Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Nucleotides are made of
A
Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate molecule
2
Q
Matter
A
Has space and mass
3
Q
Matter can be changed in 2 ways
A
Physically and chemically
4
Q
Energy
A
Ability to do work
5
Q
Energy has no ___&____
A
Mass and doesn’t take up space
6
Q
Radiant energy
A
Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
7
Q
ATP stands for
A
Adenosine tri phosphate
8
Q
What does ATP do?
A
Traps the chemical energy of foods in its bonds
9
Q
Elements
A
Fundamental units of matter
10
Q
96% of body made up by
A
CHON
11
Q
What percent of body is O2?
A
65%
12
Q
The primary element in organic molecules. Including carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
A
C
13
Q
Component of most organic molecules. As ion influences pH of body liquids
A
H
14
Q
Component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
A
N
15
Q
Essential to oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which ATP is produced
A
O
16
Q
Percentage of Oxygen
A
65
17
Q
Percentage of carbon
A
18.5
18
Q
Percentage of H
A
9.5
19
Q
Percentage of N
A
3.2
20
Q
In ionic form, required for muscle contractions, neural transmission and blood clotting
A
Ca
21
Q
Found as salt in bones and teeth
A
Ca
22
Q
Percentage of Ca
A
1.5
23
Q
Present as salt in combination with Ca in bones and teeth
A
P
24
Q
Present in nucleic acids and many proteins; forms part of high energy compound ATP
A
P
25
Percentage of phosphorus
1
26
In ionic form, major intracellular cation; necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions
K
27
Percentage of potassium
.4
28
Component of proteins (particularly muscle)
S
29
Percentage of Sulfur
.3
30
Role of sodium ions
Water balance,
Nerve impulses,
Muscle contraction
31
Major extracellular cation
Na
32
Percentage of Na
.2
33
Most abundant extracellular anion
Cl
34
Mg function
Enzyme activity
Bone
35
Percentage of magnesium
.1
36
Needed to make functional thyroid hormones
I (IODINE)
37
Percentage of I
.1
38
Component of hemoglobin molecules and some emzymes
Fe
39
Percent of Fe
.1
40
Hemoglobin
Transports O2 within red blood cells
41
Role of trace elements
Part of enzymes or enzyme activity
42
11 trace elements
Cr
Co
Cu
Mn
Mo
Se
Si
Tin (Sn)
V (vanadium)
Zn
43
Atoms
Building blocks of elements
44
Mass of p+ & n⁰
1 amu
45
Mass of electron
1/2000
46
Atoms are electrically ___
Neutral
47
Orbital model
Electron cloud
48
To identify elements you must know
Atomic number
Atomic mass number
Atomic weight
49
How do you find atomic mass number
Sum protons and neutrons in atom's nucleus
50
Atomic weight
Mass number of element's most abundant isotope
51
Isotopes
Same protons and e
Different neutrons
52
Isotopes have same
Atomic number
53
Isotopes have different
Atomic masses
54
Deuterium
²H isotope
55
Tritium
³H isotope
56
Radioisotope
Radioactive isotopes of an element.Heavy isotopes of certain atoms
57
Radioisotopes are usually (stable or unstable)
Unstable
58
Radioisotopes decompose into
More stable isotopes
59
Examples of radio isotopes?
I &Co
60
Radioactivity
Spontaneous atomic decay
Emits energy. Changes into something else
61
How is radioactivity used?
Tag and trace biological molecules. Diagnostic procedures
62
Molecule
2 or more of the same atoms combined
63
Compound
2 or more atoms of different elements
64
____ ______Occur when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
Chemical reactions
65
____ _____ are energy relationships involving interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms
Chemical bonds
66
Do atoms with full valence shells form bonds?
No
67
Shell 1 holds ___ e
2
68
Shell 2 holds ___ e
8
69
Shell 3 holds ___ e
18
70
Which shell forms bonds?
Outermost
71
Exception to rule of 8
Shell 1
72
Key to chemical reactivity
Rule of 8s
73
Ionic
Complete transfer of e
74
Anions and cations tend to stay ___ ________ because opposite charges attract
Close together
75
Electrons are shared in
Pairs
76
Electrons are shared equally
Non polar covalent
77
Water is a type of _____ _______ bond
Polar covalent
78
Hydrogen bonds
Extremely weak
79
How do hydrogen bonds form?
H is attracted to a negative portion of a molecule
80
Important for forming intramolecular bonds as in protein structure
Hydrogen bonds
81
Responsible of surface tension of water
Hydrogen bonds
82
Strength of hydrogen bonds?
Weak
83
Synthesis reaction
Makes more complex
84
What kind of reaction requires energy
Anabolic or synthesis
85
Synthesis is AKA
Anabolic
86
Decomposition is AKA
Catabolic
87
Catabolic reactions _____ energy
Release
88
Glycogen breaking down to produce glucose is an example of which reaction?
Decomposition/ catabolic
89
Exchange reaction
Simultaneous synthesis and decomposition. Molecule parts exchange
90
Most chemical reactions are considered _____
Reversible
91
Longer arrow is more ____ reaction or major direction
Rapid
92
Speeds up or slows down: higher temp
Speeds up
93
Speeds up or slows down: higher concentration
Speeds up
94
Speeds up or slows down: smaller particles
Speeds up. (They move faster)
95
Speeds up or slows down: presence of catalysts
Speeds up
96
Chemical composition of living matter
Biochemistry
97
Water, salts many acids and bases are examples of
Inorganic compounds
98
Inorganic compounds tend to be ___& simple in size
Small
99
What kind of compounds contain carbon?
Organic compounds
100
Large covalent molecules are _____ compounds
Organic
101
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are all _____ compounds
Organic
102
Vital properties of water
High heat capacity
Polarity/ solvent
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning for organs
103
How does water's high heat capacity help?
Prevents changes in body temp
Absorbs and releases lots of heat before it changes temperature
104
Universal solvent is another name for
Water
105
T/f solvents can be liquid or gas?
True
106
Solution forms when solutes are very
Tiny
107
Mixtures of intermediate size form translucent mixture known as
Colloid
108
Hydrolysis
Water helps break things down
109
How does water help cushion?
Protects body parts.
Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from physical trauma
110
Easily dissociate in presence of water
Salts
111
Salts contain cations other than and anions other than
H+
OH-
112
Examples of salt being important
Na and K ions essential for nerve impulses
113
Are salts electrolytes?
Yes
114
Electrolytes
Ions that conduct electrical currents
115
Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce H+
Acids
116
Strong acids
Ionize completely, liberate all protons
117
How do weak acids ionize
Incompletely
118
Electrolytes that ionize in water and produce OH- ions
Bases
119
What are proton (H+) acceptors
Bases
120
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to make water and salt
121
Each successive change of 1pH unit represents a -------- change in H+ concentration
Tenfold
122
PH scale is based on number of _____ in solution
Protons
123
Neutral
H+ and OH- are equal
124
Buffers
Regulate pH change
125
Polymer
Chain like molecules made of similar and repeating units
126
Which biological molecules are polymers
Carbohydrates and proteins
127
Dehydration synthesis
Water is removed by building a polymer
128
How do polymers break down into monomers
Hydrolysis. Water breaks down each bond
129
Carbohydrates contain which elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
130
By which characteristics are carbohydrates classified?
Size and solubility
131
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars and structural units of the carbohydrate group
132
Disaccharides
Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
133
Polysaccharides
Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
134
Monosaccharides have ___ rings
One
135
# of Carbon atoms in monosaccharides
3-7
136
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
137
Ribose and deoxyribose are found in
RNA and DNA
138
Can disaccharides pass through cell membranes?
No
139
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
140
Sucrose
Table sugar
Glucose and fructose
141
Maltose
2 glucose molecules
142
Lactose
Galactose and glucose
143
Function of polysaccharides
Storage
144
Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
145
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
146
Most abundant Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
147
Lipids contain which elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
148
In lipids carbon and hydrogen ____ oxygen
Outnumber
149
What can you use to dissolve lipids
Other lipids
150
Triglycerides
Major source of energy
Protect and insulate organs
151
Phospholipids
Cell membranes
152
Steroids
Lipid basis of all hormones
153
Bile salts
Breakdown product of cholesterol. Fat digestion and absorption
154
Vitamin D
Bone growth and function
155
Sex hormones
Lipid
Reproduction
156
Corticosteroids
Regulate salt and water balance in body fluids by targeting kidneys
157
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
158
Glycolipids
Components of cell membranes
Help interact with other cells
159
Lipoproteins
Transport fatty acids and cholesterol
160
Prostaglandins
Uterine contractions
BP regulation
GI movement
Inflammation
161
Triglycerides are AKA
Neutral fats
162
Where can you find triglycerides?
Fat deposits
163
2 parts that make a triglyceride
Fatty acids
One glycerol
164
Types of fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated
165
Heart healthy fats are ____
Unsaturated
166
State of matter of unsaturated fats?
Liquid
167
Which type of fats contain one or more double covalent bonds causing chains to kink
Unsaturated fats
168
Fats with straight chains
Saturated
169
Which fats are solids at room temp
Saturated
170
What kind of bonds do saturated fats have?
Single covalent
171
Solidified with addition of hydrogen atoms at double bond sites
Trans fats
172
Which fats increase risk of heart disease?
Trans
173
Where can you find omega 3 fatty acids
Flax, pumpkin, chia, walnuts, soy
174
Appear to decrease risk of heart disease
Omega 3 fatty acids
175
Parts of phospholipids
2 fatty acid chains
Phosphorous containing head
Glycerol backbone
176
Which part of phospholipids are polar
Head
177
Forms cell membranes
Phospholipids
178
Liver makes __ of cholesterol
85%
179
Sources of cholesterol
Animal products
Liver
180
Four interlocking rings
Steroids
181
Steroids examples
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Hormones
182
Building blocks that make proteins
Amino acids
183
Elements that make Proteins
CHON + S (sometimes)
184
Proteins can be
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
185
Account for over half of the body's organic matter?
Proteins
186
Construction materials for body tissues
Proteins
187
Amino acid structure
Amine group(NH2)
Acid group( COOH)
Vary by R groups
188
____ of amino acids produces a variety of proteins
Sequence
189
Contain fewer than 50 Amino acids
Polypeptides
190
Contain more than 50 Amino acids
Proteins
191
Primary structure
Strand of amino acid beads
192
Secondary structure
Chains of amino acids twist and bend
193
Types of secondary structures
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets
194
Tertiary structure
Compact, ball-like (globular)
195
Quarternary structure
Combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains
196
What reinforces secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
197
Tertiary structure reinforced by
Chemical bonds between R groups
198
Example of quarternary structure
Hemoglobin
199
Fibrous proteins
(structural)
Appear in body structure
Bind structures together and exist in body tissues
(Can exhibit 2-4 structure)
200
Are structural proteins stable or unstable?
Stable
201
Examples of structural proteins?
Collagen and keratin
202
Globular proteins
(functional)
Antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Active sites fit and interact chemically with other molecules
203
Can globular proteins be denatured?
Yes
204
What kind of structure do globular proteins have?
At least tertiary
205
_____ ____ are critical to the maintenance of structure of globular proteins
Hydrogen bonds
206
Hemoglobin is made of
Globin and heme groups
207
Antibodies
Immune system. Inactivate bacteria
208
Hormones
Regulate growth and development
209
Transport proteins
Carry iron, cholesterol and other substances
210
Enzymes are essential to
Every chemical reaction in the body. Increase by million fold
211
In the absence of enzymes chemical reactions ___
Cease
212
How do enzymes catalyse reactions
Bind to substrates at active site
213
How can you recognize enzymes
-ase suffix
214
E-S complex undergoes structural changes that form product t/f?
True
215
Nucleic and made of
CHON+ P
216
Largest biological molecules in the body?
Nucleic acids
217
Kinds of nucleic acids?
RNA & DNA
218
Nucleic acids are built from building blocks called _____
Nucleotides
219
Parts of nucleotides (DNA)
N base
Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate group
220
DNA
Instructions
Double helix
221
When does DNA replicate?
Just before cell division
222
Which sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribose
223
_ _ _ provides instructions for every protein in body
DNA
224
Nitrogenous Bases in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
225
A bonds to
T
226
C binds to
G
227
____ bonds bind nucleotides
Hydrogen
228
What makes backbone of DNA
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
229
RNA
Protein synthesis
230
Single stranded helix
RNA
231
Sugar in RNA
Ribose
232
Bases in RNA
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
233
Types of RNA
Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal
234
ATP parts
Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups
235
Chemical energy used by all cells
ATP
236
How is energy released from ATP
Breaking high energy phosphate bond through hydrolysis
237
ADP
Accumulates as ATP is used for energy
238
How is ATP replenished?
Oxidation of food fuels
239
How does ATP drive chemical work?
Gives energy needed to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions
240
How does ATP aid transport work?
Transport of certain solutes across cell membranes
241
How does ATP aid mechanical work
Cells perform mechanical work
