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Emergency Medical Technician > Life Span Development > Flashcards

Life Span Development Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

In general, the younger the person, the ___ their heart rate should be

A

Faster

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2
Q

Blood pressure values tend to ___ with age

A

Increase

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3
Q

Neonate

A

0 - 1 month

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4
Q

Infant

A

1 month - 1 year

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5
Q

Toddler

A

1 - 3 years

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6
Q

Preschool age

A

3 - 6 years

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7
Q

School age

A

6 - 12 years

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8
Q

Adolescent

A

12 - 18 years

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9
Q

Early adult

A

19 - 40 years

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10
Q

Middle adult

A

41 - 60 years

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11
Q

Older adult

A

61 years+

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12
Q

Neonate pulse rate

A

100 - 180 bpm

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13
Q

Infant pulse rate

A

100 - 160 bpm

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14
Q

Toddler pulse rate

A

90 - 150 bpm

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15
Q

Preschool age pulse rate

A

80 - 140 bpm

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16
Q

School age pulse rate

A

70 - 120 bpm

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17
Q

Adolescent pulse rate

A

60 - 100 bpm

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18
Q

Early adult pulse rate

A

60 - 100 bpm

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19
Q

Middle adult pulse rate

A

60 - 100 bpm

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20
Q

Older adult pulse rate

A

60 - 100 bpm

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21
Q

What development stage does pulse rate reach adult levels?

A

Adolescent

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22
Q

Neonate respiration rate

A

30 - 60 /min

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23
Q

Infant respiration rate

A

25 - 50 /min

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24
Q

Toddler respiration rate

A

20 - 30 /min

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25
Q

Preschool age respiration rate

A

20 - 25 /min

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26
Q

School age respiration rate

A

15 - 20 /min

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27
Q

Adolescent respiration rate

A

12 - 20 /min

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28
Q

Early adult respiration rate

A

12 - 20 /min

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29
Q

Middle adult respiration rate

A

12 - 20 /min

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30
Q

Older adult respiration rate

A

12 - 20 /min

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31
Q

What development stage does the respiration rate reach adult levels?

A

Adolescent

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32
Q

Neonate systolic BP

A

50 - 70

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33
Q

Infant systolic BP

A

70 - 95

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34
Q

Toddler systolic BP

A

80 - 100

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35
Q

Preschool age systolic BP

A

80 - 100

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36
Q

School age systolic BP

A

80 - 110

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37
Q

Adolescent systolic BP

A

90 - 110

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38
Q

Early adult systolic BP

A

90 - 130

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39
Q

Middle adult systolic BP

A

90 - 130

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40
Q

Older adult systolic BP

A

90 - 130

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41
Q

What stage of development does systolic blood pressure reach adult levels

A

Early adult

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42
Q

Neonate body temp

A

98 - 100

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43
Q

Infant body temp

A

96.8 - 99.6

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44
Q

Toddler body temp

A

96.8 - 99.6

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45
Q

Preschool age and up body temp

A

98.6

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46
Q

Neonate and infant heads account for ___ of their total body weight

A

25%

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47
Q

Neonates and infants often land ___ when they fall

A

Headfirst

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48
Q

Prior to birth, fetal blood supply comes from the ___

A

Mother via the placenta

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49
Q

During the birthing process, ___ help the neonate make the transition from fetal circulation to independent circulation

A

Hormones and pressure changes

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50
Q

Leading cause of death for the neonate and infant age group

A

Congenital abnormalities (birth defects)

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51
Q

Prior to taking their first breath, a neonate’s lungs have ___

A

Never been inflated

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52
Q

A neonate’s first breath is ___

A

Forceful and is facilitated in part by the chest’s passage through the birth canal and the subsequent increase in intrathoracic pressure

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53
Q

Neonates are primarily ___ breathers

A

Nose

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54
Q

Neonates younger than ___ are particularly susceptible to nasal congestion

A

6 months

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55
Q

Nasal congestion in a neonate can lead to ___

A

Viral upper respiratory infections

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56
Q

If you respond to a baby choking, make sure ___

A

The nasal passages are clear of mucus and other obstructions

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57
Q

Neonate weight at birth

A

Usually between 6 and 8 lbs

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58
Q

During the first week, a neonate’s body weigh ___

A

Decreases by 5% to 10%, due to fluid loss

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59
Q

By the ___, the neonate begins to gain weight

A

Second week

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60
Q

Infants grow at a rate of ___

A

1 oz per day, doubling their weight by 4 to 6 months and tripling it by the end of the first year

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61
Q

Differences in an infant’s upper airway

A
  1. Tongue is larger in proportion to the size of the oral cavity
  2. Airway is proportionally shorter and narrower
  3. Proportionally oversized occiput
  4. Increased flexibility of the trachea
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62
Q

___ can easily produce and airway obstruction in an infant?

A

Hyperextending of hyper flexing the infant’s head and neck

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63
Q

The rib cage of an infant is ___

A

Less rigid and the ribs sit horizontally

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64
Q

The infant’s rib cage causes ___

A

Diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)

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65
Q

Barotrauma

A

Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces

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66
Q

Overly forceful ventilations in a infant can cause ___

A

Barotrauma to the lungs

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67
Q

In an infant, the number of alveoli in the lungs is ___

A

Relatively low

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68
Q

The amount of oxygen an infant needs is ___

A

Relatively low

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69
Q

When stressed, an infants respiratory system’s ability to compensate is ___

A

Limited

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70
Q

Infants struggling to breath can quickly ___

A

Tire and become overheated and dehydrated

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71
Q

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow

A

Atherosclerosis

72
Q

A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society

A

Conventional reasoning

73
Q

Areas where the neonate’s or infant’s skull has not fused together

A

Fontanelles

74
Q

The average number of years a person can expect to live

A

Life expectancy

75
Q

An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens their arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things

A

Moro reflex

76
Q

The basic filtering unit in the kidneys

A

Nephrons

77
Q

An infant reflex that occurs when something is places in the infant’s palm; the infant grasps the object

A

Palmar grasp reflex

78
Q

A type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on their conscience

A

Postconventional reasoning

79
Q

A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment or to get what they want

A

Preconventional reasoning

80
Q

An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infants cheek, and the infant instinctively turns their head toward the touch

A

Rooting reflex

81
Q

An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when their lips are stroked

A

Sucking reflex

82
Q

The stage of development from birth to about 18 months, during which infants gain trust in their parents if their world is planned, organized, and routine

A

Trust versus mistrust

83
Q

Also called the startle reflex

A

Moro reflex

84
Q

Fontanelles are made of ___

A

Relatively flexible fibrous tissue

85
Q

The fontanelles allow ___

A

The newborn’s head to change shape slightly as it passes through the narrow birth canal

86
Q

The posterior fontanelle normally closes by the ___

A

Third month

87
Q

The anterior fontanelle closes ___

A

Between the 9th and 18th month

88
Q

A depressed fontanelle may indicate ___

A

Dehydration

89
Q

A bulging fontanelle may indicate ___

A

Pressure aside the cranium has increased

90
Q

By ___, infants can track objects with their eyes and recognize familiar faces

A

2 months of age

91
Q

At ___, infants can sit upright, and they begin to make cooing and babbling sounds

A

6 months

92
Q

By the time the infant is ___, they can walk with minimal assistance and knows their name

A

12 months

93
Q

At birth neonates cannot ___

A

Roll from their backs, and their eyes are incapable of focusing on objects beyond a very short distance

94
Q

While in the womb, the neonate’s immune system is supported by ___

A

The mother’s antibodies, delivered through placental blood flow

95
Q

After birth, an infant’s immune system ___

A

Carries some of the immunity from the womb. This passive immunity is strengthened by antibodies contained in breast milk

96
Q

Teething is sometimes accompanied by ___

A

A low-grade fever

97
Q

Primary method to communicate distress as an infant

A

Crying

98
Q

Formation of a close, personal relationship

A

Bonding

99
Q

Bonding is usually fostered by a ___

A

Secure attachment

100
Q

Results when the infant understands that their parents will respond to their needs

A

Secure attachment

101
Q

Having this confidence that their parents will provide a safety net inspires the child to ___

A

Venture out and explore

102
Q

The result of recurring rejection

A

Anxious-avoidant attachment

103
Q

Infant’s will show little emotional response to their parents and treat them as they would a stranger

A

Anxious-avoidant attachment

104
Q

Age to recognize familiar faces, uses eyes to track objects and people

A

2 months

105
Q

Age to bring objects to mouth, smiles and frowns

A

3 months

106
Q

Age to reach arm out to people, drools

A

4 months

107
Q

Age to sleep throughout the night, distinguishes family members form strangers

A

5 months

108
Q

Age to begin teething, sit upright, speak one-syllable words

A

6 months

109
Q

Age to be afraid of strangers, displays mood swings

A

7 months

110
Q

Age to respond to “no”, can sit alone, plays peek-a-boo

A

8 months

111
Q

Age to pull self up to stand, explore objects by placing them in mouth

A

9 months

112
Q

Age to respond to their name, crawl efficiently

A

10 months

113
Q

Age to begin to walk without assistance, becomes frustrated by restrictions

A

11 months

114
Q

Age to know their name, walk

A

12 months

115
Q

Characterized by clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar faces and people

A

Separation anxiety

116
Q

Separation anxiety reaches its peak at ___

A

10 to 18 months

117
Q

Toddler/preschooler’s lungs continue to ___

A

Develop more terminal bronchioles and alveoli

118
Q

Development stage with loss of passive immunity

A

Preschool/toddler

119
Q

As a result of catching viruses from other children, preschoolers/toddlers

A

Develop antibodies, resulting in acquired immunity

120
Q

By performing physical activities, toddlers/preschoolers learn to ___

A

Use their muscles and expansive nervous system

121
Q

By the end of preschool age, their brain is ___

A

Roughly 90% of their adult weight

122
Q

As preschoolers play, it marks the end of exclusively gross motor activity to include ___

A

Fine motor skills

123
Q

The renal system and elimination patterns develop at ___

A

Toddler/preschool age

124
Q

The ability to control the bladder physiologically is present at ___, psychologically at ___

A
  1. 12 to 15 months
  2. 18 to 30 months
125
Q

Average age of toilet training completion

A

28 months

126
Q

The phychosocial challenge for the toddler/preschool age group is sometimes called ___

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

127
Q

Through milestones such as speech and toilet training, the child begins to attain a measure of ___

A

Self-sufficiency

128
Q

As children master language, they make a transition from using language ___

A

Solely for the purpose of communicating what they want, to using it creatively and playfully

129
Q

By age ___, they can begin to understand the concept of cause and effect

A

18 to 24 months

130
Q

By observing their role models, they can learn to recognize gender differences at what age?

A

18 to 24 months

131
Q

When responding to a severely sick or injured child, you may find a ___ patient on scene

A

Secondary

132
Q

How much do school age children grow each year?

A

About 4 lbs and 2.5”

133
Q

Age that baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth

A

School age

134
Q

Age that children learn various types of reasoning and what order do they learn them?

A
  1. School age
  2. Preconventional reasoning
  3. Conventional reasoning
  4. Postconventional reasoning
135
Q

Age that children begin to develop their self-concept and self-esteem

A

School age

136
Q

How we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers

A

Self-esteem

137
Q

In the adolescent, vital signs begin to ___

A

Level off within the adult ranges

138
Q

During the adolescent period, teens experience a ___ growth spurt

A

2 - 3 year

139
Q

Adolescent growth spurt progression

A
  1. Begins in the hands and feet
  2. Long bones of the extremities
  3. Growth of the torso
  4. Muscle mass and bone density have nearly reached adult levels at the conclusion
140
Q

Girls growth spurt

A

Tends to happen earlier, finishing by about 16

141
Q

Boys growth spurt

A

Tends to reach the peak by 18

142
Q

Another important milestone of ___ is the maturation of the endocrine and reproductive systems

A

Adolescence

143
Q

Menstruation begins with ___

A

Menarche

144
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual bleeding

145
Q

The deposit of ___ tissue causes the breast and thighs to increase in size

A

Adipose (fat)

146
Q

Oocytes

A

Eggs

147
Q

At this age, young people develop a code of personal ethics

A

Adolescent

148
Q

When you interview adolescents in front of their family, they may ___

A

Withhold certain information or even lie to protect their privacy or image

149
Q

Physical peak age

A

19 to 25

150
Q

Age that lifelong habits and routines are established

A

19 to 25

151
Q

The end of menstruation and the ability to reproduce

A

Menopause

152
Q

Age of menopause

A

Late 40s to early 50s

153
Q

Many of the effects of aging can be diminished with ___

A

Proper exercise and a healthy diet

154
Q

Cardiac function declines with age, due in large part to ___

A

Atherosclerosis

155
Q

Why does diastolic blood pressure increase with age?

A

Vascular system becomes stiff, and the blood vessels are unable to dilate and contract as effectively, forcing the heart to work harder to overcome vascular resistance

156
Q

With advancing age, bone marrow is replaced with ___

A

Fatty tissue

157
Q

Advanced age changes to respiratory system

A
  1. Airway increases in size
  2. Alveoli decreases
  3. Decrease in elasticity of lungs and the strength of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
158
Q

By the age of 75, vital capacity has declined to ___

A

About 50% of a young adult

159
Q

The volume of air moved during the deepest inspiration and expiration

A

Vital capacity

160
Q

In older adults the chest becomes ___

A

More rigid, yet more fragile

161
Q

Upper airway changes with old age

A
  1. Cough and gag reflexes diminish
  2. Lose ability to clear secretions
  3. Cilia that line the airway decline
  4. Sensation in the airway decreases, making it more difficult to maintain upper airway patency
162
Q

In an older adult, weakened muscles in the lower airway can cause ___ with a strong inhalation

A

Walls of the airway to collapse inward, producing respiratory wheezing, lower flow rates, and air trapping in the alveoli (incomplete respiration)

163
Q

In old age, white blood cells are ___

A

Less aggressive toward invading organisms

164
Q

With old age, glucose metabolism ___, while insulin production ___

A
  1. Slows
  2. Decreases
165
Q

With old age, taste buds ___

A

Become less sensitive to salty and sweet foods

166
Q

With old age, a decrease in saliva secretion impairs the body’s ability to ___

A

Break down complex carbohydrates

167
Q

Kidney changes from ages 20 to 90

A

Decrease in size by 20% and decline in filtration capacity by as much 50%

168
Q

What causes the decrease in the kidneys?

A

Decrease in blood supply to the nephrons of the kidneys

169
Q

The number of nephrons in the kidneys declines between the ages of ___

A

30 to 80

170
Q

What is the effect of the decline in kidney size?

A

Decline in the ability of the renal system to remove waste and the ability to conserve fluids when needed

171
Q

By the age of 80, the brain has decreased in weight by ___

A

10% to 20%

172
Q

Permit the loss of neurons without a loss of knowledge or skill

A

The increased number of interconnections between neurons increasing with age

173
Q

Mental function often declines in the ___ immediately preceding death

A

5 years

174
Q

One consequence of the reduced number of ___ is the alteration of sleep patterns

A

Neurons

175
Q

It is not uncommon for adults to develop a ___ sleep cycle

A

Bi-phasic

176
Q

In old age, shrinkage of the brain causes ___, resulting in the risk of ___

A
  1. A void between the brain and the meninges
  2. Brain violently shifting and tearing of bridging veins, leading to unnoticed bleeding in the open space
177
Q

The pupils are generally ___ in older patients

A

Smaller and sluggish in response to light

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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