The Team Approach to Health Care

Question 1

An approach to leadership in organizations that balances fairness and accountability and encourages people to report errors and near misses

Answer 1

Just culture

Question 2

Proactively identifying problems in the system that could lead to error or opportunities to improve safety

Answer 2

Risk management

Question 3

Just culture focuses on ___

Answer 3

Risk management

Question 4

In a just culture, ___ are held accountable for overall safety

Answer 4

Both the EMS system and individual providers

Question 5

In a just culture, behaviors associated with error or risk are categorized as ___

Answer 5

1. Human error
2. At-risk behavior
3. Reckless behavior

Question 6

The EMS system considers human error to be a function of three factors: ___

Answer 6

1. A person intended to do the right thing but somehow committed an error
2. A person performed a skill incorrectly
3. A person meant to do something but did not follow through

Question 7

In a just culture, the reasons for error are ___

Answer 7

Investigated and the individual who committed the error is counseled or educated

Question 8

When an EMT actively makes a choice to take a risk, believing that the potential adverse outcome is insignificant or that it was justified in the moment

Answer 8

At-risk behavior

Question 9

At-risk behavior typically requires ___

Answer 9

Coaching and increased awareness

Question 10

Involves a conscious disregard for a significant and unjustified risk, and it usually ends in disciplinary action

Answer 10

Reckless behavior

Question 11

A ___ culture of safety within an EMS system is linked to a decreased number of errors and near misses

Answer 11

Positive

Question 12

Positive attributes contributing to a culture of safety

Answer 12

1. Trust
2. Teamwork
3. Communication
4. Sensitivity
5. Mutual support

Question 13

Negative attributes contributing to a culture of safety

Answer 13

1. Lack of communications
2. Taking shortcuts
3. Punishment
4. Poor teamwork
5. Freelancing

Question 14

The concept of consistent patient care across the entire healthcare team from first patient contact to patient discharge

Answer 14

Continuum of care

Question 15

Results of the continuum of care

Answer 15

Improved individual and team performance, better patient and provider safety, and improved patient outcome

Question 16

Best examples of the team concept of continuum of care

Answer 16

1. Community paramedicine
2. Mobile integrated healthcare (MIH)

Question 17

Types of teams

Answer 17

1. Regular teams
2. Temporary teams
3. Special teams

Question 18

The organizational level that divides the incident according to functional levels of operation. Perform special functions, often across geographic boundaries

Answer 18

Group (NIMS definition)

Question 19

Individual health care providers working independently to help the patient

Answer 19

Group

Question 20

Examples of EMS groups

Answer 20

Triage, treatment, and transport groups at a mass-casualty incident

Question 21

A group of healthcare workers who are assigned specific roles and are working interdependently in a coordinated manner under a designated leader

Answer 21

Team

Question 22

Five essential elements of a group that people must share

Answer 22

1. Common goal
2. An image of themselves as “a group”
3. A sense of continuity of the group
4. A set of shared values
5. Different roles within the group

Question 23

In ___ groups, each individual is told what to do and often how to do it by their supervisor

Answer 23

Dependent

Question 24

In ___ groups, each individual is responsible for their own area

Answer 24

Independent

Question 25

Although each provider may still be assigned to a particular area or task, all of the providers in the group work together with shared responsibilities, accountability, and a common goal

Answer 25

Interdependent

Question 26

The effectiveness of pit crew CPR is dependent on ___

Answer 26

Defining clear roles and responsibilities among team members

Question 27

Four important elements of team communication

Answer 27

1. A clear message
2. Closed-loop communication
3. Courtesy
4. Constructive intervention

Question 28

Te team member who provides role assignments, coordination, oversight, central decision-making, and support for the team to accomplish their goals and achieve desired results

Answer 28

Team leader

Question 29

The knowledge and understanding of one’s surroundings and the ability to recognize potential threats to safety

Answer 29

Situational awareness

Question 30

A way for team members to work together with the team leader to develop and maintain a shared understanding of the emergency situation

Answer 30

Crew resource management

Question 31

CRM

Answer 31

Crew resource management

Question 32

When you believe there is an immediate or potential problem that must be brought to the attention of the team leader, first ___, then ___

Answer 32

1. Get the attention of the crew member
2. Use the PACE mnemonic

Question 33

PACE

Answer 33

1. Probe
2. Alert
3. Challenge
4. Emergency

Question 34

Whenever the verbal transfer of care occurs, all team members should ensure ___

Answer 34

1. Uninterrupted critical care
2. Minimal interference
3. Respectful interaction
4. Common priorities
5. Common language or system

Question 35

Who should coordinate the patient’s transfer of care and report the patient information

Answer 35

Team leader

Question 36

When taking a patient handoff report, the receiving care provider should observe ___

Answer 36

1. Eye contact
2. Environment
3. Ensure understanding
4. Sum up
5. Supplement

Question 37

Assisting with advanced skills is a four-step process

Answer 37

1. Patient preparation
2. Equipment setup
3. Performing the procedure
4. Continuing care

Question 38

Stages of the decision-making process

Answer 38

1. Prearrival
2. Arrival
3. During the call
4. After the call

Question 39

During the call, the team leader must do the following ___

Answer 39

1. Gather data
2. Interpret that data
3. Develop a plan
4. Communicate the plan to the team and implement it
5. Evaluate the effect of the decision

Question 40

Common decision traps

Answer 40

1. Bias
2. Anchoring
3. Overconfidence

Question 41

Fixed beliefs about something

Answer 41

Bias

Question 42

Occurs when the EMT settles on one possible cause of the patient’s problems early and fails to consider other options

Answer 42

Anchoring

Question 43

Occurs when the EMT overestimates their ability

Answer 43

Overconfidence

Question 44

When conflict in the team occurs, keep in mind these 5 techniques

Answer 44

1. The patient comes first
2. Do not engage
3. Keep your cool
4. Separate the person from the issue
5. Choose your battles