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anatomy and physiology 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides are made of

A

Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate molecule

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2
Q

Matter

A

Has space and mass

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3
Q

Matter can be changed in 2 ways

A

Physically and chemically

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4
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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5
Q

Energy has no ___&____

A

Mass and doesn’t take up space

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6
Q

Radiant energy

A

Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum

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7
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine tri phosphate

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8
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Traps the chemical energy of foods in its bonds

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9
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental units of matter

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10
Q

96% of body made up by

A

CHON

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11
Q

What percent of body is O2?

A

65%

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12
Q

The primary element in organic molecules. Including carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

A

C

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13
Q

Component of most organic molecules. As ion influences pH of body liquids

A

H

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14
Q

Component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)

A

N

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15
Q

Essential to oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which ATP is produced

A

O

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16
Q

Percentage of Oxygen

A

65

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17
Q

Percentage of carbon

A

18.5

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18
Q

Percentage of H

A

9.5

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19
Q

Percentage of N

A

3.2

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20
Q

In ionic form, required for muscle contractions, neural transmission and blood clotting

A

Ca

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21
Q

Found as salt in bones and teeth

A

Ca

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22
Q

Percentage of Ca

A

1.5

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23
Q

Present as salt in combination with Ca in bones and teeth

A

P

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24
Q

Present in nucleic acids and many proteins; forms part of high energy compound ATP

A

P

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25
Q

Percentage of phosphorus

A

1

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26
Q

In ionic form, major intracellular cation; necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions

A

K

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27
Q

Percentage of potassium

A

.4

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28
Q

Component of proteins (particularly muscle)

A

S

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29
Q

Percentage of Sulfur

A

.3

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30
Q

Role of sodium ions

A

Water balance,
Nerve impulses,
Muscle contraction

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31
Q

Major extracellular cation

A

Na

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32
Q

Percentage of Na

A

.2

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33
Q

Most abundant extracellular anion

A

Cl

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34
Q

Mg function

A

Enzyme activity
Bone

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35
Q

Percentage of magnesium

A

.1

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36
Q

Needed to make functional thyroid hormones

A

I (IODINE)

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37
Q

Percentage of I

A

.1

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38
Q

Component of hemoglobin molecules and some emzymes

A

Fe

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39
Q

Percent of Fe

A

.1

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40
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Transports O2 within red blood cells

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41
Q

Role of trace elements

A

Part of enzymes or enzyme activity

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42
Q

11 trace elements

A

Cr
Co
Cu

Mn
Mo

Se
Si

Tin (Sn)

V (vanadium)
Zn

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43
Q

Atoms

A

Building blocks of elements

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44
Q

Mass of p+ & n⁰

A

1 amu

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45
Q

Mass of electron

A

1/2000

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46
Q

Atoms are electrically ___

A

Neutral

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47
Q

Orbital model

A

Electron cloud

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48
Q

To identify elements you must know

A

Atomic number
Atomic mass number
Atomic weight

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49
Q

How do you find atomic mass number

A

Sum protons and neutrons in atom’s nucleus

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50
Q

Atomic weight

A

Mass number of element’s most abundant isotope

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51
Q

Isotopes

A

Same protons and e
Different neutrons

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52
Q

Isotopes have same

A

Atomic number

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53
Q

Isotopes have different

A

Atomic masses

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54
Q

Deuterium

A

²H isotope

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55
Q

Tritium

A

³H isotope

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56
Q

Radioisotope

A

Radioactive isotopes of an element.Heavy isotopes of certain atoms

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57
Q

Radioisotopes are usually (stable or unstable)

A

Unstable

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58
Q

Radioisotopes decompose into

A

More stable isotopes

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59
Q

Examples of radio isotopes?

A

I &Co

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60
Q

Radioactivity

A

Spontaneous atomic decay
Emits energy. Changes into something else

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61
Q

How is radioactivity used?

A

Tag and trace biological molecules. Diagnostic procedures

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62
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more of the same atoms combined

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63
Q

Compound

A

2 or more atoms of different elements

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64
Q

____ ______Occur when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms

A

Chemical reactions

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65
Q

____ _____ are energy relationships involving interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms

A

Chemical bonds

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66
Q

Do atoms with full valence shells form bonds?

A

No

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67
Q

Shell 1 holds ___ e

A

2

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68
Q

Shell 2 holds ___ e

A

8

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69
Q

Shell 3 holds ___ e

A

18

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70
Q

Which shell forms bonds?

A

Outermost

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71
Q

Exception to rule of 8

A

Shell 1

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72
Q

Key to chemical reactivity

A

Rule of 8s

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73
Q

Ionic

A

Complete transfer of e

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74
Q

Anions and cations tend to stay ___ ________ because opposite charges attract

A

Close together

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75
Q

Electrons are shared in

A

Pairs

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76
Q

Electrons are shared equally

A

Non polar covalent

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77
Q

Water is a type of _____ _______ bond

A

Polar covalent

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78
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Extremely weak

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79
Q

How do hydrogen bonds form?

A

H is attracted to a negative portion of a molecule

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80
Q

Important for forming intramolecular bonds as in protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

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81
Q

Responsible of surface tension of water

A

Hydrogen bonds

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82
Q

Strength of hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak

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83
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Makes more complex

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84
Q

What kind of reaction requires energy

A

Anabolic or synthesis

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85
Q

Synthesis is AKA

A

Anabolic

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86
Q

Decomposition is AKA

A

Catabolic

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87
Q

Catabolic reactions _____ energy

A

Release

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88
Q

Glycogen breaking down to produce glucose is an example of which reaction?

A

Decomposition/ catabolic

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89
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Simultaneous synthesis and decomposition. Molecule parts exchange

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90
Q

Most chemical reactions are considered _____

A

Reversible

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91
Q

Longer arrow is more ____ reaction or major direction

A

Rapid

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92
Q

Speeds up or slows down: higher temp

A

Speeds up

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93
Q

Speeds up or slows down: higher concentration

A

Speeds up

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94
Q

Speeds up or slows down: smaller particles

A

Speeds up. (They move faster)

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95
Q

Speeds up or slows down: presence of catalysts

A

Speeds up

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96
Q

Chemical composition of living matter

A

Biochemistry

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97
Q

Water, salts many acids and bases are examples of

A

Inorganic compounds

98
Q

Inorganic compounds tend to be ___& simple in size

A

Small

99
Q

What kind of compounds contain carbon?

A

Organic compounds

100
Q

Large covalent molecules are _____ compounds

A

Organic

101
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are all _____ compounds

A

Organic

102
Q

Vital properties of water

A

High heat capacity
Polarity/ solvent
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning for organs

103
Q

How does water’s high heat capacity help?

A

Prevents changes in body temp

Absorbs and releases lots of heat before it changes temperature

104
Q

Universal solvent is another name for

A

Water

105
Q

T/f solvents can be liquid or gas?

A

True

106
Q

Solution forms when solutes are very

A

Tiny

107
Q

Mixtures of intermediate size form translucent mixture known as

A

Colloid

108
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water helps break things down

109
Q

How does water help cushion?

A

Protects body parts.
Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from physical trauma

110
Q

Easily dissociate in presence of water

A

Salts

111
Q

Salts contain cations other than and anions other than

A

H+

OH-

112
Q

Examples of salt being important

A

Na and K ions essential for nerve impulses

113
Q

Are salts electrolytes?

A

Yes

114
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ions that conduct electrical currents

115
Q

Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce H+

A

Acids

116
Q

Strong acids

A

Ionize completely, liberate all protons

117
Q

How do weak acids ionize

A

Incompletely

118
Q

Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce OH- ions

A

Bases

119
Q

What are proton (H+) acceptors

A

Bases

120
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

Acids and bases react to make water and salt

121
Q

Each successive change of 1pH unit represents a ——– change in H+ concentration

A

Tenfold

122
Q

PH scale is based on number of _____ in solution

A

Protons

123
Q

Neutral

A

H+ and OH- are equal

124
Q

Buffers

A

Regulate pH change

125
Q

Polymer

A

Chain like molecules made of similar and repeating units

126
Q

Which biological molecules are polymers

A

Carbohydrates and proteins

127
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Water is removed by building a polymer

128
Q

How do polymers break down into monomers

A

Hydrolysis. Water breaks down each bond

129
Q

Carbohydrates contain which elements

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

130
Q

By which characteristics are carbohydrates classified?

A

Size and solubility

131
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars and structural units of the carbohydrate group

132
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

133
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long branching chains of linked simple sugars

134
Q

Monosaccharides have ___ rings

A

One

135
Q

of Carbon atoms in monosaccharides

A

3-7

136
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

137
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose are found in

A

RNA and DNA

138
Q

Can disaccharides pass through cell membranes?

A

No

139
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

140
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar
Glucose and fructose

141
Q

Maltose

A

2 glucose molecules

142
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose and glucose

143
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Storage

144
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

145
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

146
Q

Most abundant Lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

147
Q

Lipids contain which elements

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

148
Q

In lipids carbon and hydrogen ____ oxygen

A

Outnumber

149
Q

What can you use to dissolve lipids

A

Other lipids

150
Q

Triglycerides

A

Major source of energy
Protect and insulate organs

151
Q

Phospholipids

A

Cell membranes

152
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid basis of all hormones

153
Q

Bile salts

A

Breakdown product of cholesterol. Fat digestion and absorption

154
Q

Vitamin D

A

Bone growth and function

155
Q

Sex hormones

A

Lipid
Reproduction

156
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Regulate salt and water balance in body fluids by targeting kidneys

157
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

158
Q

Glycolipids

A

Components of cell membranes

Help interact with other cells

159
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport fatty acids and cholesterol

160
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Uterine contractions
BP regulation
GI movement
Inflammation

161
Q

Triglycerides are AKA

A

Neutral fats

162
Q

Where can you find triglycerides?

A

Fat deposits

163
Q

2 parts that make a triglyceride

A

Fatty acids
One glycerol

164
Q

Types of fatty acids

A

Saturated and unsaturated

165
Q

Heart healthy fats are ____

A

Unsaturated

166
Q

State of matter of unsaturated fats?

A

Liquid

167
Q

Which type of fats contain one or more double covalent bonds causing chains to kink

A

Unsaturated fats

168
Q

Fats with straight chains

A

Saturated

169
Q

Which fats are solids at room temp

A

Saturated

170
Q

What kind of bonds do saturated fats have?

A

Single covalent

171
Q

Solidified with addition of hydrogen atoms at double bond sites

A

Trans fats

172
Q

Which fats increase risk of heart disease?

A

Trans

173
Q

Where can you find omega 3 fatty acids

A

Flax, pumpkin, chia, walnuts, soy

174
Q

Appear to decrease risk of heart disease

A

Omega 3 fatty acids

175
Q

Parts of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid chains
Phosphorous containing head
Glycerol backbone

176
Q

Which part of phospholipids are polar

A

Head

177
Q

Forms cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

178
Q

Liver makes __ of cholesterol

A

85%

179
Q

Sources of cholesterol

A

Animal products
Liver

180
Q

Four interlocking rings

A

Steroids

181
Q

Steroids examples

A

Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Hormones

182
Q

Building blocks that make proteins

A

Amino acids

183
Q

Elements that make Proteins

A

CHON + S (sometimes)

184
Q

Proteins can be

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

185
Q

Account for over half of the body’s organic matter?

A

Proteins

186
Q

Construction materials for body tissues

A

Proteins

187
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amine group(NH2)
Acid group( COOH)
Vary by R groups

188
Q

____ of amino acids produces a variety of proteins

A

Sequence

189
Q

Contain fewer than 50 Amino acids

A

Polypeptides

190
Q

Contain more than 50 Amino acids

A

Proteins

191
Q

Primary structure

A

Strand of amino acid beads

192
Q

Secondary structure

A

Chains of amino acids twist and bend

193
Q

Types of secondary structures

A

Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets

194
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Compact, ball-like (globular)

195
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains

196
Q

What reinforces secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

197
Q

Tertiary structure reinforced by

A

Chemical bonds between R groups

198
Q

Example of quarternary structure

A

Hemoglobin

199
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

(structural)
Appear in body structure
Bind structures together and exist in body tissues

(Can exhibit 2-4 structure)

200
Q

Are structural proteins stable or unstable?

A

Stable

201
Q

Examples of structural proteins?

A

Collagen and keratin

202
Q

Globular proteins

A

(functional)
Antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Active sites fit and interact chemically with other molecules

203
Q

Can globular proteins be denatured?

A

Yes

204
Q

What kind of structure do globular proteins have?

A

At least tertiary

205
Q

_____ ____ are critical to the maintenance of structure of globular proteins

A

Hydrogen bonds

206
Q

Hemoglobin is made of

A

Globin and heme groups

207
Q

Antibodies

A

Immune system. Inactivate bacteria

208
Q

Hormones

A

Regulate growth and development

209
Q

Transport proteins

A

Carry iron, cholesterol and other substances

210
Q

Enzymes are essential to

A

Every chemical reaction in the body. Increase by million fold

211
Q

In the absence of enzymes chemical reactions ___

A

Cease

212
Q

How do enzymes catalyse reactions

A

Bind to substrates at active site

213
Q

How can you recognize enzymes

A

-ase suffix

214
Q

E-S complex undergoes structural changes that form product t/f?

A

True

215
Q

Nucleic and made of

A

CHON+ P

216
Q

Largest biological molecules in the body?

A

Nucleic acids

217
Q

Kinds of nucleic acids?

A

RNA & DNA

218
Q

Nucleic acids are built from building blocks called _____

A

Nucleotides

219
Q

Parts of nucleotides (DNA)

A

N base
Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate group

220
Q

DNA

A

Instructions
Double helix

221
Q

When does DNA replicate?

A

Just before cell division

222
Q

Which sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose

223
Q

_ _ _ provides instructions for every protein in body

A

DNA

224
Q

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

225
Q

A bonds to

A

T

226
Q

C binds to

A

G

227
Q

____ bonds bind nucleotides

A

Hydrogen

228
Q

What makes backbone of DNA

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate

229
Q

RNA

A

Protein synthesis

230
Q

Single stranded helix

A

RNA

231
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

232
Q

Bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

233
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

234
Q

ATP parts

A

Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups

235
Q

Chemical energy used by all cells

A

ATP

236
Q

How is energy released from ATP

A

Breaking high energy phosphate bond through hydrolysis

237
Q

ADP

A

Accumulates as ATP is used for energy

238
Q

How is ATP replenished?

A

Oxidation of food fuels

239
Q

How does ATP drive chemical work?

A

Gives energy needed to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions

240
Q

How does ATP aid transport work?

A

Transport of certain solutes across cell membranes

241
Q

How does ATP aid mechanical work

A

Cells perform mechanical work

anatomy and physiology 1 (26 decks)

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