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Emergency Medical Technician > Respiratory Emergencies - Causes of Dyspnea part 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Emergencies - Causes of Dyspnea part 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Signs and symptoms of asthma

A
  1. Wheezing on inspiration/expiration
  2. Bronchospasm
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2
Q

Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis

A
  1. Flushed skin or hives (urticaria)
  2. Generalized edema
  3. Hypotension
  4. Laryngeal edema with dyspnea
  5. Wheezing or stridor
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3
Q

Signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis

A
  1. Shortness of breath
  2. Wheezing
  3. Coughing
  4. Fever
  5. Dehydration
  6. Tachypnea
  7. Tachycardia
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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of bronchitis

A
  1. Chronic cough with sputum production
  2. Wheezing
  3. Cyanosis
  4. Tachypnea
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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

A
  1. Dependent (lower extremity) edema
  2. Crackles (pulmonary edema)
  3. Orthopnea
  4. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of the common cold

A
  1. Cough
  2. Runny or stuffy nose
  3. Sore throat
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7
Q

Signs and symptoms of COVID-19

A
  1. Cough
  2. Fever
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Chest pain
  5. Anosmia (inability to smell)
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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of croup

A
  1. Fever
  2. Barking cough
  3. Stridor
  4. Mostly seen in pediatric patients
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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of diphtheria

A
  1. Difficulty breathing and swallowing
  2. Sore throat
  3. Thick, gray buildup in throat or nose
  4. Fever
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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of emphysema

A
  1. Barrel chest
  2. Pursed lip breathing
  3. Dyspnea on exertion
  4. Cyanosis
  5. Wheezing/decreased breath sounds
  6. Mostly seen in older patients
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11
Q

Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. High fever
  3. Stridor
  4. Drooling
  5. Difficulty swallowing
  6. Severe sore throat
  7. Tripod or sniffing position
  8. Mostly seen in pediatric patients
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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of influenza type A

A
  1. Cough
  2. Fever
  3. Sore throat
  4. Fatigue
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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of pertussis (whooping cough)

A
  1. Coughing spells
  2. Whooping sound
  3. Fever
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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Chills, fever
  3. Cough
  4. Green, red, or rust-colored sputum
  5. Localized wheezing or crackles
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15
Q

Signs and symptoms of pneumothorax

A
  1. Sudden chest pain with dyspnea
  2. Decreased breath sounds (affected side)
  3. Subcutaneous emphysema
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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Occasionally will have a sharp chest pain
  3. Sudden onset
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Clear breath sounds initially
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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax

A
  1. Severe shortness of breath
  2. Diminished or absent breath sounds on one side
  3. Decreased/altered LOC
  4. Neck vein distention
  5. Tracheal deviation (late sign)
  6. Hypotension; signs of shock
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18
Q

Signs and symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A
  1. Cough
  2. Wheezing
  3. Fever
  4. Dehydration
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19
Q

Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)

A
  1. Cough
  2. Fever
  3. Fatigue
  4. Productive/bloody sputum
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20
Q

An infectious disease in which a pseudomembrane forms, lining the pharynx; this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx

A

Diphtheria

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21
Q

Severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breath

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

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22
Q

Severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved by sitting up

A

Orthopnea

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23
Q

An acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and, depending on its cause, sometimes fever

A

Bronchitis

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24
Q

Collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

A

Atelectasis

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25
Q

A patient with a disorder of the lungs likely has one of the following situations

A
  1. Gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary circulation is obstructed by fluid in the lung, infection, or collapsed alveoli
  2. The alveoli are damaged and cannot transport gases properly across their own walls
  3. The air passages are obstructed by muscle spasms, mucus, or weakened airway walls
  4. Blood flow to the lungs is obstructed by blood clots
  5. The pleural space is filled with air or excess fluid, so the lungs cannot properly expand
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26
Q

Besides shortness of breath, a patient with dyspnea may report ___

A

The sensation of chest tightness and air hunger

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27
Q

When a person reports a feeling of not getting enough air and has a strong need to breath

A

Air hunger

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28
Q

Chest tightness is described as ___

A

An uncomfortable feeling in the chest

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29
Q

When assessing a patient for complaints of dyspnea, ask about ___

A

Chest pain

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30
Q

When assessing a patient for complaints of chest pain, ask about ___

A

Dyspnea

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31
Q

In some patient’s breathing deeply causes pain because ___

A

It causes expansion of the chest wall

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32
Q

Infections that impair airflow through the airways are problems of ___

A

Respiration

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33
Q

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues is a problem of ___

A

Oxygenation

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34
Q

Caused by inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea

A

Croup

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35
Q

Croup is often secondary to ___

A

An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract

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36
Q

Croup is typically seen in ___

A

Children between 6 months and 3 years

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37
Q

Peak seasonal outbreaks of croup occur in ___

A

Late fall and during the winter

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38
Q

Croup starts with ___

A

A cold, cough, and a low-grade fever that develops over a few days

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39
Q

The hallmark signs of croup are ___, which signal ___

A
  1. Stridor and a seal-bark cough
  2. A narrowing of the air passages of the trachea
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40
Q

Croup is rarely seen in adults because ___

A

Their breathing passages are larger and can accommodate the inflammation and mucus production without producing symptoms

41
Q

Croup often responds well to the ___

A

Administration of humidified oxygen

42
Q

___ are not indicated for croup and can worsen a patient’s symptoms

A

Bronchodilators

43
Q

A life-threatening inflammatory disease of the epiglottis

A

Epiglottitis

44
Q

Most common cause of epiglottitis

A

Bacterial infection

45
Q

Epiglottitis was most commonly seen in ___ prior the the development of ___

A
  1. Infants and children
  2. a childhood vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae
46
Q

In preschool and school-age children especially, the epiglottis can swell ___ with epiglottitis

A

2 to 3 times its normal size

47
Q

Children with epiglottitis look ___

A

Ill, report a very sore throat, and have a high fever. Often found in the tripod position and drooling. Stridor is a late sign

48
Q

How to treat children with suspected epiglottitis

A

Treat gently and try not to do anything that will cause the to cry. Keep them in the position of comfort, and give them high-flow oxygen. Do not put anything in the mouth, this could trigger a complete airway obstruction

49
Q

You should be concerned if your adult patient presents with stridor or any other sign of airway obstruction without an ___

A

Obvious mechanical cause

50
Q

For an adult with acute epiglottitis you should focus patient management on ___

A

Maintaining a patent airway and provide prompt transport to the ED

51
Q

Common cause of illness in young children, causing an infection in the lungs and breathing passages, and can lead to other serious illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, as well as serious heart and lung problems in premature infants and children who have depressed immune systems

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

52
Q

RSV

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

53
Q

RSV is spread by ___

A

Droplets when the patient coughs or sneezes. Can also survive on surfaces including hands and clothing

54
Q

When assessing a child with suspected RSV, look for ___

A

Signs of dehydration

55
Q

Infants with RSV often refuse ___

A

Liquids

56
Q

How to treat RSV

A

Treat airway and breathing problems as appropriate. Humidified oxygen is helpful if available

57
Q

A respiratory illness that often occurs due to RSV infection and results in severe inflammation of the bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

58
Q

Bronchiolitis occurs most frequently in ___, during ___

A
  1. Newborns and toddlers, especially boys
  2. Spring and winter
59
Q

During bronchiolitis the bronchioles become ___

A

Inflamed, swell, and fill with mucus

60
Q

How to treat bronchiolitis

A

Mainly supportive. Provide appropriate oxygen therapy and allow the patient to remain in a position of comfort. Suctioning thick mucus from the nostrils if present. Reassess frequently for signs of worsening respiratory distress. Be prepared to provide airway management and positive-pressure ventilation if needed

61
Q

General term that refers to an infection of the lungs

A

Pneumonia

62
Q

Pneumonia is often a ___ infection

A

Secondary

63
Q

Factors that predispose patients to pneumonia

A
  1. Institutional residence
  2. Recent hospitalization
  3. Chronic diseases processes
  4. Immune system compromise
  5. History of COPD
64
Q

Interventions such as ___ can increase the risk of developing pneumonia

A

Intubation or tracheostomy

65
Q

Children with pneumonia often present with ___

A

Unusually rapid or labored breathing or breathing characterized by grunting or wheezing sounds

66
Q

White pneumonia cases where it is severe and the oxygen exchange at the alveoli is significantly impaired, the ___

A

Lips and fingernails may be blue or gray

67
Q

If the pneumonia is in the lower part of the lungs, there may be ___

A

Fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting rather than dyspnea

68
Q

Bacterial pneumonia results in ___

A

Severe symptoms more quickly, including high fevers which put the child at risk for febrile seizures

69
Q

Other signs and symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Dry skin
  2. Decreased skin turgor
  3. Exertion dyspnea
  4. Productive cough
  5. Chest discomfort or pain that varies with inspiration and expiration
  6. Headache
  7. Nausea
  8. Vomiting
  9. Musculoskeletal pain
  10. Weight loss
  11. Confusion
  12. May be febrile, tachycardia, or even hypotensive
  13. May have diminished breath sounds along with the presence of wheezing, crackles, or rhonchi
  14. Pulse oximetry reading may be low
  15. Possible fever
70
Q

Treatment of pneumonia

A

Airway support and supplemental oxygen

71
Q

Pertussis is spread by ___

A

Droplet infection

72
Q

A patient with pertussis will be ___

A

Feverish and exhibit a whoop sound on inspiration after a coughing attack

73
Q

Symptoms of pertussis are similar to ___, but ___

A
  1. Colds
  2. Coughing spells can last for more than 1 minute, during which the child may turn red or purple
74
Q

Infants and younger children with pertussis should be treated in a hospital because they are ___

A

At greater risk for complications such as pneumonia

75
Q

An animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans

A

Influenza type A

76
Q

All strains of influenza type A ares spread by ___

A

Direct contact with nasal secretions and aerosolized droplets from coughing and sneezing by infected people

77
Q

Influenza type A viruses cause ___

A

Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, and fatigue and may lead to pneumonia or dehydration

78
Q

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the ___

A

Virus SARS-CoV-2

79
Q

COVID-19 is transmitted by ___

A

Aerosol droplets, through airborne particles generated by sneezing or coughing, and by direct contact

80
Q

COVID-19 can survive on surfaces for ___

A

Several days

81
Q

Inability to smell

A

Anosmia

82
Q

TB spreads by ___

A

Cough

83
Q

TB most commonly affects the ___, but can also be found in ___

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Any organ in the body, especially the kidneys, spine, and lining of the brain and spinal cord (meninges)
84
Q

TB can remain dormant for ___

A

Years

85
Q

Patients with active TB involving the lungs will report ___

A

Fever, coughing, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss

86
Q

If the lung infection from TB becomes severe, the patient will experience ___

A

Shortness of breath, coughing, productive sputum, bloody sputum, and chest pain

87
Q

PPE for treating a patient with suspected active TB

A

Gloves, eye protection, N-95 respirator plus a mask on the patient

88
Q

Cause of an acute pulmonary edema

A

Left side of the heart cannot remove blood from the lung as fast as the right side delivers it

89
Q

Result of an acute pulmonary edema

A

Fluid builds up within the alveoli and in the lung tissue between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

90
Q

___ often trigger this flash pulmonary edema

A

High BP and low cardiac output

91
Q

Pulmonary edema is usually the result of ___

A

Congestive heart failure

92
Q

Patient risk factors for congestive heart failure

A

Hypertension and a history of coronary artery disease and/or atrial fibrillation

93
Q

A condition in which the atria no longer contract, but instead quiver

A

Atrial fibrillation

94
Q

The patient with pulmonary edema usually experiences ___

A

Dyspnea with rapid, shallow respirations. In the most severe cases, you will see frothy pink sputum at the nose and mouth

95
Q

Chronic congestive heart failure can have an acute onset occur when ___

A

The patient stops taking medication, eats food that is too salty, or has a stressful illness, a new heart attack, or an abnormal heart rhythm

96
Q

What can trigger a pulmonary edema other than heart disease?

A
  1. Poisoning from inhaling large amounts of smoke or toxic chemical fumes
  2. Traumatic injuries to the chest
  3. Exposure to high altitudes
97
Q

Pulmonary edema from reasons other than heart disease, fluid will ___

A

Collect in the alveoli and lung tissue in response to damage to the tissues of the lung or the bronchi

98
Q

Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

A
  1. Difficulty breathing with exertion
  2. Sudden attack of respiratory distress that wakes them at night when they ae in a reclining position
  3. Coughing
  4. Feeling suffocated
  5. Cold sweats
  6. Tachycardia
99
Q

Primary assessment findings for pulmonary edema

A

Cool, diaphoretic, cyanotic skin. Adventitious breath sounds such as crackles or wheezing. Tachycardia pulse. Hypertension early, followed by deterioration to hypotension as a late finding

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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