Life Span Development Flashcards
In general, the younger the person, the ___ their heart rate should be
Faster
Blood pressure values tend to ___ with age
Increase
Neonate
0 - 1 month
Infant
1 month - 1 year
Toddler
1 - 3 years
Preschool age
3 - 6 years
School age
6 - 12 years
Adolescent
12 - 18 years
Early adult
19 - 40 years
Middle adult
41 - 60 years
Older adult
61 years+
Neonate pulse rate
100 - 180 bpm
Infant pulse rate
100 - 160 bpm
Toddler pulse rate
90 - 150 bpm
Preschool age pulse rate
80 - 140 bpm
School age pulse rate
70 - 120 bpm
Adolescent pulse rate
60 - 100 bpm
Early adult pulse rate
60 - 100 bpm
Middle adult pulse rate
60 - 100 bpm
Older adult pulse rate
60 - 100 bpm
What development stage does pulse rate reach adult levels?
Adolescent
Neonate respiration rate
30 - 60 /min
Infant respiration rate
25 - 50 /min
Toddler respiration rate
20 - 30 /min
Preschool age respiration rate
20 - 25 /min
School age respiration rate
15 - 20 /min
Adolescent respiration rate
12 - 20 /min
Early adult respiration rate
12 - 20 /min
Middle adult respiration rate
12 - 20 /min
Older adult respiration rate
12 - 20 /min
What development stage does the respiration rate reach adult levels?
Adolescent
Neonate systolic BP
50 - 70
Infant systolic BP
70 - 95
Toddler systolic BP
80 - 100
Preschool age systolic BP
80 - 100
School age systolic BP
80 - 110
Adolescent systolic BP
90 - 110
Early adult systolic BP
90 - 130
Middle adult systolic BP
90 - 130
Older adult systolic BP
90 - 130
What stage of development does systolic blood pressure reach adult levels
Early adult
Neonate body temp
98 - 100
Infant body temp
96.8 - 99.6
Toddler body temp
96.8 - 99.6
Preschool age and up body temp
98.6
Neonate and infant heads account for ___ of their total body weight
25%
Neonates and infants often land ___ when they fall
Headfirst
Prior to birth, fetal blood supply comes from the ___
Mother via the placenta
During the birthing process, ___ help the neonate make the transition from fetal circulation to independent circulation
Hormones and pressure changes
Leading cause of death for the neonate and infant age group
Congenital abnormalities (birth defects)
Prior to taking their first breath, a neonate’s lungs have ___
Never been inflated
A neonate’s first breath is ___
Forceful and is facilitated in part by the chest’s passage through the birth canal and the subsequent increase in intrathoracic pressure
Neonates are primarily ___ breathers
Nose
Neonates younger than ___ are particularly susceptible to nasal congestion
6 months
Nasal congestion in a neonate can lead to ___
Viral upper respiratory infections
If you respond to a baby choking, make sure ___
The nasal passages are clear of mucus and other obstructions
Neonate weight at birth
Usually between 6 and 8 lbs
During the first week, a neonate’s body weigh ___
Decreases by 5% to 10%, due to fluid loss
By the ___, the neonate begins to gain weight
Second week
Infants grow at a rate of ___
1 oz per day, doubling their weight by 4 to 6 months and tripling it by the end of the first year
Differences in an infant’s upper airway
- Tongue is larger in proportion to the size of the oral cavity
- Airway is proportionally shorter and narrower
- Proportionally oversized occiput
- Increased flexibility of the trachea
___ can easily produce and airway obstruction in an infant?
Hyperextending of hyper flexing the infant’s head and neck
The rib cage of an infant is ___
Less rigid and the ribs sit horizontally
The infant’s rib cage causes ___
Diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)
Barotrauma
Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces
Overly forceful ventilations in a infant can cause ___
Barotrauma to the lungs
In an infant, the number of alveoli in the lungs is ___
Relatively low
The amount of oxygen an infant needs is ___
Relatively low
When stressed, an infants respiratory system’s ability to compensate is ___
Limited
Infants struggling to breath can quickly ___
Tire and become overheated and dehydrated
A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow
Atherosclerosis
A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society
Conventional reasoning
Areas where the neonate’s or infant’s skull has not fused together
Fontanelles
The average number of years a person can expect to live
Life expectancy
An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens their arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things
Moro reflex
The basic filtering unit in the kidneys
Nephrons
An infant reflex that occurs when something is places in the infant’s palm; the infant grasps the object
Palmar grasp reflex
A type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on their conscience
Postconventional reasoning
A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment or to get what they want
Preconventional reasoning
An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infants cheek, and the infant instinctively turns their head toward the touch
Rooting reflex
An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when their lips are stroked
Sucking reflex
The stage of development from birth to about 18 months, during which infants gain trust in their parents if their world is planned, organized, and routine
Trust versus mistrust
Also called the startle reflex
Moro reflex
Fontanelles are made of ___
Relatively flexible fibrous tissue
The fontanelles allow ___
The newborn’s head to change shape slightly as it passes through the narrow birth canal
The posterior fontanelle normally closes by the ___
Third month
The anterior fontanelle closes ___
Between the 9th and 18th month
A depressed fontanelle may indicate ___
Dehydration
A bulging fontanelle may indicate ___
Pressure aside the cranium has increased
By ___, infants can track objects with their eyes and recognize familiar faces
2 months of age
At ___, infants can sit upright, and they begin to make cooing and babbling sounds
6 months
By the time the infant is ___, they can walk with minimal assistance and knows their name
12 months
At birth neonates cannot ___
Roll from their backs, and their eyes are incapable of focusing on objects beyond a very short distance
While in the womb, the neonate’s immune system is supported by ___
The mother’s antibodies, delivered through placental blood flow
After birth, an infant’s immune system ___
Carries some of the immunity from the womb. This passive immunity is strengthened by antibodies contained in breast milk
Teething is sometimes accompanied by ___
A low-grade fever
Primary method to communicate distress as an infant
Crying
Formation of a close, personal relationship
Bonding
Bonding is usually fostered by a ___
Secure attachment
Results when the infant understands that their parents will respond to their needs
Secure attachment
Having this confidence that their parents will provide a safety net inspires the child to ___
Venture out and explore
The result of recurring rejection
Anxious-avoidant attachment
Infant’s will show little emotional response to their parents and treat them as they would a stranger
Anxious-avoidant attachment
Age to recognize familiar faces, uses eyes to track objects and people
2 months
Age to bring objects to mouth, smiles and frowns
3 months
Age to reach arm out to people, drools
4 months
Age to sleep throughout the night, distinguishes family members form strangers
5 months
Age to begin teething, sit upright, speak one-syllable words
6 months
Age to be afraid of strangers, displays mood swings
7 months
Age to respond to “no”, can sit alone, plays peek-a-boo
8 months
Age to pull self up to stand, explore objects by placing them in mouth
9 months
Age to respond to their name, crawl efficiently
10 months
Age to begin to walk without assistance, becomes frustrated by restrictions
11 months
Age to know their name, walk
12 months
Characterized by clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar faces and people
Separation anxiety
Separation anxiety reaches its peak at ___
10 to 18 months
Toddler/preschooler’s lungs continue to ___
Develop more terminal bronchioles and alveoli
Development stage with loss of passive immunity
Preschool/toddler
As a result of catching viruses from other children, preschoolers/toddlers
Develop antibodies, resulting in acquired immunity
By performing physical activities, toddlers/preschoolers learn to ___
Use their muscles and expansive nervous system
By the end of preschool age, their brain is ___
Roughly 90% of their adult weight
As preschoolers play, it marks the end of exclusively gross motor activity to include ___
Fine motor skills
The renal system and elimination patterns develop at ___
Toddler/preschool age
The ability to control the bladder physiologically is present at ___, psychologically at ___
- 12 to 15 months
- 18 to 30 months
Average age of toilet training completion
28 months
The phychosocial challenge for the toddler/preschool age group is sometimes called ___
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Through milestones such as speech and toilet training, the child begins to attain a measure of ___
Self-sufficiency
As children master language, they make a transition from using language ___
Solely for the purpose of communicating what they want, to using it creatively and playfully
By age ___, they can begin to understand the concept of cause and effect
18 to 24 months
By observing their role models, they can learn to recognize gender differences at what age?
18 to 24 months
When responding to a severely sick or injured child, you may find a ___ patient on scene
Secondary
How much do school age children grow each year?
About 4 lbs and 2.5”
Age that baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth
School age
Age that children learn various types of reasoning and what order do they learn them?
- School age
- Preconventional reasoning
- Conventional reasoning
- Postconventional reasoning
Age that children begin to develop their self-concept and self-esteem
School age
How we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers
Self-esteem
In the adolescent, vital signs begin to ___
Level off within the adult ranges
During the adolescent period, teens experience a ___ growth spurt
2 - 3 year
Adolescent growth spurt progression
- Begins in the hands and feet
- Long bones of the extremities
- Growth of the torso
- Muscle mass and bone density have nearly reached adult levels at the conclusion
Girls growth spurt
Tends to happen earlier, finishing by about 16
Boys growth spurt
Tends to reach the peak by 18
Another important milestone of ___ is the maturation of the endocrine and reproductive systems
Adolescence
Menstruation begins with ___
Menarche
Menarche
First menstrual bleeding
The deposit of ___ tissue causes the breast and thighs to increase in size
Adipose (fat)
Oocytes
Eggs
At this age, young people develop a code of personal ethics
Adolescent
When you interview adolescents in front of their family, they may ___
Withhold certain information or even lie to protect their privacy or image
Physical peak age
19 to 25
Age that lifelong habits and routines are established
19 to 25
The end of menstruation and the ability to reproduce
Menopause
Age of menopause
Late 40s to early 50s
Many of the effects of aging can be diminished with ___
Proper exercise and a healthy diet
Cardiac function declines with age, due in large part to ___
Atherosclerosis
Why does diastolic blood pressure increase with age?
Vascular system becomes stiff, and the blood vessels are unable to dilate and contract as effectively, forcing the heart to work harder to overcome vascular resistance
With advancing age, bone marrow is replaced with ___
Fatty tissue
Advanced age changes to respiratory system
- Airway increases in size
- Alveoli decreases
- Decrease in elasticity of lungs and the strength of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
By the age of 75, vital capacity has declined to ___
About 50% of a young adult
The volume of air moved during the deepest inspiration and expiration
Vital capacity
In older adults the chest becomes ___
More rigid, yet more fragile
Upper airway changes with old age
- Cough and gag reflexes diminish
- Lose ability to clear secretions
- Cilia that line the airway decline
- Sensation in the airway decreases, making it more difficult to maintain upper airway patency
In an older adult, weakened muscles in the lower airway can cause ___ with a strong inhalation
Walls of the airway to collapse inward, producing respiratory wheezing, lower flow rates, and air trapping in the alveoli (incomplete respiration)
In old age, white blood cells are ___
Less aggressive toward invading organisms
With old age, glucose metabolism ___, while insulin production ___
- Slows
- Decreases
With old age, taste buds ___
Become less sensitive to salty and sweet foods
With old age, a decrease in saliva secretion impairs the body’s ability to ___
Break down complex carbohydrates
Kidney changes from ages 20 to 90
Decrease in size by 20% and decline in filtration capacity by as much 50%
What causes the decrease in the kidneys?
Decrease in blood supply to the nephrons of the kidneys
The number of nephrons in the kidneys declines between the ages of ___
30 to 80
What is the effect of the decline in kidney size?
Decline in the ability of the renal system to remove waste and the ability to conserve fluids when needed
By the age of 80, the brain has decreased in weight by ___
10% to 20%
Permit the loss of neurons without a loss of knowledge or skill
The increased number of interconnections between neurons increasing with age
Mental function often declines in the ___ immediately preceding death
5 years
One consequence of the reduced number of ___ is the alteration of sleep patterns
Neurons
It is not uncommon for adults to develop a ___ sleep cycle
Bi-phasic
In old age, shrinkage of the brain causes ___, resulting in the risk of ___
- A void between the brain and the meninges
- Brain violently shifting and tearing of bridging veins, leading to unnoticed bleeding in the open space
The pupils are generally ___ in older patients
Smaller and sluggish in response to light
