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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > The Digestive System And Metabolism 14 > Flashcards

The Digestive System And Metabolism 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food

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2
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients into bloodstream

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4
Q

Defecation

A

Getting rid of indigestible waste

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5
Q

Groups of digestive organs

A

1.Alimentary canal
2. Accessory digestive organs

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6
Q

Alimentary canal GI tract

A

Continuous hollow tube that helps ingest, digest, absorb, defecate (mouth to anus )

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7
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Assist in digestion in various ways

Teeth, tongue and other big digestive organs (liver pancreas, gallbladder)

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8
Q

Organs of alimentary canal

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

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9
Q

Mouth (oral cavity) lined with

A

Mucous membrane lined cavity

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10
Q

Lips (labia)

A

Protect anterior opening

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11
Q

Cheeks

A

Form the lateral walls

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12
Q

Hard palate

A

Forms anterior roof

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13
Q

Soft palate

A

Forms posterior roof

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14
Q

Uvula

A

Fleshy projection of soft palate

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15
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally

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16
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

Area contained by teeth

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17
Q

Tongue attached by

A

Attached at hyoid bone and styloid processes of skull

Attached by lingual frenulum to floor of mouth

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18
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

@ posterior end of oral cavity

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19
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

At base of tongue

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20
Q

Gingivae

A

Gums

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21
Q

Functions of mouth

A

1.Mastication
2. Mixes chewed food with saliva
3.tongue initiates swallowing
4. Tastebuds on tongue allow for taste

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22
Q

Pharynx function in eating

A

Passage for food, fluid, air

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23
Q

Food passes to from the mouth posteriorly to the

A

Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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24
Q

Location of Laryngopharynx

A

Under oropharynx
Continuous with esophagus

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25
Q

Food is propelled to esophagus by two layers of skeletal muscle in pharynx

A

Longitudinal outer layer
Circular inner layer

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26
Q

What propels food?

A

Peristalsis
Alternating contractions of muscle layers

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27
Q

Anatomy of esophagus

A

10 inches long

Runs from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm

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28
Q

Physiology of esophagus

A
  1. Uses peristalsis to take food to stomach
    2.passageway for food only. (Resp system branches off after pharynx(
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29
Q

Layers of tissue that make alimentary canal organs (innermost to outermost)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucousa
  3. Muscularis externa
    4.serosa
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30
Q

Lines cavity aka lumen
Innermost, moist membrane

A

Mucosa

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31
Q

Mucosa made of

A

1.Surface epithelium that’s mostly simple columnar

Esophagus made of stratified squamous

  1. Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria)
  2. Scanty smooth muscle layer
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32
Q

Submucousa

A
  1. Under mucosa
  2. Soft, connective tissue w/ blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissues, lymphatic vessels
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33
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle
Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer

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34
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost layer of wall; contains fluid producing cells

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35
Q

Visceral peritoneum of serosa

A

Innermost layer continuous with outermost layer

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36
Q

Parietal peritoneum of serosa

A

Outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of the mesentery

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37
Q

Alimentary Wall canals have 2 intrinsic nerve plexuses

A

Submucosal nerve plexus
My enteric nerve plexus

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38
Q

Function of alimentary canal nerve plexuses

A

Regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs

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39
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

Controls glandular secretions

Electrolyte and water transport

Blood flow

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40
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Peristaltic movement of bowels

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41
Q

C-shaped organ on left side of abdominal cavity

A

Stomach

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42
Q

Food enters the stomach from

A

Cardioesophageal sphincter from the esophagus

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43
Q

Food from stomach empties into the small intestine from

A

Pyloric sphincter (valve)

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44
Q

Regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardial
    2.Fundus
    3.Body
    4.Pylorus
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45
Q

Cardia (cardial)

A

Near heart
Surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter

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46
Q

Fundus

A

Expanded portion lateral to cardiac region

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47
Q

Body

A

Mid portion

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48
Q

Greater curvature of stomach Body

A

Convex lateral surface

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49
Q

Lesser curvature of stomach Body

A

Concave medial surface

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50
Q

Pylorus

A

Funnel shaped terminal end of stomach
Empties into duodenum

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51
Q

Stomach can stretch and hold what capacity of food when full?

A

4L (1 gal)

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52
Q

Rugae

A

Internal folds of mucosa present when stomach is empty

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53
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Double layer of peritoneum

Extends from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

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54
Q

Greater omentum

A

1.Another extension of peritoneum
2.Covers abdominal organs
3.Fat insulates, cushions and protects abdominal organs

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55
Q

What kind of cells make stomach mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium made of mucous cells

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56
Q

Describe mucus produced by mucous cells?

A

Bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucous

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57
Q

The stomach mucosa is dotted by

A

Gastric pits leading to gastric glands that secrete gastric juices

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58
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Needed for vitamin B-12 absorbtion for small intestine

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59
Q

What secretes intrinsic factor?

A

Gastric pits

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60
Q

Chief cells

A

Make protein digesting enzymes
Secrete pepsinogen

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61
Q

Pepsinogens

A

Protein digesting enzymes

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62
Q

Parietal cells

A

Make HCL acid that activates enzymes

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63
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Make thin acidic mucus (different from mucus made by mucous cells of the mucosa)

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64
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Produce local hormones such as gastrin

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65
Q

Pepsinogen is known as inactive form, becomes active when

A

Comes in contact with HCL made by parietal cells

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66
Q

Pepsin is active form of

A

Pepsinogen

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67
Q

Functions of stomach

A

1.Temporary storage tank for food
2. Site of food breakdown
3. Chemical breakdown of protein begins
4. Delivers chyme to small intestine

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68
Q

Chyme

A

Processed food

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69
Q

Body’s major digestive organ

A

Small instestine

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70
Q

Longest portion of alimentary tube + length

A

Small instestine
2-4m, or 7-13 ft in living person

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71
Q

Small intestine function

A

Site of nutrient absorption in the blood

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72
Q

Small intestine extends from

A

Pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

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73
Q

Small instestine is suspended from

A

Posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

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74
Q

Subdivisions of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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75
Q

Chemical digestion begins in the

A

Small intestine

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76
Q

Steps of chemical digestion

A
  1. Enzymes from intestinal cells and pancreas carried to duodenum by pancreatic ducts
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77
Q

Bile, formed by liver enters the ______ via the ____ _______

A

Duodenum

Bile duct

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78
Q

Location where main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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79
Q

Purpose of structural modifications in small intestine

A

Increase surface area for food absorption

Decrease in number towards end of small intestine

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80
Q

Vili

A

Fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa

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81
Q

House a capillary bed and lacteal

A

Villi

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82
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane
(Brush border enzymes)

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83
Q

Circular folds

A

Plicae circulares

Deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

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84
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Collections of lymphatic tissues in small intestine

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85
Q

In which layer are peyer’s patches located?

A

Submucousa

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86
Q

Increase in number towards end of the small intestine (more in ileum)

A

Peyer’s patches

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87
Q

Why do we need more peyer’s patches towards the end of the small intestine?

A

Remaining food residue contains much bacteria

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88
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymphatic vessel that carries fat from intestines

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89
Q

Why is the large intestine called the large intestine?

A

Larger in diameter, but it’s shorter in length at 1.5 m

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90
Q

Large intestine extends from

A

Ileocecal valve to the anus

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91
Q

Subdivisions of large intestine

A

Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

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92
Q

Saclike first part of large intestine?

A

Cecum

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93
Q

Hangs from cecum

A

Appendix

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94
Q

Appendix

A

Accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed

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95
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflamed Lymphoid tissu e

96
Q

Ascending colon

A

Travels up right side of abdomen and makes turn at right colic (hepatic) flexure

97
Q

Transverse colon

A

Across abdominal cavity turns at left colic (splenic) flexure

98
Q

Descending colon

A

Travels down left side

99
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

S shaped region
Enters pelvis

100
Q

What parts of large intestine are in the pelvis?

A

Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

101
Q

Anal canal ends at the

102
Q

Anus

A

Opening of large intestine

103
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Formed by skeletal muscle, voluntary

104
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Formed by smooth muscle and is involuntary

105
Q

Anal sphincters are normally closed except during

A

Defecation

106
Q

Large instestine delivers indigestible food residues to the body’s

107
Q

Produce alkaline mucus to lubricate passage of feces

A

Goblet cells

108
Q

Muscularis externa is reduced to 3 bands of muscle known as

A

Teniae coli

109
Q

What do the teniae coli do?

A

Cause wall to pucker into haustra (pocket-like sacs)

110
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

111
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Baby teeth

112
Q

A baby has __ teeth by age 2

113
Q

First teeth to appear are the

A

Lower central incisors

114
Q

Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth between ages

115
Q

A full set is ____ teeth (with the wisdom teeth)

116
Q

Incisors

117
Q

Canines (eye teeth)

A

Tearing or piercing

118
Q

Premolars (bicuspids)

119
Q

Molars

120
Q

Two major regions of a tooth

A

Crown and root

121
Q

Crown

A

Exposed part of tooth above gingiva (gum)

122
Q

Enamel

A

Covers the crown

123
Q

Dentin

A

Deep to enamel, makes bulk of tooth, surrounds pulp cavity

124
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers (pulp)

125
Q

Root canal

A

Where pulp cavity extends into the root

126
Q

Hardest part of teeth and within body

127
Q

Root-cement

A

Covers outer surface
Attaches tooth to periodontal membrane (ligament)

128
Q

Root- Periodontal membrane

A

holds tooth in place in the bony jaw

129
Q

Connector between crown and root

130
Q

Region in contact with gum

131
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands that empty secretions into mouth

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
132
Q

Parotid glands

A

Found anterior to ears
Mumps affect these salivary glands

133
Q

Empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

134
Q

Largest salivary glands

A

Parotid glands

135
Q

Mixture of mucus and serous fluid

136
Q

Saliva function

A

Helps moisten and bind food together into a mass called bolus

Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

137
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Begins starch digestion

138
Q

Lysozymes and antibodies in saliva

A

Inhibit bacteria

139
Q

Bolus

A

Mass of bound, chewed food

140
Q

Soft, pink, triangular gland

141
Q

Location of pancreas

A

Behind parietal peritoneum, mostly retroperitoneal

142
Q

Pancreas extends from

A

across abdomen from spleen to duodenum

143
Q

Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food

144
Q

Pancreas Secretes enzymes into

145
Q

Alkaline fluid introduced with pancreas enzymes does what?

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme coming from stomach

146
Q

Hormones produced by pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon

147
Q

Largest gland in the body

148
Q

Liver location

A

Right side of body under diaphragm

149
Q

Liver parts

A

4 lobes suspended from diaphragm and abdominal wall by falciform ligament

150
Q

Digestive role of liver

A

Produce bile

151
Q

Bile leaves liver through the

A

Common hepatic duct an then it enters duodenum through the bile duct

152
Q

Bile

A

Yellow-green watery solution

153
Q

Bile contains

A

1.Bile salts and bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin

  1. Cholesterol, phospholipids and electrolytes
154
Q

What does bile do?

A

Break down fats
(Emulsifies)

155
Q

Gallbladder location and appearance

A

Green sac
In shallow fossa on bottom of liver

156
Q

When no digestion happens what happens in gallbladder?

A

Bile backs up in cystic duct for storage in gallbladder

157
Q

While in the gallbladder, bile is concentrated by the

A

Removal of water

158
Q

When fatty food enters the duodenum, what does the gallbladder do?

A

Spurts out stored bile

159
Q

GI processes and controls are responsible for

A

Digestion and absorption

160
Q

Propulsion

A

Moving food from one region of the digestive system to another

161
Q

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract

A

Peristalsis

162
Q

Segmentation

A

Movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in small intestine

163
Q

Examples of mechanical breakdown

A

Mixing food by the tongue

Churning food by the stomach

Segmentation in the small intestine

164
Q

Why is mechanical digestion important?

A

Prepares food for further degradation by enzymes

165
Q

When does digestion occur

A

When enzymes chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks

166
Q

Each major food group is broken down by ________ enzymes

167
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down to ____

Proteins are broken down to ___

Fats are broken down to ____&_____

A

Carbohydrates broken down to monosaccharides

Proteins broken down to amino acids

Fats broken down to fatty acids and glycerol

168
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down carbs

169
Q

Breaks down proteins

A

Peptidase or prolease

170
Q

Lipases

A

Break down fats

171
Q

Carbohydrate digestion starts in _____ with which enzyme ?

A

The mouth
Salivary amylase

172
Q

Protein digestion begins in the ____ with which enzyme?

A

Stomach
With pepsin

173
Q

Lipids are emulsified by detergent action of

A

Bile salts from liver
Pancreatic lipase

174
Q

Absorption

A

End products of digestion are absorbed in blood or lymph

Food must enter mucosal cells and then move into blood or lymph capillaries

175
Q

No food absorption occurs in the

176
Q

Explain food ingestion and breakdown

A
  1. Food goes in mouth, chewed
  2. Mixed w/ saliva caused by mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli
  3. Salivary amylase starts starch digestion
177
Q

Food propulsion

A

Swallowing and peristalsis

178
Q

Pharynx and esophagus have no

A

Digestive function

179
Q

Pharynx and esophagus serve as

A

Passageways to stomach

180
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

181
Q

Pharynx functions in

A

Swallowing

182
Q

Two phases of swallowing

A

Buccal phase

Pharygeal-esophageal phase

183
Q

Buccal phase

A

Voluntary
Occurs in mouth
Food made into bolus
Bolus forced into pharynx by tongue

184
Q

Pharyngeal esophageal phase

A

1.Involuntary transport of bolus through peristalsis

  1. Nasal and respiratory passages are blocked
  2. Bolus moved to stomach
  3. Cardioesophageal sphincter opens when food is pressed against it
185
Q

Gastric juice is regulated by

A

Neural and hormonal factors

186
Q

Presence of food or rising pH causes the release of

187
Q

Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce

A

Protein-digesting enzymes

Mucus

Hydrochloric acid

188
Q

Acidic pH function

A

1.Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion

  1. Hostile environment for microorganisms
189
Q

Rennin

A

Digesting milk protein in infants; not produced in adults

190
Q

Only items absorbed in stomach

A

Alcohol and aspirin

191
Q

Waves of peristalsis occurred from the ______ to the _____ and force food through

A

fundus to pylorus

force food through pyloric sphincter

192
Q

Grinding

A

Pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine (3ml at a time)

193
Q

Retropulsion

A

Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing contents back into stomach; stomach empties in 4-6 hours

194
Q

Chyme breakdown and absorption: Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to

A

Break double sugars into simple sugars

Complete some protein digestion

195
Q

Intestinal enzymes and pancreatic enzymes help to

A

Complete digestion of all food groups

196
Q

Play a major role in the digestion of fats proteins and carbohydrates

A

Pancreatic enzymes

197
Q

______ content neutralizes the acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for pancreatic enzymes to operate

198
Q

Stimulates the release of pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A

Vagus nerve
Secretin
Cholescystokinin (CCK)

199
Q

Hormones (secretin and cck) also Target the liver and gallbladder to release

200
Q

Needed for absorption of fat soluble vitamins a d e k

201
Q

Chyme

A

Bolus + gastric juices

202
Q

Steps of regulation of pancreatic juice and bile

A
  1. Chyme entering duodenum causes cells to secrete cholescystokinin and secretin
  2. Cck and secretin enter bloodstream
  3. When they reach pancreas, cck causes secretion of enzyme rich pancreatic juice. Secretin causes secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
  4. Causes liver to secrete more bile, cck stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile .
    Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxesto allow bile to enter from both sources into duodenum
  5. Stimulation by vagus nerve fibers causes release of pancreatic juice and weak contractions of gallbladder
203
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates release of gastric juice

Stimulate stomach emptying

204
Q

Intestinal gastrin

A

Stimulates gastric secretion and emptying

205
Q

Histamine

A

activates parietal cells of stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid

206
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice

Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder

207
Q

Secretin

A

Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions

Increases bile output by liver

Inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion

208
Q

CCK cholecystokinin

A

Increases output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice

Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile

Releases sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum

209
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Inhibit secretion of gastric juice

Stimulates insulin release

210
Q

Water is absorbed along the length of

A

Small intestine

211
Q

End products of digestion absorbed by

A

Most substances absorbed through active transport

Lipids absorbed by diffusion

212
Q

Substances are transported to the liver by

A

The hepatic portal vein

Lymph

213
Q

Major means of moving food

A

Peristalsis
Chyme propulsion

214
Q

Segmental movements function

A

Mix chyme with digestive juices

Aid in propelling food

215
Q

No digestive enzymes are produced during

A

Nutrient breakdown and absorption

The resident bacteria digest the remaining nutrients

216
Q

How do bacteria digest remaining nutrients

A

Produce vitamin K vitamin B and release gases

217
Q

Water, vitamins, ions absorbed during

A

Nutrient breakdown and absorption

218
Q

Feces contains

A

Undigested food residues
Mucus,
Bacteria,
Water

219
Q

Propulsion of food residue and defecation

A
  1. Sluggish peristalsis begins when food residue arrives
  2. Haustral contractions are movements occuring most frequently in large intestine
  3. Mass movements are slow powerful movements that occur 3 to 4 times a day
220
Q

Haustral contractions

A

Most frequent movements in the large intestine
Slow powerful occur 3 to 4 times a day

221
Q

Presence of feces and rectum causes a defecation reflex meaning

A

The anal sphincter is relaxed

Defecation occurs with the relaxation of the voluntary or external anal sphincter

222
Q

Energy value of food is measured in

A

Kcal or Calories (C)

223
Q

Chemical energy that drives cellular activities

Food oxidized into

A

Adenosine tri-phosphate

224
Q

Nutrient

A

Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance and repair

225
Q

Which are the major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates lipids proteins and water

226
Q

Which are the minor nutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals

227
Q

Diet consisting of _ food groups guarantees adequate amounts of all needed nutrients

228
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen by liver

229
Q

Falciform ligament

A

thin, sickle-shaped, fibrous structure that connects the anterior part of the liver to the ventral wall of the abdomen

230
Q

Haustra

A

saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance

231
Q

Reverse peristalsis

232
Q

Serious inflammatory condition in which the colon mucosa protrudes through the colon wall is called

A

Diverticulitis

233
Q

What carries excess cholesterol from body cells to liver

234
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Making glucose from amino acids and fats

235
Q

Hormone secreted by the duodenum inhibits secretion of gastric juices and stimulates the release of insulin

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

236
Q

Could be a contributor to pancreatitis

A

Chymotrypsin

237
Q

Which Hormone is most responsible for the determining the basal metabolic rate

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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