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Emergency Medical Technician > Obstetrics and Neonatal Care > Flashcards

Obstetrics and Neonatal Care Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The female reproductive system includes ___

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Fallopian tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
  6. Breasts
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2
Q

Two glands located on either side of the uterus that are similar in function to the male testes

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Each ovary contains ___, and ___

A
  1. Thousands of follicles
  2. Each follicle contains an egg
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4
Q

The maturing female body undergoes multiple physical and hormonal changes, ultimately leading to ___

A

Menarche

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5
Q

The first menstrual cycle or onset of the first menstrual bleeding in females

A

Menarche

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6
Q

Average duration between menstrual periods

A

28 days

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7
Q

During the typical menstrual cycle, how many follicles will mature and release an egg?

A

Only one, (10 to 20 will attempt to process, the remaining follicles will die and be reabsorbed in the body)

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8
Q

The process that the follicle goes through, and the actual release of the egg

A

Ovulation

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9
Q

Ovulation is stimulated by ___

A

The release of hormones

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10
Q

Ovulation occurs ___

A

About two weeks prior to menstruation

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11
Q

Immediately following ovulation, the ___

A

Endometrium begins to thicken in preparation for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg

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12
Q

The lining of the inside of the uterus

A

Endometrium

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13
Q

If the egg is not fertilized within ___ after it has been released from the follicle, it will ___, and the thickened endometrium will ___

A
  1. 36 to 48 hours
  2. Simply die
  3. Be shed because it is not needed
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14
Q

The fallopian tubes extend out ___ from the uterus

A

Laterally

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15
Q

Where does fertilization of the egg usually take place?

A

Fallopian tubes

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16
Q

The fertilized egg continues to ___, where ___

A
  1. The uterus
  2. If implantation occurs, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo
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17
Q

The stage from 0 to 10 weeks after fertilization

A

Embryo

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18
Q

The stage from 10 weeks until delivery

A

Fetus

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19
Q

How many weeks of gestation?

A

40 weeks

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20
Q

Muscular organ that encloses and protects the developing fetus

A

Uterus

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21
Q

During labor, produces contractions and ultimately helps to push the fetus through the birth canal

A

Uterus

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22
Q

The birth canal is made up of the ___

A

Vagina and the lower third, or neck, of the uterus

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23
Q

Lower third, or neck, of the uterus

A

Cervix

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24
Q

Contains a mucus plug that seals the uterine opening

A

Cervix

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25
Q

Purpose of the mucus plug in the cervix

A

Seals the uterine opening, preventing contamination from the outside

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26
Q

A small amount of blood in the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug of pink-tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate

A

Bloody show

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27
Q

Outermost cavity of the female reproductive system

A

Vagina

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28
Q

Forms the lowest part of the birth canal

A

Vagina

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29
Q

Vagina length

A

3 to 5 inches

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30
Q

The area between the vagina and the anus

A

Perineum

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31
Q

Early signs of pregnancy in the breasts

A

Increased size and tenderness

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32
Q

Produce milk

A

Mammary glands

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33
Q

When do the mammary glands produce milk

A

Shortly after birth

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34
Q

Disk-shaped structure attached to the uterine wall that provides nourishment to the fetus through the umbilical cord

A

Placenta

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35
Q

What does the placenta separate?

A

Two layers of cells, keeping circulation of the woman and fetus separated, but allowing nutrients, oxygen, waste, and CO2 to pass between

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36
Q

Connects the woman and the fetus through the placenta

A

Umbilical cord

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37
Q

Oxygenation, nutrition, and waste removal for the fetus all rely on ___

A

The umbilical cord

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38
Q

Blood vessels in the umbilical cord

A

Two arteries and one vein

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39
Q

The fetus develops inside of a fluid-filled, bag-like membrane called ___

A

The amniotic sac (bag of waters)

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40
Q

mL of amniotic fluid

A

500 to 1000 mL

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41
Q

Purpose of amniotic sac and fluid

A

Helps insulate and protect the fetus

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42
Q

What does the amniotic fluid do at birth?

A

Breaks and lubricates the birth canal and remove any bacteria

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43
Q

Full term pregnancy time period

A

39 weeks by not more than 40 weeks

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44
Q

A pregnancy that has reached full term is referred to as ___

A

Term gestation

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45
Q

LMP

A

Last Menstrual Period

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46
Q

Four body systems that undergo major physiologic and anatomic changes during pregnancy

A
  1. Reproductive
  2. Respiratory
  3. Cardiovascular
  4. Musculoskeletal
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47
Q

The increased hormone levels during pregnancy put the woman at risk for complications from ___

A

Trauma, bleeding, and some medical conditions

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48
Q

By the 20th week of pregnancy, the top of the uterus is at or above the ___

A

Belly button

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49
Q

In the ___ of pregnancy, the rapid growth of the uterus leads to changes in the respiratory system

A

Second trimester

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50
Q

Affect of the uterus on the respiratory system

A

Pushes the diaphragm up and leads t reduced tidal volume. The respiratory rate increases to make up for this

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51
Q

Blood volume increase by the end of pregnancy

A

As much as 50%

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52
Q

The increase in blood, increases the woman’s need for ___

A

Iron

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53
Q

A condition in which a person has too few red blood cells

A

Anemic

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54
Q

Result of anemia

A

Decreased ability to transport oxygen throughout the body

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55
Q

Blood clotting factor change with pregnancy

A

Increases to protect against excessive bleeding during delivery

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56
Q

By the end of the pregnancy, the heart rate increases up to ___

A

20% (about 20 BPM)

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57
Q

Why does the pregnant woman’s heart rate increase?

A

To compensate for the increased blood volume

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58
Q

Women who are pregnant and have ___ may be more susceptible to cardiac compromise

A

Underlying medical conditions

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59
Q

Pregnant women are at increased risk for ___

A
  1. Gastroesophageal reflux
  2. Nausea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Potential aspiration
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60
Q

Why is a pregnant woman at a greater risk of vomiting and aspiration?

A
  1. The filling and emptying of the stomach into the small intestine is under the control of hormones and the nervous system that change with pregnancy
  2. Stomach is displaced upwards by the uterus
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61
Q

How does pregnancy affect the musculoskeletal system?

A

Hormones relax ligaments that stabilize bones and joints

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62
Q

Diabetes developed during the second half of pregnancy

A

Gestational diabetes

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63
Q

Hypertension in pregnancy generally manifests as one of three conditions

A
  1. Gestational hypertension
  2. Preeclampsia
  3. Eclampsia
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64
Q

The presence of high BP in the absence of other systemic effects

A

Gestational hypertension

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65
Q

Gestational hypertension high BP

A

140/90

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66
Q

Gestational hypertension severe BP

A

160/110

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67
Q

Condition that occurs in the second half of pregnancy (past 20 weeks), involves new-onset hypertension along with other systemic effects, such as protein in the urine

A

Preeclampsia

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68
Q

The risk of preeclampsia is 1.5 to 2 times higher in a woman’s ___ pregnancy

A

First

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69
Q

Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia

A
  1. Hypertension above 140/90
  2. Severe or persistent headache
  3. Visual abnormalities such as seeing spots, blurred vision, or persistent headache
  4. Swelling in the hands and feet (edema)
  5. Upper abdominal or epigastric pain
  6. Dyspnea and/or retrosternal chest pain
  7. Anxiety
  8. Altered mental status
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70
Q

Hypertension characterized by the presence of seizures

A

Eclampsia

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71
Q

Treatment for eclampsia

A

Lay the patient on the left side, maintain airway, and administer supplemental oxygen

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72
Q

Transporting the patient on their left side can prevent ___

A

Supine hypotensive syndrome

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73
Q

Timing of ectopic pregnancy

A

Early pregnancy (generally 6 to 8 weeks after last missed period)

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74
Q

Pain of ectopic pregnancy

A

Severe lower abdominal pain, typically unilateral. May radiate to one shoulder

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75
Q

Bleeding of ectopic pregnancy

A

Ranges from scant brown spotting to profuse bright red

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76
Q

Timing of abruptio placentae

A

Later pregnancy (usually after 20 weeks)

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77
Q

Pain of abruptio placentae

A

Lower abdominal and/or back pain. May be associated with contractions

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78
Q

Bleeding of abruptio placentae

A

Moderate vaginal bleeding. Most bleeding is internal

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79
Q

Timing of placenta previa

A

Later pregnancy (usually after 20 weeks)

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80
Q

Pain of placenta previa

A

Relatively painless

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81
Q

Bleeding of placenta previa

A

May present as moderate bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhage

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82
Q

When an embryo develops outside of the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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83
Q

A patient with an ectopic pregnancy may present with signs of ___ when the fallopian tube ruptures

A

Internal bleeding

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84
Q

Sudden onset of ___ in the first trimester of pregnancy should be considered ectopic pregnancy until proven otherwise

A

Severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding

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85
Q

It is important to consider the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy in a woman who has missed a menstrual cycle and reports ___

A

Sudden, severe, usually unilateral pain in the lower abdomen

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86
Q

A history of ___ should heighten your suspicion of a possible ectopic pregnancy

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal litigation, or previous ectopic pregnancies

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87
Q

Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy may be a sign of ___ (other than ectopic pregnancy)

A

Spontaneous abortion

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88
Q

The placenta separates prematurely from the wall of the uterus

A

Abruptio placentae

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89
Q

Most common causes of abruptio placentae

A

Hypertension and trauma

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90
Q

A patient with abruptio placentae will often report ___. May also present ___

A
  1. Severe pain
  2. Signs of shock, such as weak rapid pulse and pale, cool, diaphoretic skin
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91
Q

The placenta develops over and covers the cervix. When early labor begins and the cervix begins to dilate, the woman may experience heavy vaginal bleeding, often without significant pain

A

Placenta previa

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92
Q

Abruptio placentae and placenta previa are ___

A

Life-threatening conditions that require immediate rapid transport

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93
Q

The loss of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks of gestation without any preceding surgical or medical intervention

A

Spontaneous abortion

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94
Q

A spontaneous abortion is also called ___

A

A miscarriage

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95
Q

The elective termination of a pregnancy prior to the time of viability

A

Induced abortion

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96
Q

Portions of the fetus or placenta remain inside the uterus

A

Incomplete abortion

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97
Q

If the story of how an injury happened does not make sense, suspect ___

A

Abuse

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98
Q

By 20 weeks of gestation, the top of the uterus has grown to the level of the ___

A

Belly button

99
Q

The effects of addiction on the fetus

A

Prematurity, low birth weight, and severe respiratory depression

100
Q

A condition caused by the consumption of alcohol by a pregnant woman; characterized by growth and physical problems, mental retardation, and a variety of congenital abnormalities in her child

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

101
Q

The newborn of an addicted woman will probably need ___

A

Immediate resuscitation

102
Q

Women with severe injuries have a six-fold increase in the incidence of ___

A

Abruptio placentae

103
Q

Guidelines for treating a pregnant trauma patient

A
  1. Maintain an open airway
  2. Administer high-flow oxygen
  3. Ensure adequate ventilation
  4. Assess circulation
  5. Transport considerations
104
Q

Three stages of labor

A
  1. Dilation of the cervix
  2. Delivery of the fetus
  3. Delivery of the placenta
105
Q

The first stage of labor begins with ___ and ends when ___

A
  1. The onset of contractions
  2. The cervix is fully dilated
106
Q

The cervix is stretched thin by ___

A

Uterine contractions

107
Q

Longest stage of labor

A

First stage

108
Q

A woman who is experiencing her first pregnancy

A

Primigravida

109
Q

A woman who has had previous pregnancies

A

Multigravida

110
Q

In primigravida women, the first stage of labor lasts an average of ___

A

12 to 18 hours

111
Q

In multigravida women, the first stage of labor lasts an average of ___

A

6.5 to 13 hours

112
Q

Signs of the beginning of labor

A
  1. Contractions
  2. Bloody show
  3. Rupture of amniotic sac
113
Q

In true labor, the frequency and intensity of contractions ___

A

Increase with time

114
Q

Uterine contractions last for ___

A

30 to 60 seconds each

115
Q

False labor

A

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

116
Q

Care for a woman who’s water broke early

A

Provide supportive care and transport to the hospital

117
Q

Toward the end of the third trimester, the head of the fetus normally ___

A

Descends into the woman’s pelvis as the fetus positions for delivery

118
Q

The movement of the fetus down into the pelvis

A

Lightening

119
Q

The second stage of labor begins when ___

A

The fetus enters the birth canal

120
Q

The second stage of labor ends when ___

A

The newborn is delivered

121
Q

Because the fetus goes through positional changes as it moves through the birth canal, the uterine contractions are usually ___

A

Closer together and last longer

122
Q

When the top of the fetus’ head begins to appear at the vaginal opening

A

Crowning

123
Q

During the second stage of labor, pressure on the ___ may make the woman feel as if she needs to make a bowel movement

A

Rectum

124
Q

The third stage of labor begins with ___ and ends with ___

A
  1. The birth of the newborn
  2. Delivery of the placenta
125
Q

The third stage of labor lasts up to ___

A

30 minutes

126
Q

Purpose of contractions during the third stage of labor

A

Assist the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, and clamping down and closing the blood vessels that connect the placenta to the uterine lining

127
Q

Questions to ask to determine whether delivery is imminent

A
  1. How long have you been pregnant?
  2. When are you due?
  3. Is this your first pregnancy?
  4. Are you having contractions? How far apart are your contractions? How long do the contractions last?
  5. Have you had any spotting or bleeding?
  6. Has your water broken?
  7. Do you feel as though you need to have a bowel movement?
  8. Do you feel the need to push?
128
Q

Questions to ask to help determine any potential complications with the birth

A
  1. Were any of your previous deliveries by c-section?
  2. Have you had any problems in this or any previous pregnancy?
  3. Do you use drugs, drink alcohol, or take any medications
  4. Is there a chance you are having more than one baby?
  5. Does you physician expect any complications?
129
Q

If the patient says ___, immediately prepare for delivery and consider calling for additional resources

A

She is about to deliver, has to move her bowels, or feels the need to push

130
Q

During birth, elevate the hips ___

A

2 - 4 inches

131
Q

Precipitous

A

Fast

132
Q

When the labor is too fast, the ___

A

Tissues do not have time to stretch, and the patient is at risk for tears in the perineal area

133
Q

Wait how long to clamp the umbilical cord?

A

30 to 60 seconds for it to stop pulsing

134
Q

How far apart to place clamps on the umbilical cord

A

2 to 3 inches

135
Q

If the amniotic sac has not ruptured by the time the head is crowning, it will appear as ___

A

A fluid-filled sac emerging from the vagina

136
Q

What do do if the amniotic sac has not ruptured by the time the head is crowning

A

Tear the sac away from the face. Push the ruptured sac away from the face. Wipe the mouth and nose with gauze

137
Q

Greenish amniotic fluid indicates ___

A

Meconium staining

138
Q

If the amniotic fluid is greenish or has a foul odor ___

A

Notify the receiving hospital

139
Q

Normal amniotic fluid is ___

A

Clear

140
Q

Meconium in the amniotic fluid may result in ___

A

Respiratory distress or an airway obstruction in the newborn

141
Q

As soon as the head is delivered, ___

A

Use one finger to feel whether the umbilical cord is wrapped around the neck

142
Q

Umbilical cord wrapped around the neck

A

Nuchal cord

143
Q

What to do for nuchal cord

A

Gently slip the cord over the head

144
Q

If you cannot slip the umbilical cord over the head for nuchal cord ___

A
  1. Place two clamps about 2” apart and cut the cord
  2. Attempt to speed up the delivery by encouraging the woman to push harder and possibly more often
145
Q

Once the head has been delivered, it usually ___

A

Rotates to one side

146
Q

White, cheesy substance called ___

A

Vernix caseosa

147
Q

As soon as the newborn is delivered, ___

A

If the mother is able and willing, hand the newborn to the mother or place it on her chest or abdomen with skin to skin contact and cover with a blanket. Dry the newborn, and swaddle

148
Q

Purpose of skin-to-skin contact contact

A

Keep the newborn warm and improve perfusion

149
Q

If the mother cannot hold the newborn ___

A

Cradle the newborn in your arms. Keep the newborn at the same level as the vagina until the umbilical cord is cut

150
Q

Postdelivery care of the umbilical cord is important because ___

A

Infection is easily transmitted through the cord to the newborn

151
Q

How far from the newborn to clamp the cord

A

6”

152
Q

If the cord is torn from the newborn ___

A

Fatal hemorrhage will result

153
Q

Once the clamps are in place, there is ___

A

No need to rush

154
Q

Cord cutting can be delayed for ___ in a healthy newborn

A

60 seconds

155
Q

If the newborn requires immediate care for respiratory distress or other complication, ___

A

Prompt care takes priority over delayed cord clamping

156
Q

Do not delay post delivery transport waiting for ___

A

The placenta to deliver

157
Q

___ occurs before the placenta delivers

A

Gush of bloody fluid, usually less than 500 mL

158
Q

Normal placenta size

A

7” diameter and 1” thick

159
Q

Two sides of the placenta

A
  1. Smooth and covered in a shiny gray membrane
  2. Rough, divided into lobes, and is a dark reddish-brown, similar to raw liver
160
Q

What to do with the delivered placenta and cord

A

Wrap in a towel, place into a plastic bag, and take to the hospital

161
Q

If a piece of placenta has been retained inside the woman, it could cause ___

A

Persistent bleeding or infection

162
Q

After delivery of the placenta and before transport ___

A

Place a sterile pad or sanitary pad over the vagina and straighten out the woman’s legs

163
Q

You can help slow post birth bleeding by ___

A

Massaging the woman’s abdomen using a firm, circular, kneading motion with one hand cupped over the top of the fundus and the other over the pubic bone

164
Q

The abdominal skin will be ___ post birth

A

Wrinkled and very soft

165
Q

Firm, grapefruit-sized mass in the lower abdomen

A

Fundus

166
Q

The fundus is ___

A

The upper end of the uterus

167
Q

As you massage the fundus, ___

A

The uterus will contract and become firmer

168
Q

Massaging the fundus may be ___

A

Uncomfortable for the woman. Reassure her and explain that it is necessary to help control the bleeding

169
Q

Breastfeeding also stimulates the uterus to contract because, ___

A

It causes the production of oxytocin, a hormone that helps to contract the uterus and slow bleeding

170
Q

Emergency situations after birthing

A
  1. Placenta not delivered after 30 minutes
  2. More than 500 mL of bleeding occurs before the deliver of the placenta
  3. Significant bleeding occurs after delivery of the placenta
171
Q

The first minute after birth

A

The golden minute

172
Q

Four initial steps of newborn care in the first minute of life

A
  1. Airway positioning and suctioning
  2. Drying
  3. Warming
  4. Tactile stimulation
173
Q

If signs of good tone and adequate ventilation are not present after performing the initial steps for about 30 seconds, then ___

A

Positive-pressure ventilation with a bag-mask device may be necessary

174
Q

Adequate respiration signs of newborn

A
  1. Good color
  2. Strong cry
  3. Spontaneous respirations
175
Q

Vitals within 30 seconds of birth

A

Spontaneous breathing and a HR of 100 or higher

176
Q

How to position the newborn

A

On the back with a towel or blanket under the shoulders so the neck is slightly extended in the neutral or sniffing position

177
Q

What to use to suction a newborn

A

Bulb syringe or suction device with an 8 French or 10 French catheter

178
Q

Deep suctioning of the mouth can cause ___

A

The heart rate to slow

179
Q

Where to suction in a newborn’s mouth

A

Both sides of the mouth

180
Q

In addition to vigorously drying the newborn’s head, back, and body with dry towels, you may ___

A

Rub the newborn’s back and gently flick or slap the soles of the feet

181
Q

Many newborn’s require some form of stimulation that will encourage them to ___

A

Breath air and begin circulating blood through the lungs

182
Q

Perform chest compressions on the newborn if ___

A

No pulse or less than 60/min after 30 seconds of ventilation

183
Q

If chest compressions are required, use the ___ for two-person resuscitation

A

Hand-encircling technique

184
Q

Perform bag mask ventilation during a pause after every ___ compression (newborn)

A

3rd

185
Q

Cardiac arrest in neonates is nearly always the result of ___

A

Ventilation compromise

186
Q

Neonate compression to ventilation ratio

A

3:1

187
Q

Transport any newborn who requires more than routine resuscitation to a hospital with a ___

A

Level III neonatal intensive care unit

188
Q

The risk of meconium-stained amniotic fluid generally increases with ___

A

Gestational age, and postterm newborns

189
Q

If you see meconium and the newborn is not breathing adequately, consider quickly ___

A

Suctioning the mouth and then nose after delivery before providing rescue ventilations

190
Q

The standard scoring system used to assess the status of a newborn

A

Apgar score

191
Q

Apgar score number range

A

0-2 in 5 categories

192
Q

Apgar score areas of activity

A
  1. Appearance
  2. Pulse
  3. Grimace or irritability
  4. Activity or muscle tone
  5. Respirations
193
Q

Apgar score appearance

A

2 - Entire newborn is pink
1 - Body is pink, but hands and feet remain blue
0 - Entire newborn is blue or pale

194
Q

Apgar score pulse

A

2 - More than 100 beats/min
1 - Fewer than 100 beats/min
0 - Absent pulse

195
Q

Apgar score grimace or irritabilty

A

2 - Newborn cries and tries to move foot away from finger snapped against sole of foot
1 - Newborn gives a weak cry in response to stimulus
0 - Newborn does not cry or react to stimulus

196
Q

Apgar score activity or muscle tone

A

2 - Newborn resists attempts to straighten hips and knees
1 - Newborn makes weak attempts to resist straightening
0 - Newborn is completely limp, with no muscle tone

197
Q

Apgar score respiration

A

2 - Rapid respirations
1 - Slow respirations
0 - Absent respirations

198
Q

Normally hips and knees are ___ at birth

A

Flexed

199
Q

The Apgar score should be calculated ___

A

At 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth

200
Q

Max Apgar score

A

10

201
Q

Calculating the Apgar score is generally ___ when resuscitation is required

A

Delayed

202
Q

An Apgar score of ___ is generally considered reassuring

A

7 or higher

203
Q

If the pulse rate is less than 100/min in a newborn, ___

A

Begin ventilations with a bag-mask device

204
Q

Reassess respirations and pulse rate at least every ___ when ventilating

A

30 seconds

205
Q

Best place to take oxygen saturation on a newborn

A

The right wrist

206
Q

Oxygen saturation does not usually reach the 85% to 95% range until ___

A

About 10 minutes after birth

207
Q

If central cyanosis is present but breathing is adequate ___

A

Administer blow-by oxygen by holding a mask close to the newborn’s face at 5 L/min

208
Q

In situations where assisted ventilation is required, you should ___

A

Use a newborn bag-mask device with high-flow oxygen at 40 to 60 breaths/min

209
Q

The position in which an infant is born or the body part that is delivered first

A

Presentation

210
Q

Born head first

A

Vertex presentation

211
Q

Buttocks are delivered first

A

Breech presentation

212
Q

If the woman does not deliver within ___ of the buttocks presentation, provide prompt transport

A

10 minutes

213
Q

As the head is delivered in a breech presentation, you must ___

A

Make a “V” with your gloved fingers and position them in the vagina to keep the walls of the vagina from compressing the fetus’s airway

214
Q

Only two reasons to put fingers into the vagina

A
  1. Breech presentation to protect airway
  2. Prolapsed cord
215
Q

If a limb is delivered first ___

A

This is a life-threatening situation and prompt transport to the hospital for delivery is required

216
Q

During transport, what to do with the limb protruding

A

Cover it with a sterile towel

217
Q

The umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the fetus

A

Prolapse of the umbilical cord

218
Q

Why is a prolapsed umbilical cord dangerous?

A

The fetus’s head will compress the cord and cut off circulation

219
Q

Prolapse of the umbilical cord usually occurs ___

A

Early in labor when the amniotic sac ruptures

220
Q

Your job during a prolapsed umbilical cord

A

Try to keep the fetus’ head from compressing the cord

221
Q

How to position the patient during a prolapsed umbilical cord

A

Foot end of the stretcher raised 6 to 12 inches higher than the head, with hips elevated on a pillow

222
Q

Alternative position for the patient during a prolapsed umbilical cord

A

Knee-chest position

223
Q

Knee-chest position

A

Kneeling and bent forward, face down

224
Q

What to do with the exposed umbilical cord during a prolapsed umbilical cord

A

Wrap a sterile towel, moistened with saline around the cord. Administer oxygen, and transport rapidly

225
Q

Development defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside of the vertebrae and possibly outside of the body

A

Spina bifida

226
Q

With spina bifida, when it protrudes outside of the body, the protrusion is seen ___

A

On the back, usually in the lumbar area

227
Q

What to do with the open area of the spinal cord with spina bifida

A

Cover with a moist, sterile dressing and then an occlusive dressing

228
Q

If you must use moist dressing on the neonate, ___

A

Have someone hold the newborn against their body to help keep warm

229
Q

Consider the possibility of twins whenever ___

A

The newborn is small or the woman’s abdomen remains fairly large and firm after birth

230
Q

When twins are born, they will usually be born within ___ of the first

A

45 minutes

231
Q

When twins are born, the contractions for the second will begin again after ___

A

About 10 minutes after the first birth

232
Q

ID the first newborn as ___

A

Baby A

233
Q

Full-term gestation is considered to be between ___

A

39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days

234
Q

Normal full-term birth weight

A

7 lbs

235
Q

Premature newborn

A

Delivers before 8 months (36 weeks) or weighs less than 5 lbs

236
Q

___ will be absent or minimal on a premature newborn

A

Vernix caseosa

237
Q

Premature newborns will often require ___

A

Resuscitation

238
Q

If intrauterine infection has caused the death of the fetus, you may note ___

A

An extremely foul odor

239
Q

Do not attempt to resuscitate an ___ neonate

A

Obviously dead

240
Q

You must attempt to resuscitate newborns if there is any ___

A

Question about viability

241
Q

Bleeding that exceeds ___ is considered high risk for maternal mortality and morbidity

A

1000 mL

242
Q

Postpartum patients are at an increased risk of a ___

A

Venous embolism

243
Q

Most common embolism in postpartum women

A

Pulmonary embolism

244
Q

If you deliver a baby and the woman begins to report difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, consider the possibility that ___

A

She has a pulmonary embolism

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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