Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Gonads
A
Primary sex organs
Testes and ovaries
2
Q
Gametes
A
Sex cells- eggs and sperm
3
Q
Parts of the duct system in testes
A
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra
4
Q
Accessory male organs
A
Seminal glands (vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethal glands
5
Q
External genitalia
A
Penis and scrotum
6
Q
What connects testis to trunk?
A
Spermatic cord
7
Q
What does the spermatic cord contain?
A
Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus deferens
8
Q
Tunica albuginea
A
Capsule that surrounds each testis
9
Q
Septa
A
Divide testis into lobules. Extension of capsule
10
Q
How many seminiferous tubules does each lobule have?
A
1-4
11
Q
Seminiferous tubules
A
- Tightly coiled structures
- Act as sperm makers
- Empties sperm into rete testis
12
Q
Sperm travels from the rete testis to the
A
Epididymis
13
Q
Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules make androgens like
A
Testosterone
14
Q
Epididymis length
A
6m, 20 ft
Very convoluted
15
Q
Where to find epididymis?
A
Posterior lateral side of the testis
16
Q
What is the first part of the male duct system?
A
Epididymis
17
Q
Function of epididymis
A
Temporary storage for immature sperm
18
Q
Sperm matures as it journeys through the
A
Epididymis
19
Q
During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the
A
Ductus deferens
20
Q
Passage of the ductus deferens
A
From epididymis to spermatic cord through inguinal canal and over urinary bladder
21
Q
Ampulla
A
End of ductus deferens, empties into ejaculatory duct
22
Q
Ejaculatory duct
A
Passes through prostate to merge with urethra
23
Q
How does sperm move into urethra
A
By peristalsis
24
Q
Urethra passage
A
From bladder to tip of penis
25
Sperm enters urethra via the
Ejaculatory duct
26
Prostatic urethra
Surrounded by prostate gland
27
Membranous urethra
Prostatic urethra to penis
28
Spongy urethra
Penile
Runs through length of penis
29
What happens to the internal urethral sphincter when men ejaculate ?
It closes to stop urine from going into urethra and it prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder
30
Seminal vesicles location
Base of bladder
31
Seminal vesicles secretion
60% semen
Fructose
Vitamin c
Prostaglandins
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
32
Duct of each seminal vesicle joins the ____ _______ on each side to make
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
33
Prostatic secretions
Help activate sperm
Fluid enters urethra through several small ducts
Milky appearance
34
Bulbourethal glands appearance and location
Pea sized, inferior to prostate
35
Bulbourethal glands
Make thick, clear mucus that cleans penile urethra of acidic urine before ejaculation
Mucus also helps lubricate during sexual intercourse
36
Semen
Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
37
Liquid portion of accessory gland secretions serve to
Dilute sperm
38
Streamlined tadpoles
Sperm
39
Function of fructose in ejaculatory fluid
Gives energy to sperm cells
40
Why are sperm alkaline
To neutralize acidic environment of vagina
41
Semen ____ bacteria
Inhibits
42
Scrotum
Divided sac of skin that houses the testes
43
Why are testes outside?
Why do we need scrotum?
Viable sperm can't be made at body temperature
Keeps testes 3 C lower than normal body temperature
44
Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Penis
45
Regions of penis
Shaft
Glans penis (enlarged tip)
Prepuce (foreskin)
46
Folded cuff of skin around proximal end of penis
Prepuce (foreskin)
47
When do erections happen?
When erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement
48
Chief roles in male reproductive process
Make sperm and testosterone
49
When does sperm production begin?
Puberty, and continues throughout life
Millions made very day
50
Spermatogonia
primitive stem cells, begin sperm making process by dividing rapidly
51
During puberty, FSH production
Increases
52
During spermatogenesis, each division of. Spermatogoniun cell produces
Type A daughter cell
Type B daughter cell
53
Type A daughter cell
Stem cell that continues stem cell population
54
Type B daughter cell
becomes primary spermatocyte, designed to form 4 sperm through meiosis
55
Meiosis
Special type of nuclear division different from mitosis
56
Meiosis occurs in the
Gonads
57
Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus
Meiosis I and II
Makes 4 daughter cells
58
How many chromosomes in gametes?
23
59
Haploid number
23 (n) half genetic material as other body cells
60
Zygote
Union of sperm with an egg (2n)
61
Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as ____
Sperm
62
Spermiogenesis
Streamlining process needed to get rid of excess cytoplasm and turn spermatid into sperm
63
Regions of sperm
Head, mid-piece, tail
64
Acrosome
Sits anterior to head (nucleus)
65
Length of spermatogenesis including spermiogenesis
64-72 days
66
Head of sperm
Has genetic material
Can penetrate follicle cell capsule
67
Mid-piece of sperm
Has lots of mitochondria, makes energy to move
68
Tail
Movement, flagellum
69
How does testosterone production during puberty occur?
FSH prods seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
LH activates interstitial cells to make testosterone
70
Most important hormonal product of the testes
Testosterone
71
What stimulates reproductive organ development in males?
Testosterone
72
What underlies sex drive in males?
Testosterone
73
Testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics like
- Deepening voice
-increased hair growth
-enlargement of skeletal muscle
-increased bone growth and density
74
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Ovaries
Duct system
External genitalia
75
Duct system of females
-Uterine (fallopian) tubes
-uterus
-vagina
76
Ovaries function
Make ova, estrogen and progesterone
77
Each ovary houses ovarian follicles made of
Oocytes
Follicle cells
78
Oocytes
Immature eggs
79
Follicle cells
Layers of different cells that surround oocyte
80
Primary ovarian follicle
Contains immature oocyte
81
Vesicular (graafian) follicle
Growing follicle with maturing oocyte
82
Ovulation
Follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected by ovary; happens about every 28 days
83
Ruptured follicle turns into
Corpus luteum which makes progesterone during early pregnancy
84
Suspensory ligaments
secure ovaries to lateral walls of pelvis
85
Ovarian ligaments
Anchor ovaries to the uterus medially
86
Broad ligaments
Fold of peritoneum
Enclose and hold ovaries in place
87
Form initial part of female duct system
Fallopian tubes
88
Function of fallopian tubes
1.Receive ovulated oocyte from ovaries
2.Provides site of fertilization
3.Empties into uterus
89
There is little to no contact between the ___ and the ____ _____
Ovaries and the uterine tubes
90
The fallopian tubes empty into the
Uterus
91
What is supported and enclosed by the broad ligament
Uterine tubes
92
Infundibilum
Distal, funnel-shaped end of fallopian tubes
93
Fimbriae
1. Fingerlike projections of the infundibilum
94
Fimbriae function
Receive oocyte from ovary
(Capture eggs from ovary)
95
Function of cilia in fimbriae
Transport the oocyte
96
Uterus location
Between bladder and rectum
97
Size and shape of uterus
Size and shape of pear in woman that has never been pregnant
98
Function of uterus
Receives, retains and nourishes a fertilized egg
99
Uterine support
1.Broad ligament suspends uterus in pelvis
2.Round ligament anchors uterus anteriorly
3. Uterosacral ligament anchors uterus posteriorly
100
Regions of cervix
Body-main portion
Fundus- upper rounded region where tubes enter
Cervix- narrow outlet that protrudes into vagina
101
Layers of the uterus
Endoneurium
Myometrium
Perineurium
102
Endometrium
Inner layer (mucosa)
Site of implantation for fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy happens (menstruation)
103
Myometrium
Middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor
104
Perimetrium
Visceral peritoneum
Outermost, serous layer of uterus
105
Vagina
Passageway from cervix to outside between bladder and rectum
106
Serves as canal that lets baby or menstrual flow leave body
Vagina
107
Female organ of copulation
Vagina
108
Hymen
Partially closes vagina until it is ruptured
109
Parts of female external genitalia
Mons pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands
110
Mons pubis
Fatty area over pubic symphysis
Covered with hair after puberty
111
Labia majora
Hair covered skin folds
Enclose labia minora
Encloses the vestibule
112
Labia minora
Delicate, hair-free folds of skin
113
Vestibule
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of urethra and vagina
114
Greater vestibular glands
One on each of vaginal
Lubricate vagina during intercourse
115
Clitoris
Has erectile tissue
Doesn't have duct
116
Similarities between clitoris and penis
1.Hooded by prepuce
2.Made of sensitive erectile tissue
3.Swollen with blood during excitement
117
Perineum
Diamond shaped
Between labial folds, anus and ischial tuberosities
118
Total amount of eggs is determined when?
By time woman is born
119
Ability to release eggs begins at
Puberty with menstrual cycle
120
Reproductive ability ends at
Menopause (in fifties)
121
Oogenesis
Process of making ova
122
Oogonia
Female stem cells found in developing fetus
123
How do Oogonia reproduce
Oogonia replicate by mitosis and make primary oocytes
The primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that make primary follicles in the ovary
124
Primary Oocytes are inactive until
Puberty
125
FSH causes some primary follicles to
Mature each month
126
Ovarian cycle
Cyclic monthly changes
127
How does meiosis start in a maturing follicle?
1. First meiotic division makes a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller first polar body
2. Vesicular follicle has secondary oocyte.
128
Maturation from a primary follicle takes __ days
14
129
Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of
Lutenizing hormone LH
130
Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by
Corona radiata
131
Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if
Sperm penetrates the oocyte
132
What occurs if sperm penetrates the oocyte?
Ovum is produced
Two additional polar bodies are produced
133
Once ovum is formed,
the two pairs of 23 chromosomes combine to make fertilized egg
134
What happens if secondary oocyte is not penetrated by sperm?
It dies
135
Meiosis in males produces
4 functional sperm
136
Meiosis in females produces
One functional ovum and three polar bodies
137
Comparison of sex cells
Sperm are tiny, motile, have nutrients in fluid
Egg are large, nonmotile and has nutrient reserves to nourish embryo until implantation
138
Estrogens are produced by
Follicle cells
139
What does estrogen do?
Causes secondary sex characteristics:
- enlarge accessory organs
-breast development
-body hair
-increase fat in hips and breasts
-widening and lightening of pelvis
-onset of menstrual cycle
140
Progesterone is made by
Corpus luteum
141
Progesterone production continues until
LH diminishes in blood
142
Which hormone does not contribute to secondary sex characteristics?
Progesterone
143
Major effects of progesterone
Maintain pregnancy
Prepare breasts for milk production
144
Cyclic changes of endometrium are how long?
28 days
145
What regulates menstrual cycle
The cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries
146
Which hormones from the anterior pituitary regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries?
FSH and LH
147
When does ovulation typically occur?
About midway through cycle, day 14
148
Stages of menstrual cycle
1. Menstrual phase
2. Proliferative stage
3. Secretory stage
149
Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
1.Functional endometrium is shedded
2.Bleeding happens for 3-5 days
3. Ovarian hormones at their lowest
4. By day 5, ovarian follicles make more estrogen
150
Proliferative phase
1.Days 6-14
2.Regeneration of endometrium
3. Estrogen rises
4. Ovulation happens in the ovary at the end of this stage
151
Secretory stage
Days 15-28
Progesterone rises, endometrium gets more blood supply to prep for implantation, endometrium gets bigger
152
If fertilization occurs
Embryo makes hormone that causes corpus luteum to keep making hormones
153
If fertilization doesn't happen
Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline,
Repeated every 28 days
154
Mammary glands are present in
Both sexes, but only function in females
155
Modified sweat glands
Mammary glands
156
Mammary glands function to
Make milk to nourish newborn
157
Areola
Central pigmented area
158
Nipple
Protruding center of areola
159
Lobes of mammary glands
Internal structures, radiate around nipple
160
Lobules
Located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
161
Alveolar glands
Make milk when woman is lactating
162
Lactiferous ducts
Connect alveolar glands to nipples
163
Lactiferous sinus
Dilated portion where milk accumulates
