Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Organs of respiratory system
A
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs- alveoli
2
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Space where air enters through nostrils as inspired
3
Q
Larynx
A
After pharynx
Receives air
Part of tubule conducting network
Vocal chords here
4
Q
Trachea
A
Tube
Biforcate into R&L primary bronchi
5
Q
Diaphragm
A
Contraction of diaphragm lets you breathe air in
6
Q
Oral cavity synonymous with the
A
Mouth
7
Q
Where does gas exchange between environment and blood happen?
A
Alveoli of lungs
8
Q
Parts of upper respiratory tract
A
Passageways from nose to larynx
9
Q
Parts of lower respiratory tract
A
Passageways from trachea to alveoli
10
Q
Function of passageways to the lungs
A
Purify humidify and warm incoming air
11
Q
Only externally visible part of the respiratory system
A
Nose
12
Q
Nares
A
Nostrils
13
Q
Route through which air enters the nose?
A
nares
14
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Interior of nose
15
Q
Divides nasal cavity
A
Nasal septum
16
Q
Frontal sinus
A
In frontal bone lighten weight of skull
17
Q
Parts of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)
Oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
Laryngopharynx (behind larynx)
18
Q
Parts of nasopharynx
A
Pharygeal tonsils
Uvula
19
Q
Oropharynx parts
A
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
20
Q
Parts of Larynx
A
Epiglottitis
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
21
Q
Cricoid cartilage
A
Maintains structure of vocal chords
22
Q
Olfactory receptors are located in
A
Mucosa on superior surface
23
Q
Functions of respiratory mucosa
A
1.Moisten air
2.Trap foreign particles
3. Enzymes in mucus destroy bacteria chemically
24
Q
Functions of conchae
A
- Increase surface area
- Increase air turbulence within nasal cavity
- Helps trap inhaled particles
25
What separates the nasal and oral cavities
Palate
26
Difference between hard palate and soft palate
Hard palette in front. Supported by bone
Soft palate in back unsupported
27
Which bone support the hard palate
Palatine and maxillary
28
Where can you find paranasal sinuses?
In frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
and
maxillary bones around the nasal cavity
29
Three functions of sinuses
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers
Produce mucus
30
Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
Pharynx
31
What is continuous with the posterior nasal aperture?
Pharynx
32
Which two structures serve as a common passageway for air and food?
Oropharynx and laryngo pharynx
33
Which structure routes food into the posterior tube, aka the esophagus?
Epiglottis
34
What opens into the nasopharynx
Pharyngotympanic tympanic tubes
35
What drains the middle ear?
Pharyngotympanic tubes
36
Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role and protecting the body from infection
Tonsils
37
Single tonsil located in back the nasopharynx
Adenoid pharyngeal tonsil
38
Located in the Oropharynx at the end of the soft palate
Palatine tonsils
39
Location of lingual tonsils
Base of tongue
40
Tonsillectomy
Procedure to remove lungs
41
Commonly called voice box
Larynx
42
Commonly called throat
Pharynx
43
Functions of the larynx
1. Route air and food into proper channels
2. Role in speech
44
What is made of 8 rigid hyaline cartilages ?
Larynx
45
Largest hyaline cartilage in Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Adam's apple
46
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
Rises and forms lid over the opening of the larynx
47
Food and mouth moves towards
Esophagus
48
Air in mouth flows towards?
Trachea
49
Spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage
Epiglottitis
50
What protects the superior opening of the larynx?
Epiglottitis
51
Vocal folds (true vocal chords)
Vibrate with expelled air
52
What allows us to speak?
Vocal folds
53
Glottis includes the
Vocal chords and the opening between vocal chords
54
Commonly called the windpipe
Trachea
55
4 inch long tube that connects to the Larynx
Trachea
56
Patent
Open
57
Walls of trachea reinforced with
C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
58
What keeps the trachea open?
C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage
59
What lines the trachea ?
Ciliated mucosa
60
What do ciliated mucosa do in the trachea?
Beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air
Expel mucus with dust and debris away from lungs
61
What is formed by the division of the trachea?
The main bronchi
62
Each bronchus enters the lung at
Hilum
63
Hilum
Medial depression
64
Which bronchus is wider, shorter and straighter?
Right bronchus
65
Bronchi subdivide into
Smaller and smaller branches
66
The lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the
Central Mediastinum
67
Apex of each lung is near the
Clavicle
Superior portion
68
The base of the lungs rests on
The diaphragm
69
Fissures
Divide lungs into lobes
70
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
71
Lobes in right lung
3
72
What covers the outer surface of the lungs?
Serosa
73
Pulmonary pleura (visceral) covers
Lung surface
74
Parietal pleura covers the
Walls of the thoracic cavity
75
What fills the area between the layers of the lungs ?
Pleural fluid
76
Functions of pleural fluid
Lets lungs glide over thorax
Decreases friction during breathing
77
What is the bronchial tree?
Main bronchi subdivides into smaller branches
(Branching passageways)
78
Which lung passageways do not have reinforcing cartilage?
The smallest, all others do
79
Which are the smallest conducting passageways of the lungs?
Bronchioles
80
Which are the conduits to and from the respiratory zone?
Bronchial tree
81
Path of terminal bronchioles
Go into respiratory zone structures
Terminate at alveoli
82
Structures of the respiratory zone
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Respiratory bronchioles
83
Conducting zone structures include
All other passageways
84
What makes the walls of the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
85
What connects neighboring air sacs?
Alveolar pores
86
What covers the external surfaces of the alveoli ?
Pulmonary capillaries
87
What communicates the cardiovascular system to the respiratory system
Pulmonary capillaries
88
What is the air-blood barrier?
Respiratory membrane
On one side is blood,
On other side is air
89
What is the respiratory membrane made of
Alveolar and capillary walls
90
Explain the Diffusion across the respiratory membrane?
O2 enters blood
CO2 enters alveoli
91
What are "dust cells?"
Alveolar macrophages
92
Function of alveolar macrophages?
Add protection by picking up bacteria,
Carbon particles,
Other debris
93
Surfactant
Lipid that coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces
Cuts down on friction
94
What secretes surfactant?
Cuboidal surfactant secreting cells
95
Type 2 pneumocytes
Surfactant secreting cells
96
Functions of respiratory system
Supply body with O2
Remove CO2
97
Events of respiration?
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Respiratory gas transport
4. Internal respiration
98
Pulmonary ventilation
Air moves into and out of the lungs (breathing)
99
External respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and the alveoli
O2 goes into blood
CO2 goes out of blood
100
Respiratory gas transport
Transport of O2 CO2 via bloodstream
101
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
102
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
103
What affects the flow of gasses?
Volume changes lead to:
-pressure changes
-lead to flow of gasses to equalize pressure
104
What happens during inspiration?
1.Diaphragm and external intercoastals contract
2. Intrapulmonary volume increases
3. Gas pressure decreases
4. Air flows into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
105
What happens during expiration?
1. Intrapulmonary volume decreases
2. Gas pressure increases
3. Gases flow out to equalize pressure
106
What causes forced expiration?
Contraction of internal intercoastal muscles to depress the ribcage
107
Example of forced expiration?
Blowing out candle
108
Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
Expiration
109
The intrapleural pressure is always
Negative
110
What is the major factor preventing lung collapse?
Intrapleural pressure
111
What happens if the intrapleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure?
Lungs recoil and collapse
112
During expiration diaphragm moves
Superiorly
113
Size
Sex
Age
Physical condition
Factors affecting respiratory capacity
114
Tidal volume
Amount of air breathed in during normal, quiet breathing
115
Amount of air moved in and out of lungs with each breath
500ml
116
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcibly taken in over the tidal volume
Usually around 3100 ml
117
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
Approx 1200 ml
118
Residual volume
Air remaining in lung after expiration
Cannot be voluntarily exhaled
1200 ml
119
Function of residual volume
Lets gas exchange happen continuously
Helps keep alveoli open
120
Vital capacity
Total amount of exchangeable air
121
Formula for vital capacity
TV+IRV + ERV= VC
122
What is the vital capacity in men?
4800 ml
123
What is the vital capacity in women?
3100 ml
124
Define dead space volume
Air remains in conducting zone
Does not reach alveoli ever
125
Milliliters of dead space volume
150 ml
126
Functional volume
Air that actually reaches respiratory zone
350 ml
127
What measures respiratory capacities?
Spirometer
128
Total lung capacity amount
6000 ml
129
Vital capacity amount
4800 in men
130
Inspiratory reserve volume in men
3100
131
Tidal volume in men
500
132
Expiratory reserve volume in men
1200
133
Residual volume in men
1200
134
Non-respiratory air movements causes
Reflexes
Voluntary actions
135
Cough, sneeze, crying, laughing hiccup and yawn
Examples of non-respiratory air movements
136
Sudden inspirations are also known as
Hiccups
137
Very deep inspirations are also known as
Yawn
138
Respiratory sounds are monitored with a
Stethoscope
139
Bronchial sounds
Made by
Air passing through large passageways such as trachea and bronchi
140
Vesicular breathing sounds
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli
141
Gas exchanges occurs a result of
Diffusion
142
External respiration
Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)
143
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases occurring between blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)
144
Movement of gas is toward the area of_____ concentration
Lower
145
How is oxygen loaded into the blood?
Diffuses from oxygen-rich air of alveoli to oxygen poor blood of pulmonary capillaries
146
How is carbon dioxide unloaded out of the blood?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli
147
Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms
Oxyhemoglobin HbO2
148
A small dissolved amount of oxyhemoglobin is carried in the
Plasma
149
Most carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as
Bicarbonate ion HCO3-
150
A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside of hemoglobin but
A different binding sites from those of oxygen
151
For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it must be released from its
Bicarbonate form
152
Gas transport of carbon dioxide
1. Bicarbonate ions
RBC
2. Combine with hydrogen ions.
3. Form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
4. Carbonic acid splits the form water + CO2
5. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
153
Internal respiration
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (loading)
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (unloading)
154
Opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs
Internal respiration
155
What is neural regulation responsible for?
Setting the basic rhythm
156
The activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by
Phrenic and intercostal nerves
157
Neuralcenters that control rate and depth are located in the
Medulla and pons
158
Medulla
Sets basic breathing rhythm
Contains pacemaker called ventral respiratory group (VRG)
159
Pons
Smooths out respiratory rate
160
Normal respiratory rate
12 to 15 respirations per minute
161
Eupnea
Normal respiratory rate
162
Hyperpnea
Increased respiratory rate
Due to extra oxygen needs
Deeper
163
Increased body temperature
Excercise
Talking
Coughing
Physical factors influencing respiratory rate and depth
164
Volition
conscious control
165
Fear anger excitement
Emotional factors controlling respiration
166
What is the most important stimulus for breathing
Getting rid of CO2
167
Increased levels of carbon dioxide do what to the pH?
Lower it or make the pH more acidic
168
What happens when the blood has a more acidic pH
The rate and depth of breathing increases
169
Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on
Medulla oblongata
170
How are oxygen levels regulated?
1. Chemoreceptors in aorta and common carotid arteries detect changes in oxygen levels.
2. Information is sent to the medulla
3. O2 is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of carbon dioxide as a result of disease
171
Hyperventilation
1. Rising levels of CO2 result in deeper,faster breathing (acidosis)
2. Exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH
3. May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis
172
Types of COPD diseases
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
173
Shared features of COPD diseases
1. History of smoking
2. Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
3. Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
4. Hypoxic
174
Hypoxic
Retain CO2
Have respiratory acidosis,
develop respiratory failure
175
Chronic bronchitis
1.Mucosa of lower respiratory tracts becomes severely inflamed
2.Excessive mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange
3. Cyanosis. Bloat because of chronic hypoxia and CO2 retention
176
Emphysema
1.Alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge
2.Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, lungs lose elasticity
177
Patients with emphysema need a ____ amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in lungs
Large
178
Pink puffers
Oxygen exchange is efficient
emphysema
179
Overinflation of lungs leads to
Permanently expanded barrel chest
(Emphysema)
180
Cyanosis appears late in
Emphysema
181
Leading cause of cancer death in men and women
Lung cancer
182
Nearly 90% of lung cancer cases result from
Smoking
183
Is lung cancer aggressive?
Yes, it metastasizes quickly
184
Three common types of lung cancer
1.Adenocarcinoma
2.Squamous cell carcinoma
3 Small cell carcinoma
185
Asthma
Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages
Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing and wheezing
186
Most respiratory system problems are a result of external factors such as
Infections and substances that physically block respiratory passages
187
1. Elasticity of lungs decreases
2. Vital capacity decreases
3. Blood oxygen levels decrease
4. Stimulating effects of CO2 decrease
5. Elderly are more hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
6. More risks of respiratory tract infection
Developmental aspects of respiratory system
188
Dyspnea
Labored breathing
