The Human Body - Skeletal System & Topography Flashcards
This position is the frame of reference used by all health care providers when describing the patient
The anatomic position
Directional terms are always presented from ___
The patient’s perspective
Another method used when describing a particular location on the patient’s body is to divide ___
The body into anatomic planes
The planes of the body help to identify ___
The locations of internal structures
Foundation of the human body
Cells
Cells that share a common function grow close to each other, forming ___
Tissues
Groups of tissues that perform similar or interrelated jobs form ___
Organs
Organs with similar functions work together to comprise ___
The different body systems
Functions of the skeletal system
- Provide structural support to bear the body’s weight
- Establish a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs
- Protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs
The red marrow found within the internal cavities of many bones produces ___
Red blood cells
How many bones in the body?
206
The bones of the skeletal system are divided between the ___ skeletons
Axial and the appendicular
The pelvis is part of which skeleton?
It contains portions from the the axial and appendicular skeletons
The names of most joints are formulated by ___
Combining the names of the adjoining bones
The sternoclavicular joint is the ___
Articulation between the sternum and the clavicle
Three kinds of joints
- Permit a broad range of motion
- Symphyses allow only slight motion
- Fused to create solid, immobile, bony structures
At some points around a joint, the joint capsule is ___, permitting movement. In other areas it is ___ and resists stretching and bending
- Lax and thin
- Thick
The joint capsule is composed of ___
Connective tissue (connecting bone to bone)
Connects bone to bone
Ligament
Connects muscle to bone
Tendon
Cushion between bones
Cartilage
A joint with fewer ligaments is ___ but is more susceptible to ___
- Free to move in almost any direction
- Dislocation
In moving joints, the ends of the bones are covered with ___
Articular cartilage
Allows the ends of bones to glide easily
Articular cartilage
On the inner lining of the joint capsule is the ___
Synovial membrane
This oil like substance allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grating over each other
Synovial fluid
The degree to which a joint can move is determined by ___
The extent to which the ligaments hold the bone ends together and also by the configuration of the bone ends themselves
Allows rotation and bending
Ball-and-socket joints
Restricts motion to flexion and extension
Hinge joints
Rotation in a hinge joint is not possible because of ___
The shape of the joint surfaces and the strong restraining ligaments on both sides of the joint
Main parts of the axial skeleton
- Skull
- Spinal column
- Thorax
How many bones in the skull?
28
The skull’s bones are divided into what three groups?
- Cranium
- Facial bones
- Three small bones in the ear
What bones make up the cranium?
- Frontal bones
- Temporal bones
- Parietal bones
- Occipital bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
The bones of the cranium serve what purpose?
Fuse together to encase and protect the brain
What are the facial bones?
- 14 total bones
- Upper jawbones (maxillae)
- Lower jawbone (mandible)
- Cheek bones (zygomas)
- Upper 1/3rd of the nose (nasal bones)
Form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
How many vertebrae in the spinal column
33
The vertebrae can be divided into what sections?
- Cervical spine (C1-C7)
- Thoracic spine (T1-T12)
- Lumbar spine (5)
- Sacrum (5)
- Coccyx (4)
Vertebrae are numbered from ___
Top down
First cervical vertebrae
The atlas
Second cervical vertebrae
The axis
The skull rests on and attaches to ___
Both the first and second cervical vertebrae
The vertebrae fit together but ___
Move separately
One pair of ribs is attached to each of the ___
Thoracic vertebrae
The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused together to form ___
One bone called the sacrum
The sacrum joins the ___ via ___
- Iliac bones of the pelvis
- Strong ligaments at the sacroiliac joints
The Coccyx vertebrae are ___
Fused together
The vertebrae are connected by ___ and the gaps between the vertebrae are occupied by ___
- Ligaments
- Invertebrate disks
The ligaments and disks of the vertebrae permit ___ while preventing ___
- A limited degree of motion
- Any extreme movement that might harm the spinal cord
The thorax contains ___
- Heart
- Lungs
- Esophagus
- Great vessels
What are the great vessels?
- Aorta
- Superior & inferior venae cavae
Three main parts of the sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
The superior edge of the manubrium forms a landmark called the ___
Sternal notch
Immediately inferior to the manubrium is the ___
Sternal body
Largest bony section of the sternum
Sternal body
The upper extremities extend distally from ___
The pectoral girdle
Parts of the pectoral girdle
- Clavicle
- Scapula
The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the ___ which is the only joint that ___
- Manubrium
- Directly connects the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton
The scapula is supported and positioned by ___
Skeletal muscles and has no bony or ligamentous connections to the thoracic cage
The scapula articulates with the ___
Proximal head of the humerus
Distally the humerus articulates with ___
The radius and the ulna
At their distal ends, the radius and the ulna articulate with ___ via ___
- The proximal row of wrist bones
- A modified ball-and-socket joint
How many bones for the wrist?
8 carpals
Extending from the carpals are ___
5 metacarpals
Form the palm of the hand
Metacarpals
The metacarpals distally articulate with the ___
Phalanges
Form the fingers
Phalanges
The thumb is comprised of __
Two phalanges (proximal and distal)
The four fingers are comprised of ___
Three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal)
Parts of the pelvic girdle
- Two large hip bones (the coxae)
- The sacrum
- The coccyx
Parts of each coxa
Fusion of:
1. The ilium
2. The ischium
3. The pubis
The left and right pubic bones are joined by ___ called the ___
- A cartilaginous articulation that limits movement
- Pubic symphysis
The pelvis articulates with ___
The femur bone at the hip joint (acetabulum)
The longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
The femur
The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum by ___
A ball-and-socket joint
Immediately inferior and lateral to the femoral head is the ___
Narrowed femoral neck
The trochanters on the femur serve as ___
Anchor points for the major muscles of the thigh
The inferior end of the femur has a hinge joint commonly called the ___
Knee
The anterior side of the knee is covered by a ___
Specialized bone called the patella (kneecap)
The lower leg bones
- Tibia (shinbone)
- Fibula (smaller)
___ articulates with the inferior end of the femur at the knee joint
Tibia
The tibia is positioned ___ and can be palpated ___
- The medial side of the lower leg
- Along its entire length on the anterior surface of the leg, just beneath the skin
The fibula is located ___
On the lateral side of the lower leg
The ankle joint includes protrusions from the broadened distal ends of the ___
Tibia and fibula
On the ___ side, the fibula’s ___ can be palpated
- Lateral side
- Lateral malleolus
On the ___ side of the ankle, the prominence from the distal tibia is called the ___
- Medial
- Medial malleolus
Parts of the foot
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
The 7 tarsals include ___
- Calcaneus (heel bone)
- Talus
The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the ___ to form the ankle
Talus
The hinge joint of the ankle allows ___
Flexion and extension of the foot
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
7
How many metatarsal bones are in the foot?
5
Form the middle of the foot
Metatarsals
Bottom surface of the foot
Plantar surface
Top surface of the foot
Dorsum or dorsal surface
The 5 toes are formed by ___
14 phalanges
How many phalanges in the great toe?
2
How many phalanges in each of the four toes?
3
The skeletal system stores ___
Calcium
Associated with and in reaction to the normal stress from daily activity, the bones are continually ___
Broken down and rebuilt
Calcium not only helps build bones but is vital to the ___
Heart, muscles, and nervous system
As the need arises, specialized cells present in the marrow can be ___
Transformed into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
