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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Human Body - Circulatory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

The circulatory system is entirely closed, with capillaries connecting ___

A

Arterioles and venules

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2
Q

Two circuits in the circulatory system

A
  1. Systemic circulation in the body
  2. Pulmonary circulation in the lungs
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3
Q

Function of the systemic circulation

A

Circuit in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium. Blood passes through the tissues and organs, giving up oxygen and absorbing cellular wastes and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Function of the pulmonary circulation

A

Circuit in the lungs that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium. Blood passes through the lungs and is refreshed with oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Many cellular wastes are eliminated in passages through the ___

A

Liver and kidneys

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6
Q

Size of the heart

A

About the size of a clenched fist

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7
Q

The heart is made from ___

A

Cardiac muscle (myocardium)

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8
Q

The heart works as ___

A

Two paired pumps

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9
Q

The ___ side of the heart is more muscular

A

Left

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10
Q

Divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides

A

Septum

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11
Q

Each side of the heart is divided into ___

A

An upper chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle)

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12
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ___

A

Body

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13
Q

The ___ side of the heart is a high-pressure pump

A

Left

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14
Q

The right side of the heart supplies blood to the ___

A

Lungs

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15
Q

The ___ side of the heart is a low-pressure pump

A

Right

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16
Q

The heart muscle is under the control of the ___

A

Autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

The heart has it’s own ___ and will ___ without its central nervous system control

A
  1. Electrical system
  2. Continue to function
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18
Q

The heart requires ___ and cannot function on ___ metabolism

A
  1. A continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
  2. Anaerobic
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19
Q

The heart can tolerate a serious interruption of its own blood supply for only a few seconds before the signs of a ___ develop

A

Heart attack

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20
Q

The heart muscle’s blood supply comes from the ___

A

Aorta

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21
Q

The aorta has two branches at its base that form the ___

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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22
Q

These arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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23
Q

The right side of the heart receives blood from ___

A

The veins of the body

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24
Q

The blood from the body into the heart enters from the ___

A

Superior and inferior venae cavae into the right atrium and then passes through the tricuspid valve to fill the right ventricle

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25
Q

After the right ventricle is filled, the ___ closes to prevent ___

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Backflow as the right ventricular contracts
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26
Q

Contraction of the right ventricle causes blood to ___

A

Flow through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary circulation

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27
Q

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from ___

A

The lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

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28
Q

From the left atrium blood passes through the ___

A

Mitral valve into the left ventricle

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29
Q

Most muscular pumping chamber of the heart

A

Left ventricle

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30
Q

From the left ventricle blood passes through the ___

A

Aortic valve into the aorta and then to the arteries of the body

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31
Q

The flow of blood through the four heart chambers is governed by ___

A

One way valves

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32
Q

The chord tendineae are ___

A

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attached to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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33
Q

When a valve controlling the filling of a heart chamber is open, the other valve allowing it to empty is ___

A

Shut

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34
Q

Normal adult resting heartbeat

A

60 to 100 bpm

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35
Q

HR

A

Heart rate

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36
Q

A well-conditioned athlete may have a normal resting heart rate of ___

A

45 to 60 bpm

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37
Q

During vigorous physical activity, the heart rate may rise to as fast as ___

A

180 bpm

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38
Q

At each beat, ___ of blood is ejected from the adult heart

A

70 to 80 mL

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39
Q

SV

A

Stroke volume

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40
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood moved in one beat

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41
Q

In one minute, the entire blood volume of ___ is circulated through all the vessels

A

5 to 6 L

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42
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood moved in one minute

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43
Q

CO

A

Cardiac output

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44
Q

Cardiac output calculation

A

CO = HR x SV

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45
Q

A network of specialized tissue with the capacity to conduct ___ runs through the heart

A

Electrical current

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46
Q

The flow of electrical current through this network in the heart causes ___

A

Smooth, coordinated contractions of the heart

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47
Q

These contractions of the heart produce ___

A

The pumping action of the heart

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48
Q

Each mechanical contraction of the heart is associated with ___

A

Two electrical processes

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49
Q

Two electrical processes that produce mechanical contraction of the heart

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
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50
Q

The electrical charges on the surface of the muscle cell change from positive to negative

A

Depolorization

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51
Q

The heart returns to its resting state and the positive charge is restored to the surface

A

Repolarization

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52
Q

Electrical impulse flow through the heart

A
  1. Begins high in the atria at the sinoatrial node
  2. Travels to the atrioventricular node and bundle of His
  3. Moves through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles
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53
Q

The electrical impulse flow through the heart produces a smooth flow of electricity through the heart, which ___

A

Depolarizes the muscle and produces the coordinated pumping contraction

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54
Q

If areas of the heart’s conduction system are deprived of blood flow and oxygen, ___ can occur

A

Serious abnormalities of the heart’s rate, rhythm, and coordinated contraction leading to dangerously low blood pressure can occur

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55
Q

Carry blood from the heart to all body tissues

A

Arteries

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56
Q

Arteries branch into ___

A

Smaller arteries and then into arterioles

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57
Q

The arterioles branch into ___

A

The vast network of capillaries

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58
Q

The walls of an artery are made of ___

A

Fine, circular muscle tissue or fine circular muscle and elastic tissue

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59
Q

Arteries contract to ___

A

Accommodate loss of blood volume and increase blood pressure

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60
Q

Blood is supplied to tissues as they ___

A

Need it

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61
Q

The ability to respond to the needs of the body is possible because of the way arteries are ___

A

Constructed

62
Q

The tunica media is ___

A

The middle layer of the artery formed from smooth muscles that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel

63
Q

The aorta leaves the ___

A

Back left side of the heart

64
Q

Location of the aorta

A

Just in front of the spine in the chest and abdominal cavities

65
Q

Coronary arteries supply ___

A

The heart

66
Q

Carotid arteries supply ___

A

The head

67
Q

Hepatic arteries supply ___

A

The liver

68
Q

Renal arteries supply ___

A

The kidneys

69
Q

Mesenteric arteries supply ___

A

The digestive system

70
Q

The aorta divides at the level of the ___ into the ___

A
  1. Umbilicus
  2. Two common iliac arteries that lead to the lower extremities
71
Q

The pulmonary artery begins at ___

A

The right side of the heart and carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs

72
Q

The pulse is most easily palpated at ___

A

The neck, wrist, or groin

73
Q

The pulse is created by the ___

A

Forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries

74
Q

A pulse can be felt most easily where ___

A

The larger arteries near the skin can be pushed against a solid structure, such as a bone or a large muscle

75
Q

Central pulses

A
  1. Carotid artery
  2. Femoral artery
76
Q

Peripheral pulses

A
  1. Radial artery
  2. Brachial artery
  3. Posterior tibial artery
  4. Dorsalis pedis artery
77
Q

Less commonly used pulses

A
  1. Superficial temporal
  2. External maxillary
  3. Ulnar
78
Q

Location of carotid artery pulse

A

Upper portion of the neck

79
Q

Location of femoral artery pulse

A

In the groin

80
Q

Location of radial artery pulse

A

At the wrist at the base of the thumb

81
Q

Location of brachial artery pulse

A

On the medial aspect of the arm, midway between the elbow and shoulder

82
Q

Location of posterior tibial artery pulse

A

Posterior to the medial malleolus

83
Q

Location of the dorsals pedis artery pulse

A

On the top of the foot

84
Q

How many capillary vessels in the body?

A

Billions

85
Q

Blood in arteries is bright red because ___

A

The hemoglobin is rich in oxygen

86
Q

Capillaries connect directly at one end with ___ and at the other end with the ___

A
  1. The flow-regulating arterioles
  2. Venules
87
Q

Capillaries allow blood to move through them a ___

A

Single cell at a time

88
Q

Once oxygen-depleted blood passes through the network of capillaries, it moves to the ___

A

Venules

89
Q

Smallest branches of the veins

A

Venules

90
Q

Blood returns to the heart via a ___

A

Network of larger and larger veins

91
Q

Veins compared to arteries

A

Much thinner walls and are generally larger in diameter

92
Q

The veins become larger and larger and ultimately form ___

A

Two major vessels called the superior and inferior venae cavae

93
Q

Superior and inferior venae cavae location

A

Lie just to the right of the spine

94
Q

Function of the superior and inferior venae cavae

A

Collect blood just before it enters the heart

95
Q

Pressure generated by the heart dissipates as blood ___

A

Passes through the capillaries

96
Q

Venous blood flow is assisted by ___

A

Gravity, skeletal muscle contraction, and intrathoracic pressure changes from breathing

97
Q

One way flow in the veins is governed by ___

A

Valves within the veins

98
Q

The superior and inferior venae cavae join at the ___

A

Right atrium of the heart

99
Q

The right ventricle receives blood from ___

A

The right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs

100
Q

Great vessels

A

Venae cavae, aorta, and pulmonary arteries and veins

101
Q

SVR is the resistance to blood flow within all blood vessels except the ___

A

Pulmonary vessels

102
Q

SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance

103
Q

Blood is composed of ___

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells
  4. Platelets
  5. Protein molecules
104
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of ___

A

Bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma, while a tiny amount is carried by hemoglobin

105
Q

The liquid portion of the blood

A

Plasma

106
Q

Composition of plasma

A
  1. 92% water
  2. 7% proteins
  3. Very little oxygen (most is bound to the hemoglobin in red blood cells)
  4. Carbon dioxide as bicarbonate
  5. Nitrogen dissolved within the plasma
  6. Nutrients
  7. Cellular wastes
  8. Hormones & other cellular products
107
Q

About ___ of plasma is water and proteins

A

99%

108
Q

Majority of the proteins in plasma

A

Albumin

109
Q

Albumin function in plasma

A

Controlling the movement of water into and out of the circulation

110
Q

Purpose of nutrients carried by albumin

A

Fuel for the cells

111
Q

Cellular wastes carried by plasma

A

Lactic acid, carbon dioxide, etc.

112
Q

Solid organ located under the rib cage in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen

A

The spleen

113
Q

Purpose of the spleen in the circulatory system

A

Although part of the lymphatic system, digests filtered degraded red blood cells and recycles the hemoglobin

114
Q

Life span of red blood cell

A

About 120 days

115
Q

Why is the spleen one of the most frequently injured abdominal organs after blunt trauma

A

Its tissue is delicate and it is directly under flexible ribs with very little soft tissue to cushion it

116
Q

An injured spleen can produce significant internal bleeding because it is ___

A

So highly vascular

117
Q

BP is expressed in ___

A

mm Hg

118
Q

Average adult volume of blood

A

6 L

119
Q

Average child volume of blood

A

2 to 3 L

120
Q

Average infant volume of blood

A

300 mL

121
Q

In all healthy people, the circulatory system is automatically adjusted and readjusted constantly so that ___ of the capacity of the arteries, veins, and capillaries holds ___ of the blood at that moment

A
  1. 100%
  2. 100%
122
Q

The size of the arteries and veins is controlled by the ___

A

Nervous system

123
Q

When perfusion is adequate, the cells’ ___ are met

A

Metabolic needs

124
Q

Loss of normal blood pressure is an indication that ___

A

Blood is no longer circulating efficiently to every organ in the body

125
Q

When ___ are affected the terms shock and hypoperfusion may be used interchangeably

A

Multiple systems

126
Q

Shock vs hypoperfusion

A

Shock is always systemic, but hypoperfusion may be limited to a specific region of the body

127
Q

Important cardiovascular values

A
  1. Systolic blood pressure
  2. Diastolic blood pressure
  3. Pulse pressure
  4. Preload
  5. Afterload
  6. Stroke volume
  7. Cardiac output
  8. Systemic vascular resistance
128
Q

Amount of blood returning to the heart

A

Preload

129
Q

Pressure to be overcome when left ventricle contracts (pressure within the aorta)

A

Afterload

130
Q

___ is the same as after load

A

Diastolic pressure

131
Q

Difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

A

Pulse pressure

132
Q

Too little preload and ___

A

Blood pressure falls

133
Q

Too high preload and ___

A

The heart cannot move blood effectively

134
Q

How does the arteries, veins, and heart adjust to a reduced blood volume and how quickly?

A
  1. The vessels constrict to provide a smaller bed for the reduced volume of blood to fill, and the heart pumps more rapidly to circulate the remaining blood more efficiently
  2. Within minutes
135
Q

During blood loss the heart rate will increase to keep a cardiac output constant at ___

A

5 to 6 L/min

136
Q

Measure of perfusion that can detect shock

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

137
Q

Indicates the average arterial pressure during systole and diastole

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

138
Q

MAP equation

A

MAP = (HR x SV) x SVR
MAP = CO x SVR

139
Q

___ of blood is found within the heart, arteries, and capillaries

A

About 30%

140
Q

___ of blood is found within the veins and venules

A

About 70%

141
Q

Nutrients move from the capillaries into ___

A

The interstitial space and into the intracellular space

142
Q

Two main forces at work inside the capillary

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure
  2. Oncotic pressure
143
Q

___ occurs as fluid pushes against the vessel walls to force fluid out of the capillary

A

Hydrostatic pressure

144
Q

___ is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure and occurs because proteins in the blood plasma cause water to be pulled into the capillary by diffusion

A

Oncotic pressure

145
Q

Coagulation occurs as the result of a complex chemical process that creates ___

A

Small fibers near the injured blood vessel, trapping red blood cells

146
Q

Clotting after venous or capillary bleeding normally takes ___

A

6 to 10 minutes

147
Q

Purpose of white blood cells

A

Fights infection

148
Q

Purpose of red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen

149
Q

Purpose of Plasma

A

Transports carbon dioxide

150
Q

Purpose of chemicals within the plasma

A

Controls (buffers) pH

151
Q

Purpose of plasma (water)

A

Transports wastes and nutrients

152
Q

Purpose of platelets and clotting factors in the plasma

A

Clotting

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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