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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of respiratory system

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs- alveoli

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2
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Space where air enters through nostrils as inspired

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3
Q

Larynx

A

After pharynx
Receives air
Part of tubule conducting network
Vocal chords here

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4
Q

Trachea

A

Tube
Biforcate into R&L primary bronchi

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5
Q

Diaphragm

A

Contraction of diaphragm lets you breathe air in

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6
Q

Oral cavity synonymous with the

A

Mouth

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7
Q

Where does gas exchange between environment and blood happen?

A

Alveoli of lungs

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8
Q

Parts of upper respiratory tract

A

Passageways from nose to larynx

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9
Q

Parts of lower respiratory tract

A

Passageways from trachea to alveoli

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10
Q

Function of passageways to the lungs

A

Purify humidify and warm incoming air

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11
Q

Only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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12
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

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13
Q

Route through which air enters the nose?

A

nares

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14
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Interior of nose

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15
Q

Divides nasal cavity

A

Nasal septum

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16
Q

Frontal sinus

A

In frontal bone lighten weight of skull

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17
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)
Oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
Laryngopharynx (behind larynx)

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18
Q

Parts of nasopharynx

A

Pharygeal tonsils
Uvula

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19
Q

Oropharynx parts

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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20
Q

Parts of Larynx

A

Epiglottitis
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage

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21
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Maintains structure of vocal chords

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22
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in

A

Mucosa on superior surface

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23
Q

Functions of respiratory mucosa

A

1.Moisten air
2.Trap foreign particles
3. Enzymes in mucus destroy bacteria chemically

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24
Q

Functions of conchae

A
  1. Increase surface area
  2. Increase air turbulence within nasal cavity
  3. Helps trap inhaled particles
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25
Q

What separates the nasal and oral cavities

A

Palate

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26
Q

Difference between hard palate and soft palate

A

Hard palette in front. Supported by bone

Soft palate in back unsupported

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27
Q

Which bone support the hard palate

A

Palatine and maxillary

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28
Q

Where can you find paranasal sinuses?

A

In frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
and
maxillary bones around the nasal cavity

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29
Q

Three functions of sinuses

A

Lighten the skull

Act as resonance chambers

Produce mucus

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30
Q

Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

A

Pharynx

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31
Q

What is continuous with the posterior nasal aperture?

A

Pharynx

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32
Q

Which two structures serve as a common passageway for air and food?

A

Oropharynx and laryngo pharynx

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33
Q

Which structure routes food into the posterior tube, aka the esophagus?

A

Epiglottis

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34
Q

What opens into the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngotympanic tympanic tubes

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35
Q

What drains the middle ear?

A

Pharyngotympanic tubes

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36
Q

Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role and protecting the body from infection

A

Tonsils

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37
Q

Single tonsil located in back the nasopharynx

A

Adenoid pharyngeal tonsil

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38
Q

Located in the Oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

A

Palatine tonsils

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39
Q

Location of lingual tonsils

A

Base of tongue

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40
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Procedure to remove lungs

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41
Q

Commonly called voice box

A

Larynx

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42
Q

Commonly called throat

A

Pharynx

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43
Q

Functions of the larynx

A
  1. Route air and food into proper channels
  2. Role in speech
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44
Q

What is made of 8 rigid hyaline cartilages ?

A

Larynx

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45
Q

Largest hyaline cartilage in Larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Adam’s apple

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46
Q

What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

A

Rises and forms lid over the opening of the larynx

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47
Q

Food and mouth moves towards

A

Esophagus

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48
Q

Air in mouth flows towards?

A

Trachea

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49
Q

Spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottitis

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50
Q

What protects the superior opening of the larynx?

A

Epiglottitis

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51
Q

Vocal folds (true vocal chords)

A

Vibrate with expelled air

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52
Q

What allows us to speak?

A

Vocal folds

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53
Q

Glottis includes the

A

Vocal chords and the opening between vocal chords

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54
Q

Commonly called the windpipe

A

Trachea

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55
Q

4 inch long tube that connects to the Larynx

A

Trachea

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56
Q

Patent

A

Open

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57
Q

Walls of trachea reinforced with

A

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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58
Q

What keeps the trachea open?

A

C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

What lines the trachea ?

A

Ciliated mucosa

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60
Q

What do ciliated mucosa do in the trachea?

A

Beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air

Expel mucus with dust and debris away from lungs

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61
Q

What is formed by the division of the trachea?

A

The main bronchi

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62
Q

Each bronchus enters the lung at

A

Hilum

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63
Q

Hilum

A

Medial depression

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64
Q

Which bronchus is wider, shorter and straighter?

A

Right bronchus

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65
Q

Bronchi subdivide into

A

Smaller and smaller branches

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66
Q

The lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the

A

Central Mediastinum

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67
Q

Apex of each lung is near the

A

Clavicle
Superior portion

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68
Q

The base of the lungs rests on

A

The diaphragm

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69
Q

Fissures

A

Divide lungs into lobes

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70
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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71
Q

Lobes in right lung

A

3

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72
Q

What covers the outer surface of the lungs?

A

Serosa

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73
Q

Pulmonary pleura (visceral) covers

A

Lung surface

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74
Q

Parietal pleura covers the

A

Walls of the thoracic cavity

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75
Q

What fills the area between the layers of the lungs ?

A

Pleural fluid

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76
Q

Functions of pleural fluid

A

Lets lungs glide over thorax

Decreases friction during breathing

77
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Main bronchi subdivides into smaller branches
(Branching passageways)

78
Q

Which lung passageways do not have reinforcing cartilage?

A

The smallest, all others do

79
Q

Which are the smallest conducting passageways of the lungs?

A

Bronchioles

80
Q

Which are the conduits to and from the respiratory zone?

A

Bronchial tree

81
Q

Path of terminal bronchioles

A

Go into respiratory zone structures

Terminate at alveoli

82
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone

A

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Respiratory bronchioles

83
Q

Conducting zone structures include

A

All other passageways

84
Q

What makes the walls of the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

85
Q

What connects neighboring air sacs?

A

Alveolar pores

86
Q

What covers the external surfaces of the alveoli ?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

87
Q

What communicates the cardiovascular system to the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary capillaries

88
Q

What is the air-blood barrier?

A

Respiratory membrane
On one side is blood,
On other side is air

89
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made of

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

90
Q

Explain the Diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

O2 enters blood
CO2 enters alveoli

91
Q

What are “dust cells?”

A

Alveolar macrophages

92
Q

Function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Add protection by picking up bacteria,
Carbon particles,
Other debris

93
Q

Surfactant

A

Lipid that coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces

Cuts down on friction

94
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

Cuboidal surfactant secreting cells

95
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A

Surfactant secreting cells

96
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Supply body with O2
Remove CO2

97
Q

Events of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
98
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Air moves into and out of the lungs (breathing)

99
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and the alveoli

O2 goes into blood
CO2 goes out of blood

100
Q

Respiratory gas transport

A

Transport of O2 CO2 via bloodstream

101
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

102
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity

103
Q

What affects the flow of gasses?

A

Volume changes lead to:
-pressure changes
-lead to flow of gasses to equalize pressure

104
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

1.Diaphragm and external intercoastals contract

  1. Intrapulmonary volume increases
  2. Gas pressure decreases
  3. Air flows into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
105
Q

What happens during expiration?

A
  1. Intrapulmonary volume decreases
  2. Gas pressure increases
  3. Gases flow out to equalize pressure
106
Q

What causes forced expiration?

A

Contraction of internal intercoastal muscles to depress the ribcage

107
Q

Example of forced expiration?

A

Blowing out candle

108
Q

Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity

A

Expiration

109
Q

The intrapleural pressure is always

110
Q

What is the major factor preventing lung collapse?

A

Intrapleural pressure

111
Q

What happens if the intrapleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure?

A

Lungs recoil and collapse

112
Q

During expiration diaphragm moves

A

Superiorly

113
Q

Size
Sex
Age
Physical condition

A

Factors affecting respiratory capacity

114
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air breathed in during normal, quiet breathing

115
Q

Amount of air moved in and out of lungs with each breath

116
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly taken in over the tidal volume

Usually around 3100 ml

117
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

Approx 1200 ml

118
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining in lung after expiration

Cannot be voluntarily exhaled

1200 ml

119
Q

Function of residual volume

A

Lets gas exchange happen continuously

Helps keep alveoli open

120
Q

Vital capacity

A

Total amount of exchangeable air

121
Q

Formula for vital capacity

A

TV+IRV + ERV= VC

122
Q

What is the vital capacity in men?

123
Q

What is the vital capacity in women?

124
Q

Define dead space volume

A

Air remains in conducting zone

Does not reach alveoli ever

125
Q

Milliliters of dead space volume

126
Q

Functional volume

A

Air that actually reaches respiratory zone

350 ml

127
Q

What measures respiratory capacities?

A

Spirometer

128
Q

Total lung capacity amount

129
Q

Vital capacity amount

A

4800 in men

130
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume in men

131
Q

Tidal volume in men

132
Q

Expiratory reserve volume in men

133
Q

Residual volume in men

134
Q

Non-respiratory air movements causes

A

Reflexes

Voluntary actions

135
Q

Cough, sneeze, crying, laughing hiccup and yawn

A

Examples of non-respiratory air movements

136
Q

Sudden inspirations are also known as

137
Q

Very deep inspirations are also known as

138
Q

Respiratory sounds are monitored with a

A

Stethoscope

139
Q

Bronchial sounds

A

Made by
Air passing through large passageways such as trachea and bronchi

140
Q

Vesicular breathing sounds

A

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli

141
Q

Gas exchanges occurs a result of

142
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)

143
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases occurring between blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)

144
Q

Movement of gas is toward the area of_____ concentration

145
Q

How is oxygen loaded into the blood?

A

Diffuses from oxygen-rich air of alveoli to oxygen poor blood of pulmonary capillaries

146
Q

How is carbon dioxide unloaded out of the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli

147
Q

Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms

A

Oxyhemoglobin HbO2

148
Q

A small dissolved amount of oxyhemoglobin is carried in the

149
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as

A

Bicarbonate ion HCO3-

150
Q

A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside of hemoglobin but

A

A different binding sites from those of oxygen

151
Q

For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it must be released from its

A

Bicarbonate form

152
Q

Gas transport of carbon dioxide

A
  1. Bicarbonate ions
    RBC
  2. Combine with hydrogen ions.
  3. Form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  4. Carbonic acid splits the form water + CO2
  5. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
153
Q

Internal respiration

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (loading)

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (unloading)

154
Q

Opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs

A

Internal respiration

155
Q

What is neural regulation responsible for?

A

Setting the basic rhythm

156
Q

The activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by

A

Phrenic and intercostal nerves

157
Q

Neuralcenters that control rate and depth are located in the

A

Medulla and pons

158
Q

Medulla

A

Sets basic breathing rhythm

Contains pacemaker called ventral respiratory group (VRG)

159
Q

Pons

A

Smooths out respiratory rate

160
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

12 to 15 respirations per minute

161
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal respiratory rate

162
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increased respiratory rate
Due to extra oxygen needs
Deeper

163
Q

Increased body temperature

Excercise

Talking

Coughing

A

Physical factors influencing respiratory rate and depth

164
Q

Volition

A

conscious control

165
Q

Fear anger excitement

A

Emotional factors controlling respiration

166
Q

What is the most important stimulus for breathing

A

Getting rid of CO2

167
Q

Increased levels of carbon dioxide do what to the pH?

A

Lower it or make the pH more acidic

168
Q

What happens when the blood has a more acidic pH

A

The rate and depth of breathing increases

169
Q

Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on

A

Medulla oblongata

170
Q

How are oxygen levels regulated?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors in aorta and common carotid arteries detect changes in oxygen levels.
  2. Information is sent to the medulla
  3. O2 is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of carbon dioxide as a result of disease
171
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  1. Rising levels of CO2 result in deeper,faster breathing (acidosis)
  2. Exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH
  3. May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis
172
Q

Types of COPD diseases

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

173
Q

Shared features of COPD diseases

A
  1. History of smoking
  2. Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
  3. Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
  4. Hypoxic
174
Q

Hypoxic

A

Retain CO2

Have respiratory acidosis,

develop respiratory failure

175
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

1.Mucosa of lower respiratory tracts becomes severely inflamed

2.Excessive mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange

  1. Cyanosis. Bloat because of chronic hypoxia and CO2 retention
176
Q

Emphysema

A

1.Alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge

2.Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, lungs lose elasticity

177
Q

Patients with emphysema need a ____ amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in lungs

178
Q

Pink puffers

A

Oxygen exchange is efficient
emphysema

179
Q

Overinflation of lungs leads to

A

Permanently expanded barrel chest

(Emphysema)

180
Q

Cyanosis appears late in

181
Q

Leading cause of cancer death in men and women

A

Lung cancer

182
Q

Nearly 90% of lung cancer cases result from

183
Q

Is lung cancer aggressive?

A

Yes, it metastasizes quickly

184
Q

Three common types of lung cancer

A

1.Adenocarcinoma
2.Squamous cell carcinoma
3 Small cell carcinoma

185
Q

Asthma

A

Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages

Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing and wheezing

186
Q

Most respiratory system problems are a result of external factors such as

A

Infections and substances that physically block respiratory passages

187
Q
  1. Elasticity of lungs decreases
  2. Vital capacity decreases
  3. Blood oxygen levels decrease
  4. Stimulating effects of CO2 decrease
  5. Elderly are more hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
  6. More risks of respiratory tract infection
A

Developmental aspects of respiratory system

188
Q

Dyspnea

A

Labored breathing

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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