of reaction requires energy
Anabolic or synthesis
Synthesis is AKA
Anabolic
Decomposition is AKA
Catabolic
Catabolic reactions _____ energy
Release
Glycogen breaking down to produce glucose is an example of which reaction?
Decomposition/ catabolic
Exchange reaction
Simultaneous synthesis and decomposition. Molecule parts exchange
Most chemical reactions are considered _____
Reversible
Longer arrow is more ____ reaction or major direction
Rapid
Speeds up or slows down: higher temp
Speeds up
Speeds up or slows down: higher concentration
Speeds up
Speeds up or slows down: smaller particles
Speeds up. (They move faster)
Speeds up or slows down: presence of catalysts
Speeds up
Chemical composition of living matter
Biochemistry
Water, salts many acids and bases are examples of
Inorganic compounds
Inorganic compounds tend to be ___& simple in size
Small
What kind of compounds contain carbon?
Organic compounds
Large covalent molecules are _____ compounds
Organic
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are all _____ compounds
Organic
Vital properties of water
High heat capacity
Polarity/ solvent
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning for organs
How does water’s high heat capacity help?
Prevents changes in body temp
Absorbs and releases lots of heat before it changes temperature
Universal solvent is another name for
Water
T/f solvents can be liquid or gas?
True
Solution forms when solutes are very
Tiny
Mixtures of intermediate size form translucent mixture known as
Colloid
Hydrolysis
Water helps break things down
How does water help cushion?
Protects body parts.
Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from physical trauma
Easily dissociate in presence of water
Salts
Salts contain cations other than and anions other than
H+
OH-
Examples of salt being important
Na and K ions essential for nerve impulses
Are salts electrolytes?
Yes
Electrolytes
Ions that conduct electrical currents
Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce H+
Acids
Strong acids
Ionize completely, liberate all protons
How do weak acids ionize
Incompletely
Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce OH- ions
Bases
What are proton (H+) acceptors
Bases
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to make water and salt
Each successive change of 1pH unit represents a ——– change in H+ concentration
Tenfold
PH scale is based on number of _____ in solution
Protons
Neutral
H+ and OH- are equal
Buffers
Regulate pH change
Polymer
Chain like molecules made of similar and repeating units
Which biological molecules are polymers
Carbohydrates and proteins
Dehydration synthesis
Water is removed by building a polymer
How do polymers break down into monomers
Hydrolysis. Water breaks down each bond
Carbohydrates contain which elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
By which characteristics are carbohydrates classified?
Size and solubility
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars and structural units of the carbohydrate group
Disaccharides
Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Monosaccharides have ___ rings
One
of Carbon atoms in monosaccharides
3-7
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Ribose and deoxyribose are found in
RNA and DNA
Can disaccharides pass through cell membranes?
No
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Table sugar
Glucose and fructose
Maltose
2 glucose molecules
Lactose
Galactose and glucose
Function of polysaccharides
Storage
Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
Most abundant Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Lipids contain which elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
In lipids carbon and hydrogen ____ oxygen
Outnumber
What can you use to dissolve lipids
Other lipids
Triglycerides
Major source of energy
Protect and insulate organs
Phospholipids
Cell membranes
Steroids
Lipid basis of all hormones
Bile salts
Breakdown product of cholesterol. Fat digestion and absorption
Vitamin D
Bone growth and function
Sex hormones
Lipid
Reproduction
Corticosteroids
Regulate salt and water balance in body fluids by targeting kidneys
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Glycolipids
Components of cell membranes
Help interact with other cells
Lipoproteins
Transport fatty acids and cholesterol
Prostaglandins
Uterine contractions
BP regulation
GI movement
Inflammation
Triglycerides are AKA
Neutral fats
Where can you find triglycerides?
Fat deposits
2 parts that make a triglyceride
Fatty acids
One glycerol
Types of fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated
Heart healthy fats are ____
Unsaturated
State of matter of unsaturated fats?
Liquid
Which type of fats contain one or more double covalent bonds causing chains to kink
Unsaturated fats
Fats with straight chains
Saturated
Which fats are solids at room temp
Saturated
What kind of bonds do saturated fats have?
Single covalent
Solidified with addition of hydrogen atoms at double bond sites
Trans fats
Which fats increase risk of heart disease?
Trans
Where can you find omega 3 fatty acids
Flax, pumpkin, chia, walnuts, soy
Appear to decrease risk of heart disease
Omega 3 fatty acids
Parts of phospholipids
2 fatty acid chains
Phosphorous containing head
Glycerol backbone
Which part of phospholipids are polar
Head
Forms cell membranes
Phospholipids
Liver makes __ of cholesterol
85%
Sources of cholesterol
Animal products
Liver
Four interlocking rings
Steroids
Steroids examples
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Hormones
Building blocks that make proteins
Amino acids
Elements that make Proteins
CHON + S (sometimes)
Proteins can be
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter?
Proteins
Construction materials for body tissues
Proteins
Amino acid structure
Amine group(NH2)
Acid group( COOH)
Vary by R groups
____ of amino acids produces a variety of proteins
Sequence
Contain fewer than 50 Amino acids
Polypeptides
Contain more than 50 Amino acids
Proteins
Primary structure
Strand of amino acid beads
Secondary structure
Chains of amino acids twist and bend
Types of secondary structures
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure
Compact, ball-like (globular)
Quarternary structure
Combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains
What reinforces secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure reinforced by
Chemical bonds between R groups
Example of quarternary structure
Hemoglobin
Fibrous proteins
(structural)
Appear in body structure
Bind structures together and exist in body tissues
(Can exhibit 2-4 structure)
Are structural proteins stable or unstable?
Stable
Examples of structural proteins?
Collagen and keratin
Globular proteins
(functional)
Antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Active sites fit and interact chemically with other molecules
Can globular proteins be denatured?
Yes
What kind of structure do globular proteins have?
At least tertiary
_____ ____ are critical to the maintenance of structure of globular proteins
Hydrogen bonds
Hemoglobin is made of
Globin and heme groups
Antibodies
Immune system. Inactivate bacteria
Hormones
Regulate growth and development
Transport proteins
Carry iron, cholesterol and other substances
Enzymes are essential to
Every chemical reaction in the body. Increase by million fold
In the absence of enzymes chemical reactions ___
Cease
How do enzymes catalyse reactions
Bind to substrates at active site
How can you recognize enzymes
-ase suffix
E-S complex undergoes structural changes that form product t/f?
True
Nucleic and made of
CHON+ P
Largest biological molecules in the body?
Nucleic acids
Kinds of nucleic acids?
RNA & DNA
Nucleic acids are built from building blocks called _____
Nucleotides
Parts of nucleotides (DNA)
N base
Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate group
DNA
Instructions
Double helix
When does DNA replicate?
Just before cell division
Which sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribose
_ _ _ provides instructions for every protein in body
DNA
Nitrogenous Bases in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
A bonds to
T
C binds to
G
____ bonds bind nucleotides
Hydrogen
What makes backbone of DNA
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
RNA
Protein synthesis
Single stranded helix
RNA
Sugar in RNA
Ribose
Bases in RNA
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Types of RNA
Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal
ATP parts
Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups
Chemical energy used by all cells
ATP
How is energy released from ATP
Breaking high energy phosphate bond through hydrolysis
ADP
Accumulates as ATP is used for energy
How is ATP replenished?
Oxidation of food fuels
How does ATP drive chemical work?
Gives energy needed to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions
How does ATP aid transport work?
Transport of certain solutes across cell membranes
How does ATP aid mechanical work
Cells perform mechanical work
