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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Skeletal System & Topography > Flashcards

The Human Body - Skeletal System & Topography Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

This position is the frame of reference used by all health care providers when describing the patient

A

The anatomic position

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2
Q

Directional terms are always presented from ___

A

The patient’s perspective

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3
Q

Another method used when describing a particular location on the patient’s body is to divide ___

A

The body into anatomic planes

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4
Q

The planes of the body help to identify ___

A

The locations of internal structures

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5
Q

Foundation of the human body

A

Cells

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6
Q

Cells that share a common function grow close to each other, forming ___

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Groups of tissues that perform similar or interrelated jobs form ___

A

Organs

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8
Q

Organs with similar functions work together to comprise ___

A

The different body systems

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9
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Provide structural support to bear the body’s weight
  2. Establish a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs
  3. Protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs
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10
Q

The red marrow found within the internal cavities of many bones produces ___

A

Red blood cells

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11
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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12
Q

The bones of the skeletal system are divided between the ___ skeletons

A

Axial and the appendicular

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13
Q

The pelvis is part of which skeleton?

A

It contains portions from the the axial and appendicular skeletons

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14
Q

The names of most joints are formulated by ___

A

Combining the names of the adjoining bones

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15
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is the ___

A

Articulation between the sternum and the clavicle

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16
Q

Three kinds of joints

A
  1. Permit a broad range of motion
  2. Symphyses allow only slight motion
  3. Fused to create solid, immobile, bony structures
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17
Q

At some points around a joint, the joint capsule is ___, permitting movement. In other areas it is ___ and resists stretching and bending

A
  1. Lax and thin
  2. Thick
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18
Q

The joint capsule is composed of ___

A

Connective tissue (connecting bone to bone)

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19
Q

Connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

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20
Q

Connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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21
Q

Cushion between bones

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

A joint with fewer ligaments is ___ but is more susceptible to ___

A
  1. Free to move in almost any direction
  2. Dislocation
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23
Q

In moving joints, the ends of the bones are covered with ___

A

Articular cartilage

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24
Q

Allows the ends of bones to glide easily

A

Articular cartilage

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25
Q

On the inner lining of the joint capsule is the ___

A

Synovial membrane

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26
Q

This oil like substance allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grating over each other

A

Synovial fluid

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27
Q

The degree to which a joint can move is determined by ___

A

The extent to which the ligaments hold the bone ends together and also by the configuration of the bone ends themselves

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28
Q

Allows rotation and bending

A

Ball-and-socket joints

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29
Q

Restricts motion to flexion and extension

A

Hinge joints

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30
Q

Rotation in a hinge joint is not possible because of ___

A

The shape of the joint surfaces and the strong restraining ligaments on both sides of the joint

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31
Q

Main parts of the axial skeleton

A
  1. Skull
  2. Spinal column
  3. Thorax
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32
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

28

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33
Q

The skull’s bones are divided into what three groups?

A
  1. Cranium
  2. Facial bones
  3. Three small bones in the ear
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34
Q

What bones make up the cranium?

A
  1. Frontal bones
  2. Temporal bones
  3. Parietal bones
  4. Occipital bone
  5. Ethmoid bone
  6. Sphenoid bone
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35
Q

The bones of the cranium serve what purpose?

A

Fuse together to encase and protect the brain

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36
Q

What are the facial bones?

A
  1. 14 total bones
  2. Upper jawbones (maxillae)
  3. Lower jawbone (mandible)
  4. Cheek bones (zygomas)
  5. Upper 1/3rd of the nose (nasal bones)
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37
Q

Form the bridge of the nose

A

Nasal bones

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38
Q

How many vertebrae in the spinal column

A

33

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39
Q

The vertebrae can be divided into what sections?

A
  1. Cervical spine (C1-C7)
  2. Thoracic spine (T1-T12)
  3. Lumbar spine (5)
  4. Sacrum (5)
  5. Coccyx (4)
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40
Q

Vertebrae are numbered from ___

A

Top down

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41
Q

First cervical vertebrae

A

The atlas

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42
Q

Second cervical vertebrae

A

The axis

43
Q

The skull rests on and attaches to ___

A

Both the first and second cervical vertebrae

44
Q

The vertebrae fit together but ___

A

Move separately

45
Q

One pair of ribs is attached to each of the ___

A

Thoracic vertebrae

46
Q

The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused together to form ___

A

One bone called the sacrum

47
Q

The sacrum joins the ___ via ___

A
  1. Iliac bones of the pelvis
  2. Strong ligaments at the sacroiliac joints
48
Q

The Coccyx vertebrae are ___

A

Fused together

49
Q

The vertebrae are connected by ___ and the gaps between the vertebrae are occupied by ___

A
  1. Ligaments
  2. Invertebrate disks
50
Q

The ligaments and disks of the vertebrae permit ___ while preventing ___

A
  1. A limited degree of motion
  2. Any extreme movement that might harm the spinal cord
51
Q

The thorax contains ___

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Esophagus
  4. Great vessels
52
Q

What are the great vessels?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Superior & inferior venae cavae
53
Q

Three main parts of the sternum

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process
54
Q

The superior edge of the manubrium forms a landmark called the ___

A

Sternal notch

55
Q

Immediately inferior to the manubrium is the ___

A

Sternal body

56
Q

Largest bony section of the sternum

A

Sternal body

57
Q

The upper extremities extend distally from ___

A

The pectoral girdle

58
Q

Parts of the pectoral girdle

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Scapula
59
Q

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the ___ which is the only joint that ___

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Directly connects the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton
60
Q

The scapula is supported and positioned by ___

A

Skeletal muscles and has no bony or ligamentous connections to the thoracic cage

61
Q

The scapula articulates with the ___

A

Proximal head of the humerus

62
Q

Distally the humerus articulates with ___

A

The radius and the ulna

63
Q

At their distal ends, the radius and the ulna articulate with ___ via ___

A
  1. The proximal row of wrist bones
  2. A modified ball-and-socket joint
64
Q

How many bones for the wrist?

A

8 carpals

65
Q

Extending from the carpals are ___

A

5 metacarpals

66
Q

Form the palm of the hand

A

Metacarpals

67
Q

The metacarpals distally articulate with the ___

A

Phalanges

68
Q

Form the fingers

A

Phalanges

69
Q

The thumb is comprised of __

A

Two phalanges (proximal and distal)

70
Q

The four fingers are comprised of ___

A

Three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal)

71
Q

Parts of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. Two large hip bones (the coxae)
  2. The sacrum
  3. The coccyx
72
Q

Parts of each coxa

A

Fusion of:
1. The ilium
2. The ischium
3. The pubis

73
Q

The left and right pubic bones are joined by ___ called the ___

A
  1. A cartilaginous articulation that limits movement
  2. Pubic symphysis
74
Q

The pelvis articulates with ___

A

The femur bone at the hip joint (acetabulum)

75
Q

The longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

A

The femur

76
Q

The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum by ___

A

A ball-and-socket joint

77
Q

Immediately inferior and lateral to the femoral head is the ___

A

Narrowed femoral neck

78
Q

The trochanters on the femur serve as ___

A

Anchor points for the major muscles of the thigh

79
Q

The inferior end of the femur has a hinge joint commonly called the ___

A

Knee

80
Q

The anterior side of the knee is covered by a ___

A

Specialized bone called the patella (kneecap)

81
Q

The lower leg bones

A
  1. Tibia (shinbone)
  2. Fibula (smaller)
82
Q

___ articulates with the inferior end of the femur at the knee joint

A

Tibia

83
Q

The tibia is positioned ___ and can be palpated ___

A
  1. The medial side of the lower leg
  2. Along its entire length on the anterior surface of the leg, just beneath the skin
84
Q

The fibula is located ___

A

On the lateral side of the lower leg

85
Q

The ankle joint includes protrusions from the broadened distal ends of the ___

A

Tibia and fibula

86
Q

On the ___ side, the fibula’s ___ can be palpated

A
  1. Lateral side
  2. Lateral malleolus
87
Q

On the ___ side of the ankle, the prominence from the distal tibia is called the ___

A
  1. Medial
  2. Medial malleolus
88
Q

Parts of the foot

A
  1. Tarsals
  2. Metatarsals
  3. Phalanges
89
Q

The 7 tarsals include ___

A
  1. Calcaneus (heel bone)
  2. Talus
90
Q

The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the ___ to form the ankle

A

Talus

91
Q

The hinge joint of the ankle allows ___

A

Flexion and extension of the foot

92
Q

How many tarsal bones are in the foot?

A

7

93
Q

How many metatarsal bones are in the foot?

A

5

94
Q

Form the middle of the foot

A

Metatarsals

95
Q

Bottom surface of the foot

A

Plantar surface

96
Q

Top surface of the foot

A

Dorsum or dorsal surface

97
Q

The 5 toes are formed by ___

A

14 phalanges

98
Q

How many phalanges in the great toe?

A

2

99
Q

How many phalanges in each of the four toes?

A

3

100
Q

The skeletal system stores ___

A

Calcium

101
Q

Associated with and in reaction to the normal stress from daily activity, the bones are continually ___

A

Broken down and rebuilt

102
Q

Calcium not only helps build bones but is vital to the ___

A

Heart, muscles, and nervous system

103
Q

As the need arises, specialized cells present in the marrow can be ___

A

Transformed into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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