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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

Primary sex organs
Testes and ovaries

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells- eggs and sperm

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3
Q

Parts of the duct system in testes

A

Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra

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4
Q

Accessory male organs

A

Seminal glands (vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethal glands

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5
Q

External genitalia

A

Penis and scrotum

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6
Q

What connects testis to trunk?

A

Spermatic cord

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7
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus deferens

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8
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Capsule that surrounds each testis

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9
Q

Septa

A

Divide testis into lobules. Extension of capsule

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10
Q

How many seminiferous tubules does each lobule have?

A

1-4

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11
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A
  1. Tightly coiled structures
  2. Act as sperm makers
  3. Empties sperm into rete testis
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12
Q

Sperm travels from the rete testis to the

A

Epididymis

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13
Q

Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules make androgens like

A

Testosterone

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14
Q

Epididymis length

A

6m, 20 ft
Very convoluted

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15
Q

Where to find epididymis?

A

Posterior lateral side of the testis

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16
Q

What is the first part of the male duct system?

A

Epididymis

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17
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Temporary storage for immature sperm

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18
Q

Sperm matures as it journeys through the

A

Epididymis

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19
Q

During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the

A

Ductus deferens

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20
Q

Passage of the ductus deferens

A

From epididymis to spermatic cord through inguinal canal and over urinary bladder

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21
Q

Ampulla

A

End of ductus deferens, empties into ejaculatory duct

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22
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Passes through prostate to merge with urethra

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23
Q

How does sperm move into urethra

A

By peristalsis

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24
Q

Urethra passage

A

From bladder to tip of penis

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25
Q

Sperm enters urethra via the

A

Ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

Surrounded by prostate gland

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27
Q

Membranous urethra

A

Prostatic urethra to penis

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28
Q

Spongy urethra

A

Penile
Runs through length of penis

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29
Q

What happens to the internal urethral sphincter when men ejaculate ?

A

It closes to stop urine from going into urethra and it prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder

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30
Q

Seminal vesicles location

A

Base of bladder

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31
Q

Seminal vesicles secretion

A

60% semen
Fructose
Vitamin c
Prostaglandins
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

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32
Q

Duct of each seminal vesicle joins the ____ _______ on each side to make

A

Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct

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33
Q

Prostatic secretions

A

Help activate sperm
Fluid enters urethra through several small ducts

Milky appearance

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34
Q

Bulbourethal glands appearance and location

A

Pea sized, inferior to prostate

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35
Q

Bulbourethal glands

A

Make thick, clear mucus that cleans penile urethra of acidic urine before ejaculation

Mucus also helps lubricate during sexual intercourse

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36
Q

Semen

A

Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

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37
Q

Liquid portion of accessory gland secretions serve to

A

Dilute sperm

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38
Q

Streamlined tadpoles

A

Sperm

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39
Q

Function of fructose in ejaculatory fluid

A

Gives energy to sperm cells

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40
Q

Why are sperm alkaline

A

To neutralize acidic environment of vagina

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41
Q

Semen ____ bacteria

A

Inhibits

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42
Q

Scrotum

A

Divided sac of skin that houses the testes

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43
Q

Why are testes outside?
Why do we need scrotum?

A

Viable sperm can’t be made at body temperature
Keeps testes 3 C lower than normal body temperature

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44
Q

Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Penis

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45
Q

Regions of penis

A

Shaft
Glans penis (enlarged tip)
Prepuce (foreskin)

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46
Q

Folded cuff of skin around proximal end of penis

A

Prepuce (foreskin)

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47
Q

When do erections happen?

A

When erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement

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48
Q

Chief roles in male reproductive process

A

Make sperm and testosterone

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49
Q

When does sperm production begin?

A

Puberty, and continues throughout life

Millions made very day

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50
Q

Spermatogonia

A

primitive stem cells, begin sperm making process by dividing rapidly

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51
Q

During puberty, FSH production

A

Increases

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52
Q

During spermatogenesis, each division of. Spermatogoniun cell produces

A

Type A daughter cell
Type B daughter cell

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53
Q

Type A daughter cell

A

Stem cell that continues stem cell population

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54
Q

Type B daughter cell

A

becomes primary spermatocyte, designed to form 4 sperm through meiosis

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55
Q

Meiosis

A

Special type of nuclear division different from mitosis

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56
Q

Meiosis occurs in the

A

Gonads

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57
Q

Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus

A

Meiosis I and II
Makes 4 daughter cells

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58
Q

How many chromosomes in gametes?

A

23

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59
Q

Haploid number

A

23 (n) half genetic material as other body cells

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60
Q

Zygote

A

Union of sperm with an egg (2n)

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61
Q

Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as ____

A

Sperm

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62
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Streamlining process needed to get rid of excess cytoplasm and turn spermatid into sperm

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63
Q

Regions of sperm

A

Head, mid-piece, tail

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64
Q

Acrosome

A

Sits anterior to head (nucleus)

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65
Q

Length of spermatogenesis including spermiogenesis

A

64-72 days

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66
Q

Head of sperm

A

Has genetic material
Can penetrate follicle cell capsule

67
Q

Mid-piece of sperm

A

Has lots of mitochondria, makes energy to move

68
Q

Tail

A

Movement, flagellum

69
Q

How does testosterone production during puberty occur?

A

FSH prods seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

LH activates interstitial cells to make testosterone

70
Q

Most important hormonal product of the testes

A

Testosterone

71
Q

What stimulates reproductive organ development in males?

A

Testosterone

72
Q

What underlies sex drive in males?

A

Testosterone

73
Q

Testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics like

A
  • Deepening voice
    -increased hair growth
    -enlargement of skeletal muscle
    -increased bone growth and density
74
Q

Anatomy of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Duct system
External genitalia

75
Q

Duct system of females

A

-Uterine (fallopian) tubes
-uterus
-vagina

76
Q

Ovaries function

A

Make ova, estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

Each ovary houses ovarian follicles made of

A

Oocytes
Follicle cells

78
Q

Oocytes

A

Immature eggs

79
Q

Follicle cells

A

Layers of different cells that surround oocyte

80
Q

Primary ovarian follicle

A

Contains immature oocyte

81
Q

Vesicular (graafian) follicle

A

Growing follicle with maturing oocyte

82
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected by ovary; happens about every 28 days

83
Q

Ruptured follicle turns into

A

Corpus luteum which makes progesterone during early pregnancy

84
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

secure ovaries to lateral walls of pelvis

85
Q

Ovarian ligaments

A

Anchor ovaries to the uterus medially

86
Q

Broad ligaments

A

Fold of peritoneum
Enclose and hold ovaries in place

87
Q

Form initial part of female duct system

A

Fallopian tubes

88
Q

Function of fallopian tubes

A

1.Receive ovulated oocyte from ovaries
2.Provides site of fertilization
3.Empties into uterus

89
Q

There is little to no contact between the ___ and the ____ _____

A

Ovaries and the uterine tubes

90
Q

The fallopian tubes empty into the

91
Q

What is supported and enclosed by the broad ligament

A

Uterine tubes

92
Q

Infundibilum

A

Distal, funnel-shaped end of fallopian tubes

93
Q

Fimbriae

A
  1. Fingerlike projections of the infundibilum
94
Q

Fimbriae function

A

Receive oocyte from ovary
(Capture eggs from ovary)

95
Q

Function of cilia in fimbriae

A

Transport the oocyte

96
Q

Uterus location

A

Between bladder and rectum

97
Q

Size and shape of uterus

A

Size and shape of pear in woman that has never been pregnant

98
Q

Function of uterus

A

Receives, retains and nourishes a fertilized egg

99
Q

Uterine support

A

1.Broad ligament suspends uterus in pelvis

2.Round ligament anchors uterus anteriorly
3. Uterosacral ligament anchors uterus posteriorly

100
Q

Regions of cervix

A

Body-main portion
Fundus- upper rounded region where tubes enter
Cervix- narrow outlet that protrudes into vagina

101
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Endoneurium
Myometrium
Perineurium

102
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer (mucosa)
Site of implantation for fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy happens (menstruation)

103
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor

104
Q

Perimetrium

A

Visceral peritoneum
Outermost, serous layer of uterus

105
Q

Vagina

A

Passageway from cervix to outside between bladder and rectum

106
Q

Serves as canal that lets baby or menstrual flow leave body

107
Q

Female organ of copulation

108
Q

Hymen

A

Partially closes vagina until it is ruptured

109
Q

Parts of female external genitalia

A

Mons pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands

110
Q

Mons pubis

A

Fatty area over pubic symphysis
Covered with hair after puberty

111
Q

Labia majora

A

Hair covered skin folds
Enclose labia minora
Encloses the vestibule

112
Q

Labia minora

A

Delicate, hair-free folds of skin

113
Q

Vestibule

A

Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of urethra and vagina

114
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

One on each of vaginal
Lubricate vagina during intercourse

115
Q

Clitoris

A

Has erectile tissue
Doesn’t have duct

116
Q

Similarities between clitoris and penis

A

1.Hooded by prepuce
2.Made of sensitive erectile tissue
3.Swollen with blood during excitement

117
Q

Perineum

A

Diamond shaped
Between labial folds, anus and ischial tuberosities

118
Q

Total amount of eggs is determined when?

A

By time woman is born

119
Q

Ability to release eggs begins at

A

Puberty with menstrual cycle

120
Q

Reproductive ability ends at

A

Menopause (in fifties)

121
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process of making ova

122
Q

Oogonia

A

Female stem cells found in developing fetus

123
Q

How do Oogonia reproduce

A

Oogonia replicate by mitosis and make primary oocytes

The primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that make primary follicles in the ovary

124
Q

Primary Oocytes are inactive until

125
Q

FSH causes some primary follicles to

A

Mature each month

126
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Cyclic monthly changes

127
Q

How does meiosis start in a maturing follicle?

A
  1. First meiotic division makes a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller first polar body
  2. Vesicular follicle has secondary oocyte.
128
Q

Maturation from a primary follicle takes __ days

129
Q

Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of

A

Lutenizing hormone LH

130
Q

Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by

A

Corona radiata

131
Q

Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if

A

Sperm penetrates the oocyte

132
Q

What occurs if sperm penetrates the oocyte?

A

Ovum is produced
Two additional polar bodies are produced

133
Q

Once ovum is formed,

A

the two pairs of 23 chromosomes combine to make fertilized egg

134
Q

What happens if secondary oocyte is not penetrated by sperm?

135
Q

Meiosis in males produces

A

4 functional sperm

136
Q

Meiosis in females produces

A

One functional ovum and three polar bodies

137
Q

Comparison of sex cells

A

Sperm are tiny, motile, have nutrients in fluid

Egg are large, nonmotile and has nutrient reserves to nourish embryo until implantation

138
Q

Estrogens are produced by

A

Follicle cells

139
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Causes secondary sex characteristics:
- enlarge accessory organs
-breast development
-body hair
-increase fat in hips and breasts
-widening and lightening of pelvis
-onset of menstrual cycle

140
Q

Progesterone is made by

A

Corpus luteum

141
Q

Progesterone production continues until

A

LH diminishes in blood

142
Q

Which hormone does not contribute to secondary sex characteristics?

A

Progesterone

143
Q

Major effects of progesterone

A

Maintain pregnancy
Prepare breasts for milk production

144
Q

Cyclic changes of endometrium are how long?

145
Q

What regulates menstrual cycle

A

The cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries

146
Q

Which hormones from the anterior pituitary regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries?

A

FSH and LH

147
Q

When does ovulation typically occur?

A

About midway through cycle, day 14

148
Q

Stages of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative stage
  3. Secretory stage
149
Q

Menstrual phase (days 1-5)

A

1.Functional endometrium is shedded
2.Bleeding happens for 3-5 days
3. Ovarian hormones at their lowest
4. By day 5, ovarian follicles make more estrogen

150
Q

Proliferative phase

A

1.Days 6-14

2.Regeneration of endometrium
3. Estrogen rises
4. Ovulation happens in the ovary at the end of this stage

151
Q

Secretory stage

A

Days 15-28

Progesterone rises, endometrium gets more blood supply to prep for implantation, endometrium gets bigger

152
Q

If fertilization occurs

A

Embryo makes hormone that causes corpus luteum to keep making hormones

153
Q

If fertilization doesn’t happen

A

Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline,
Repeated every 28 days

154
Q

Mammary glands are present in

A

Both sexes, but only function in females

155
Q

Modified sweat glands

A

Mammary glands

156
Q

Mammary glands function to

A

Make milk to nourish newborn

157
Q

Areola

A

Central pigmented area

158
Q

Nipple

A

Protruding center of areola

159
Q

Lobes of mammary glands

A

Internal structures, radiate around nipple

160
Q

Lobules

A

Located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands

161
Q

Alveolar glands

A

Make milk when woman is lactating

162
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Connect alveolar glands to nipples

163
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

Dilated portion where milk accumulates

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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